INTELLIGENT URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM / VIDEO SENSOR / WAEL SAAD HAMEEDI / P71062

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND STRUCCTURAL ENGINEERING

KKKA 6424

INTELLIGENT URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM

Prof. Dr. Riza Atiq Abdullah O.K. Rahmat

TASK (4) VIDEO SENSOR

PREPARED BY:

WAEL SAAD HAMEEDI

INTRODUCTION

Since the late 1990s smart cameras have gained significant popularity and market acceptance, especially in surveillance and machine vision industries. A smart camera is a vision system that can perform tasks far beyond simply taking photos and recording videos. Thanks to the purposely developed intelligent image processing and pattern recognition algorithms running on increasingly powerful micro-processors, smart cameras can detect motion, measure objects, read vehicle number plates, and even recognize human behavior. They are essential components for building active and automated control systems for many applications and hold great promise for being pervasive and intelligent sensors in the future. In this chapter we provide a tentative classification of smart cameras is provided based on their system architectures.

Among the six major human senses, vision, smell, taste, hearing, touch, and nontouch feelings, vision is probably the one that can capture most amount of information in a short period of time about the environment a person is in. However, making sense of this large amount of information is not an easy task, as it requires brain power for fast and reliable information processing. The ultimate purpose of a smart camera is to be able to functionally mimic the human eyes and brain and to interpret what the camera “sees” through artificial intelligence. Since the 1990s, smart cameras have attracted significant interest from research groups, universities, and many industry segments especially in video surveillance and manufacturing industries. This is because smart cameras offer distinct advantages over normal (or standard) cameras by performing not just image capture but also image analysis and event/pattern recognition, all in one compact system. The growing popularity of smart cameras can be attributed to the progress made in semi-conductor process technology, embedded computer vision techniques, along with socio-economic factors such as safety and security, increase in productivity and cost savings. Today, smart camera products are used in many real-world applications, especially in video surveillance, industrial machine vision, robotics, games and toys, and human–computer interfaces.

WHAT IS THE SMART CAMERA ?

Smart camera is a label which refers to cameras that have the ability to not only take pictures but also more importantly make sense of what is happening in the image and in some cases take some action on behalf of the camera user. For example, a camera that can monitor a door entry and trigger an alarm or send an e-mail to a user when an entry is attempted outside of opening hours would qualify to be a “smart camera” because it can figure out what is happening (detecting a prohibited entry) and take action (triggering an alarm or sending an e-mail). Also smart cameras have a great contribution in traffic management implementation usually a network of traffic smart cameras connected together with a central server to keep delivering updates to the traffic control center .

WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGES OF SMART CAMERAS IN GENERAL ?

1. Smart cameras perform signal and image processing where the signal is captured and

where signal quality is best. This avoids signal degradation caused by repetitive digital-to-analog conversion and analog-to-digital conversion, by network errors, and by video compression.

2. Smart cameras use high-performance microprocessors (such as DSP, FPGA) that are

tailored to perform data-intensive signal and image processing tasks. Processors like FPGA provide massive parallel processing capability to support real-time requirements.

3. Smart cameras make it easier to perform “active vision” [103], which means that image

sensor or capture unit can be actively and dynamically controlled so that better quality images are captured).

4. Smart cameras are autonomous systems and do not need a great deal of intervention once

calibrated.

5. Because they are autonomous, smart cameras can significantly simplify the design and

management of an intelligent system, such as an automatic road congestion charging system. This is because smart camera solutions have a smaller part count.

6. By performing image processing and pattern recognition, smart cameras greatly reduce

the amount of data that need to be passed on to higher level systems. This can offer a significant bandwidth saving at the output of the cameras.

7. Because of their compact size, smart cameras are easier to be deployed in real world

applications. In some cases, as in machine vision applications, this could prove to be a very important factor.

8. Reliability (partly), as a result of lower device count, higher level integration, and less data

conversion and transmission.

9. In many cases and applications, smart cameras can offer long-term cost savings,

compared to PC-based or complex vision systems.

CLASSIFICATION OF SMART CAMERAS

smart cameras classified into three categories: integrated smart cameras, compact-system smart cameras, and distributed smart cameras. The integrated smart cameras category can be further divided into three types. This integration-level-based classification is presented below and shown in Fig. 2.3. The inclusion of compact-system smart cameras and distributed smart cameras into the classification can be controversial, but this classification does seem to cover most reported work on smart cameras and actual commercial products.

Fig. above shows A classification of smart cameras based on levels of integration. From top

to bottom, the camera systems have decreasing level of integration

• Integrated smart cameras. These are the real smart cameras and can be subdivided into three types: – Smart camera on a chip or single-chip smart cameras. – Embedded smart cameras. – Stand-alone smart cameras. • Compact-system smart cameras. • Distributed smart cameras

In the figure above from top to bottom, the level of integration between the ASIP and image capture parts of the camera system decreases, while the flexibility and complexity of the camera system increase. A single-chip smart camera has all or part of the ASIP implemented on the same chip as the solid-state image sensor, mostly a CMOS image sensor. An embedded smart camera is a smart camera embedded in another device, for example, a mobile phone or an optical mouse. A stand-alone smart camera is probably the most “natural” smart camera, either by appearance or by definition. A compact-system smart camera is an embedded vision system that usually has two major components: a camera which may be a conventional camera or which may house part of the ASIP block; and a nearby unit containing the ASIP block and I/Os. A distributed smart camera system is composed of several cameras or smart cameras networked together, the whole system can sometimes be viewed as a single virtual smart camera, and some of the system ASIP functionality is not provided at each node, but across the network, in a distributed manner. Detailed discussions about each of these five types of smart cameras are presented in the following sections.

Table ( 1 ) shows some typical sample applications for each of these types of smart cameras.

WHAT IS HD Security Cameras | HD-SDI CCTV ? AND WHAT IS THE TYPES OF THESE CAMERAS ?

HD-SDI CCTV cameras, also known as HD security cameras, are capable of capturing video surveillance footage at 1080p resolution (1920 x 1080 pixels). These high definition surveillance cameras must be used with an HD-SDI surveillance DVR. I'm going to discuss five types of these cameras in this report : 1- HD-BL40 HD Surveillance Camera, HD-SDI CCTV Security Camera, 1080p : Available online at ( http://www.cctvcamerapros.com/ ) for $259.99

HD-BL40 HD Surveillance Camera features:

HD-SDI Technology (use only with HD-SDI compatible DVRs) Indoor/Outdoor weatherproof (IP68 weatherproof Rated) Low Light and Zero Light Performance with 40 Infrared LEDs Resolution: 1080p (1920 x 1080) 4.3mm Fixed Lens supports a 91.2 degree field of view Grey Metal Housing Tri-axis mount for ceiling or wall installations 12v DC Power WDR / Wide Dynamic Range Advanced On Screen Display controls for Light sensitivity, exposure, white balance,

day/night, digital noise reduction, color, SENS-UP, and sharpness adjustments

2- HD-D20 HD Security Camera, Dome HD-SDI CCTV Surveillance Camera Available online at ( http://www.cctvcamerapros.com/ ) for $209.99

HD-D20 Dome HD Camera features:

HD-SDI Technology (use only with HD-SDI compatible DVRs) Plastic Housing Designed for Indoor Surveillance Low Light and Zero Light Performance with 20 Infrared LEDs Resolution: 1080p (1920 x 1080) 4.3mm Fixed Lens supports a 91.2 degree field of view Black Base (Also available in White) Tri-axis mount for ceiling or wall installations 12v DC Power WDR / Wide Dynamic Range Advanced On Screen Display controls for Light sensitivity, exposure, white balance,

day/night, digital noise reduction, color, SENS-UP, and sharpness adjustments 3- HD-AD40 Vandal Dome HD Security Camera, Weatherproof 1080p HD-SDI CCTV Available online at ( http://www.cctvcamerapros.com/ ) for $319.99

HD-AD40 Dome HD Camera features:

HD-SDI Technology (use only with HD-SDI compatible DVRs) IP68 Weatherproof / Vandal Dome Housing Low Light and Zero Light Performance with 40 Infrared LEDs Resolution: 1080p (1920 x 1080) 2.8-12mm varifocal lens provides adjustable 128.6°- 37.8° field of view White Base Tri-axis mount for ceiling or wall installations Dual Voltage (24V AC / 12v DC Power) WDR / Wide Dynamic Range Smart IR (Infrared) Technology Advanced On Screen Display controls for Light sensitivity, exposure, white balance,

day/night, digital noise reduction, color, SENS-UP, and sharpness adjustments

4- HD-BX7-28 HD-SDI CCTV Camera, HD 2 Megapixel Box Camera, 2.8-12mm Lens Available online at ( http://www.cctvcamerapros.com/ ) for $299.99

HD-BX7-28 HD-SDI Box Camera Features:

HD-SDI Technology (use only with HD-SDI compatible DVRs) Indoor or Outdoor Use (with optional camera housing) Great Low Light Performance Full HD Video Resolution @ 1080p (1920 x 1080) 2.8-12mm Varifocal / Auto-Iris Lens Adjustable 139 to 33 Degree Field of View Supports Ceiling and Wall Mount INstallations 12v DC Power WDR / Wide Dynamic Range Advanced On Screen Display controls for Light sensitivity, exposure, white balance,

day/night, digital noise reduction, color, SENS-UP, and sharpness adjustments

5- HD-D20W Dome HD CCTV Camera, White Dome 1080p HD-SDI Security Camera Available online at ( http://www.cctvcamerapros.com/ ) for $209.99

HD-D20W Dome HD Camera features:

HD-SDI Technology (use only with HD-SDI compatible DVRs) White Plastic Housing Designed for Indoor Surveillance Low Light and Zero Light Performance with 20 Infrared LEDs Resolution: 1080p (1920 x 1080) 4.3mm Fixed Lens supports a 91.2 degree field of view White Base (Black also available) Tri-axis mount for ceiling or wall installations 12v DC Power WDR / Wide Dynamic Range Advanced On Screen Display controls for Light sensitivity, exposure, white balance,

day/night, digital noise reduction, color, SENS-UP, and sharpness adjustments

HOW THE SMART CAMERAS CAN BE UTILIZED IN TRAFIIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ?

Cameras have always been an element in Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS). But over time, the role of cameras in these systems has changed. In the beginning, cameras only served as a simple monitoring or capturing device for observing traffic flow. Today, the camera in an ITS system is the optimized “eye” of the system itself, contributing high quality images that are used for demanding traffic control applications, for enabling additional functions like LPR (license plate recognition) or vehicle classification. Basler cameras are designed to meet the needs of all mainstream traffic applications. Among their many other features, they offer:

Easy integration High image quality A high dynamic range High sensitivity An outstanding price/performance ratio Quality made in Germany (3 years warranty)

Today’s high-performance cameras are the “optimized eye” for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), supplying high-resolution images even under challenging conditions. Cameras give modern transportation systems the power of vision – from identifying traffic violations to traffic monitoring and toll collection systems. The camera technologies used for these purposes fall into two groups: industrial cameras (machine vision) and network cameras (IP). Both camera technologies offer different functions beyond their original areas of application, making them compatible with a wide variety of transportation projects. You can read more about these functions in our White Paper “Optimal Vision Using Cameras for

Intelligent Transportation Systems”. Typical applications for smart cameras in the ITS field are:

Enforcement (e.g., speed enforcement, red light enforcement, and lane violation detection)

Tolling (e.g., Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) and toll enforcement to prevent fraud)

Traffic Monitoring (e.g., monitoring traffic flow, road, and weather conditions, and looking for accidents or other incidents)

Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) (eg. journey time measurement, parking or access control solutions as well as intelligent traffic monitoring, city tolling and speed enforcement)

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