Intel Centrino Mobile Technology and …ecee.colorado.edu/~ecen4242/marko/WiMax/WiMax/Intel...Start Guide Intel® Centrino® Mobile Technology and Intel® WiMAX Technology Solutions

Start GuideIntel® Centrino® Mobile

Technology and

Intel® WiMAX Technology

Solutions

Intel® Centrino® MobileTechnology Reference Guide for WiMAX NetworksThis start guide provides the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access(WiMAX) ecosystem with a unique look into Intel's vision and direction for theintegration of WiMAX solutions, based on the IEEE 802.16e-2005 standardand WiMAX Forum* compliance, into Intel® Centrino® mobile technology-enabled laptops.

The guide serves as an introductory brief and will be followed by a white paperwith additional technical details. It provides current insight into key aspects of:

• The Intel vision for anytime, anywhere Internet connectivity• Intel® WiMAX technology-enabled laptop architecture and capabilities• Intel WiMAX technology reference model for Intel Centrino mobile technology

interoperability

Introduction

WiMAX is a key component of Intel's broadband

wireless strategy to deliver innovative mobile

platforms for anytime, anywhere Internet

connectivity. New and emerging multimedia

applications and broadband remote access are

driving the need for very high-speed wide area

Internet access to mobile devices. WiMAX is an

advanced technology solution, based on the

IEEE 802.16-2005 standard, designed to meet

this need, and to do so in a low-cost, flexible way.

WiMAX networks are optimized for high-speed

data and are expected to spur innovation in

services, content, and new mobile devices.

Start Guide Intel® Centrino® Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks

3

WiMAX EcosystemThe WiMAX ecosystem has made great progress in the

development and deployment of WiMAX solutions, and

momentum is increasing with:

• Ratification of IEEE 802.16e-2005 in December 2005.

• Real WiMAX deployments around the globe: 175 today

and growing.

• A strong and rapidly growing WiMAX ecosystem that is

expected to offer choice and lower costs to consumers:

The WiMAX Forum currently counts over 370 member

companies.

• Consensus on 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and 3.5 GHz spectrum

bands for WiMAX network deployment.

In order to accelerate WiMAX deployment and adoption,

ecosystem alignment around an end-to-end system

implementation is critical. With such alignment, we expect

interoperability, economies of scale, and optimized system

costs and performance.

Intel® Centrino® Mobile Technology Reference GuideThis guide is intended to help achieve ecosystem alignment

by giving service providers and the WiMAX industry ecosystem

a view into Intel's currently planned future mobile platforms. It

includes an overview of usage models and laptop platform

capabilities, a description of the relationship between platform

capabilities and key elements of the mobile WiMAX network,

and most importantly, a reference model for service providers

and the ecosystem based on Intel's planned mobile platform

capabilities.

The “Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for

WiMAX Networks” provides a unique look at what is required

to support consistent access to WiMAX networks by clients

coming from and moving to any network. Intel's goal is to

establish a common standards-based approach to promote

interoperability.

The audience and intended usage for this guide is:

• WiMAX operators and service providers. To plan new

network deployments and upgrade existing networks, and in

so doing, helping to ensure networks are Intel Centrino mobile

technology-ready to provide easy access, security features,

and advanced functionality to their WiMAX users.

• WiMAX equipment vendors. To develop infrastructure

solutions interoperable with WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino

mobile technology-enabled laptops.

• Application and service developers. To develop

innovative applications and services using the features

and capabilities supported in WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino

mobile technology-enabled laptops.

The ultimate goal is for the WiMAX industry to join together

to promote the adoption of open, Internet Protocol (IP) based

standards for authentication, authorization, accounting, Quality

of Service (QoS), security, mobility/roaming, and low-power

operation to help enable consistent, reliable network perform-

ance for access devices such as laptops, ultra-mobile PCs,

and more.


WiMAX-enabled Laptops

Anytime, Anywhere ConnectivityIntel's current vision for anytime, anywhere connectivity is to

enable protected, simple, and seamless access to the Internet.

WiMAX is a key component of Intel's current vision, enabling

laptops with high-performance, cost-effective, and ubiquitous

wireless access to the Internet.

With anytime, anywhere usage, laptops will be capable of

establishing basic connections, as well as supporting seamless

connectivity and accessibility across technologies. See Figures

1 and 2.

Connect Me. Easy, protected, and cost-effective connections

between people, devices, and services.

Keep Me Connected. Seamless security features and

connectivity while on-the-go.

Reach Me. Easily reachable while on-the-go, based on user

preference.

4

WLAN

Secure

Future

Today

AlwaysReachable

SeamlessOne Bill

AnyNetwork

UWBWiMAX

WWAN

Figure 2. Anytime, Anywhere Connectivity EvolutionFuture laptops are expected to integrate multiple communicationstechnologies (vertical axis), as well as communication stacks, enablingprotected, simple, and seamless access to the Internet (horizontal axis).

Anytime, AnywhereConnectivity

ConnectMe

Keep MeConnected

ReachMe

PR

OT

EC

TE

D A

ND

SI M

PL E

SE

AM

L ES

S

Figure 1. Anytime, Anywhere ConnectivityCreating usage models that enable protected, simple, and seamless access to the Internet is the core of Intel's laptop connectivity vision.

Laptop Communications Architecture

Laptops supporting anytime, anywhere connectivity will

integrate multiple wireless technologies, along with

communications software solutions, helping to make the

connectivity experience protected, simple, and seamless

from the user perspective.

Hardware. Integrated smart card and wireless PAN/LAN/WAN

technologies to provide economical, ubiquitous connectivity.

Network drivers/stacks. Hardware drivers and network stacks,

for example TCP/IP and Client Mobile IP (CMIP), providing

optimal performance for supported wireless technologies.

Functional engines/clients. Capabilities that can be used by

services and applications through open application program-

matic interfaces (APIs).

Connection and policy management. Simple user

management of connections and connectivity preferences.

Aware applications. Applications using integrated engine/client

capabilities to provide a rich connectivity experience.


5

Connection Manager

Networking Stack

Networking Drivers

BT UWB Wi-Fi* WWAN WiMAX Smart Card

Application Presentation Interfaces

Applications

IMS

LocationAw

are

Smart Card

Aware

Roaming

Aware

Connectivity PolicyManagement Engine

RoamingEngine

SecuritySupplicant

LocationEngine

DeviceManagement

ClientIMS

Client

Figure 4. Laptop Communications Architecture Communication hardware and software components of future laptops.

Processor

Chipset

Network Adapter

Figure 3. Intel® Centrino® Mobile TechnologyNetwork adapter solutions consist of mini-card modules that plug intoslots on the laptop motherboard, and interface with the host processorvia the chipset. Future network adapter solutions are planned tointegrate WiMAX and Wi-Fi* onto a single mini-card module.

Intel Centrino Mobile Technology for Laptops

Intel Centrino mobile technology for laptops consists of Intel®

component and software solutions, integrated by Intel to

achieve optimal cost and performance. Key components of

Intel Centrino mobile technology include Intel® processor,

chipset, and network adapter solutions. Figure 3 illustrates

this integration.


6

Guide OverviewThis section provides a brief overview of some of the topics to

be addressed in the detailed technical white paper expected

to be published later this year. The intention of this guide is to

provide some early information to help ensure WiMAX network

interoperability with WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile

technology-enabled laptops.

Intel fully supports the WiMAX Forum and has taken a leader-

ship position in its promotion and development. In developing

the “Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for

WiMAX Networks,” Intel paid special attention to developing

reference models that conform to the work the WiMAX Forum's

Technical, Certification, and Network Working Groups are doing,

based on requirements defined by the Service Provider Working

Group, specifically:

• Specifications for infrastructure and client interoperability

• Specifications and process for client and base station

certification

• Specifications for end-to-end network architecture and

protocols

In this manner, Intel is supporting the broad WiMAX industry

defined system profiles, network specifications, and confor-

mance test specifications.

End-to-End Reference Model for Intel Centrino MobileTechnology Interoperability

The reference model for Intel Centrino mobile technology inter-

operability is based on the laptop communications architecture

discussed in the previous section, combined with the WiMAX

network reference model developed within the WiMAX Forum.

Relationships and interoperability requirements between

functional entities will be specified in the forthcoming white

paper version of this guide.

Connection Manager

Networking Stack

Networking Drivers



Applications

IMS

LocationAw

are

Smart Card

Aware

Roaming

Aware


RoamingEngine

SecuritySupplicant

LocationEngine

DeviceManagement

ClientIMS

Client

ASN GWBS

BS

AAA HA

DNS

DHCP

Internet

IMS

R4

R8 R4 R3

R6

R6R1

R2

ASN

NAP

NSP

CSNASN

ASN GW

R5

CSN

MS

NOTE: NWG specification defines three interoperable ASN profiles.

Figure 5. Reference Model for Intel® Centrino® Mobile Technology InteroperabilityThe reference model is based on the relationship between key functional elements of the laptop communications architecture (left) and WiMAX networkarchitecture (right). For network elements in the ASN where a subset of functionality relates to MS interoperability, these functions are mapped to ASN profilesas specified in the NWG specification.


7

Release 1System Profile

Intel® Centrino® Mobile

TechnologySupport

BaselinePHY/MAC

MIMO

AAS/BF

MBS

BS

Mandatory

Optional

Optional

Optional

MS

Mandatory

Mandatory

Mandatory

Mandatory

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Reference Model Key Terminology and Definitions

AAA authentication, authorization, and accounting

ASN access service network

ASN GW access service network gateway

BS base station

CSN connectivity service network

FA foreign agent

HA home agent

IMS IP multimedia subsystem

MS mobile station

NAP network access provider A business entity that provides WiMAX radio accessinfrastructure to one or more WiMAX NSPs. NAPsimplement this infrastructure using one or more ASNs.

NSP network service provider A business entity that provides IP connectivity andWiMAX services to subscribers, compliant with theservice level agreement it establishes with them.

R1 Protocols and procedures between MSs and ASNs per the IEEE 802.16 specifications, plus IP layer and above protocols that determine end-to-endinteroperability.

R2 Protocols and procedures between the MS and CSNassociated with features such as authentication,services authorization, IP host configurationmanagement, and tunneling between the MS and the CSN.

R3 Protocols between the ASN and the CSN 1 to supportfeatures such as AAA, policy enforcement, and mobilitymanagement.

R4 Protocols and procedures originating and terminating invarious functional entities of an ASN that coordinate MSmobility between ASNs.

R5 Protocols for roaming between the CSN operated by ahome NSP and that operated by a visited NSP.

R6 Protocols and procedures for communication betweenthe BS and the ASN GW (if applicable in an ASN profile).The bearer plane consists of features such as intra-ASNdata path between the BS and ASN gateway. Thecontrol plane includes features such as data pathestablishment, modification, and release control inaccordance with the MS mobility events.

R8 Optional control plane message flows and bearer planedata flows directly between neighbor base stations (if applicable in an ASN profile) to support fast andseamless handovers.

System Profile

The WiMAX Forum mobile system profile defines the required

and optional air interface (physical and medium access layers)

features supported for interoperability between the WiMAX BS

and MS equipment, based on the IEEE 802.16e-2005 and ETSI

HiperMAN standards needed for compliance to WiMAX Forum

certification. WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile technology-

enabled laptops as currently planned will comply with all

WiMAX Forum mobile requirements.

During vendor development and self-test, Intel plans to priori-

tize interoperability testing with BS solutions supporting MIMO

and AAS/BF due primarily to the improved coverage, capacity,

and user throughput performance of systems supporting these

technologies.

Ethernet CS (defined as an optional feature for WiMAX BS

and MS equipment in the system profile) support is expected

primarily in CPE/RG solutions targeted for fixed service offer-

ings. While WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile technology-

enabled laptops will co-exist on a BS supporting Ethernet CS.

Table 1. Intel® Centrino® Mobile Technology System Profile SupportWiMAX-enabled Intel® Centrino® mobile technology-based laptops willsupport the features required for mobile stations as defined in the WiMAXForum system profile.


8

Certification Profiles

The certification profiles define the frequency band, duplexing

scheme, and channel bandwidth supported for interoperability

of WiMAX BS and MS equipment. Of the candidate WiMAX

Forum mobile certification profiles, WiMAX-enabled Intel

Centrino mobile technology-enabled laptops targeting

regional/global roaming are planned to prioritize support for

certification profiles based on the 5 MHz, 8.75 MHz (required

for South Korea), and 10 MHz channel bandwidths.

Access Service Network Functionality

The ASN represents the point of entry for WiMAX MS equip-

ment into a WiMAX network, and as such, must support a

complete set of network functions required to provide radio

access to the MS. The ASN provides the following mandatory

functions:

• WiMAX Layer-2 (L2) connectivity with WiMAX MS

• Transfer of AAA messages to the WiMAX subscriber’s home

network service provider (H-NSP) for authentication, authori-

zation and session accounting for subscriber sessions

• Network discovery and selection of an appropriate NSP from

which the subscriber accesses WiMAX services

• Relay functionality for establishing Layer-3 (L3) connectivity

with a WiMAX MS (for example, IP address allocation)

• Radio resource management

• ASN-CSN tunneling

In addition to the previous mandatory functions, for a portable

and mobile environment, an ASN shall support the following

functions:

• ASN anchored mobility

• CSN anchored mobility

• Paging and location management

The ASN is comprised of network elements such as one or

more base stations, and one or more ASN gateways, and

may be shared by more than one connectivity service

network (CSN).

Handover

The WiMAX Forum Networking Working Group (NWG) WiMAX

network specifications identify the following types of mobility

within a WiMAX Network:

• ASN anchored mobility. Mobility of MS between two BSs

(serving and target BS) within or across an ASN boundary.

• CSN anchored mobility. Mobility resulting in change of

point of attachment IP address for the MS when anchored to

the same CSN.

Channel B

andwidth [M

Hz]

5

8.75

10

TDDDuplex

1.B

1.A

1.B

TDD

2.B

2.C

TDD

3.A

3.A

TDD

4.A

4.C

TDD

5.A

5.C

1Band Class

2.3-2.4

2 3 4

3.3-3.42.496-2.690

5

3.4-3.8Frequency Range [GHz]

2.305-2.3202.345-2.360

Table 2. Intel® Centrino® Mobile Technology CertificationProfile Support Selected Certification Profiles to be supported in WiMAX-enabled Intel®Centrino® mobile technology-enabledlaptops.


9

Connection Manager

Networking Stack

Networking Drivers



Applications

IMS

LocationAw

are

Smart Card

Aware

Roaming

Aware


RoamingEngine

SecuritySupplicant

LocationEngine

DeviceManagement

ClientIMS

Client

ASN GW

BS AAAPMIP ClientMIP FA

AuthenticatorAAA Client

PagingControl/Agent

HA

IMS

I-CSCF

R4

R8 R3

R6

R6R1

R2

ASN

CSNASN

ASN GWR5

CSN

MSAAA

FA/HA

3GPP2

WAG

PDG

3GPP2

AAA

FA/HA

Wi-Fi

AAABSHSS

P-CSCF S-CSCF

Figure 6. ASN Functionality Reference model for Intel® Centrino® mobile technology interoperability highlighting some of the elements related to handover and power management.

The procedures related to CSN anchored mobility are depen-

dent on whether network access is based on IPv4 or IPv6. In

the case of IPv4, handover can be performed based on Proxy

Mobile IP (PMIPv4) or Client Mobile IP (CMIPv4). The PMIPv4

procedure is entirely done in the network and the MS is

agnostic to the related procedures. For IPv6, CSN anchored

mobility is performed based on CMIPv6.

Power Management

Power management for MS equipment is vital to helping

ensure optimal battery life performance. Platform power man-

agement refers to the efficient allocation of sleep and idle

modes to an MS in order to help maximize battery life while

minimizing disruption of communication flows between an MS

and the WiMAX network.

Idle mode capabilities defined within the IEEE 802.16e-2005

standard allow for MS equipment to power down in order to

optimize battery life. Paging refers to procedures used by the

WiMAX network to seek an MS in idle mode within the cover-

age area of a predefined BS or set of BSs (identified by a

paging group). Coordination of paging procedures is handled by

the paging control/agent functions residing in the ASN GW.

Paging in WiMAX networks can be based on either unicast or

multicast addressing. WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile

technology will support unicast paging.

Service Provisioning, Authentication, and SecurityIn order for a WiMAX MS to securely enter a WiMAX network,

robust schemes and protocols for various network entry

scenarios must be supported, as well as strong protection

of user data traffic and control messaging.

Service Provisioning

In a WiMAX network, a full network discovery and selection

procedure includes four steps:

1. NAP discovery

2. NSP access discovery

3. NSP enumeration and selection

4. ASN attachment based on NSP selection

The procedure is applicable to the first time use, initial network

entry, network re-entry, or when an MS transitions across NAP

coverage areas.

In the case of first time use, the authenticity of the MS must

be established in order to allow for provisioning of service and

access to Internet services. WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino

mobile technology-enabled laptops are expected to support

either over-the-air (OTA) or smart-card-based service

provisioning.


10

In the case of OTA provisioning, credentials (for example X.509

certificates) indicating that the WiMAX Forum has certified

the MS will be stored in the MS during manufacturing.

PKMv2/EAP-TLS is being considered for establishing

credentials during service provisioning.

USIM-based service provisioning is expected to be supported

on UICC/smart-card-enabled laptops, utilizing PKMv2/EAP-AKA

as the mechanism for authentication.

Authentication

Once service has been provisioned, authentication is performed

on initial network entry, network re-entry, or transitions across

NAP coverage areas. Authentication may be based either on

user, or on both user and device. Double EAP authentication

will be supported for user and device authentication.

Non-smart-card-based authentication will utilize PKMv2/

EAP-TTLS (username/password) as the preferred mechanism

for user authentication, and may utilize PKMv2/EAP-TLS

(certificate) as the mechanism for device authentication.

Connection Manager

Networking Stack

Networking Drivers



Applications

IMS

LocationAw

are

Smart Card

Aware

Roaming

Aware


RoamingEngine

SecuritySupplicant

LocationEngine

DeviceManagement

ClientIMS

Client

ASN GW

BS

BS

AAAAuthenticator HA

DNS

DHCP

Internet

IMS

R4

R8 R4R3

R6

R6R1

R2

ASN

NAP

NSP

CSNASN

ASN GW

R5

CSN

MS


Figure 7. Service Provisioning Reference model for Intel® Centrino® mobile technology interoperability highlighting key elements related to MS authentication by a WiMAX network.

Connection Manager

Networking Stack

Networking Drivers



Applications

IMS

LocationAw

are

Smart Card

Aware

Roaming

Aware


RoamingEngine

SecuritySupplicant

LocationEngine

DeviceManagement

ClientIMS

Client

ASN GW

BS

BS

AAAAuthenticator HA

DNS

DHCP

R4

R8 R4R3

R6

R6R1

R2

ASN

NAP

NSP

CSNASN

ASN GW

R5

CSN

MS

AAA

FA/HA

3GPP2

WAG

PDG

3GPP2

AAA

FA/HA

Wi-Fi

AAA


Figure 8. Roaming Reference model for Intel® Centrino® mobile technology interoperability highlighting elements related to service provisioning and roaming.


11

Smart-card-based authentication is expected to utilize

PKMv2/EAP-AKA (user and device credentials stored in

smart card).

Security

Provisions for helping to ensure the integrity of user data traf-

fic and control messaging is essential for wide scale system

deployment. Security and cryptographic suite support specified

in the WiMAX Forum Mobile System Profile represents the

latest in state of the art security.

Encryption of user data traffic is expected to be based on AES

in CCM mode. Management message integrity protection is

expected to be based on cipher-based MAC (CMAC).

Roaming

Roaming is the capability enabling a wireless subscriber to

obtain network services using a “visited” operator’s network

using credentials provided by the subscriber’s home operator. At

the most basic level, roaming typically requires the ability to re-

use authentication credentials provided and provisioned by the

home operator in visited networks, successful user and device

authentication by the home operator, a mechanism for billing

reconciliation, and, optionally, access to services available over

the Internet.

AAA

AAA refers to a framework, based on IETF protocols (RADIUS

or Diameter), that specifies the protocols and procedures for

authentication, authorization, and accounting associated with

the user, MS device, and subscribed services. WiMAX networks

based on this framework and alignment around recommended

authentication schemes (EAP-AKA, EAP-TTLS, EAP-TLS) will

enable:

• Protected authentication, with roaming across WiMAX

networks, as well as inter-technology roaming

• Simplified “one bill” accounting

Smart Card Re-use

Smart card technology will become a key component of laptop

communication functions. The latest smart card standard, USIM,

supports multiple service credentials on a single smart card

(UICC). Smart card re-use on laptops is under investigation

for support of seamless authentication while roaming across

technologies (WiMAX, Wi-Fi, 3GPP, and 3GPP2 networks).

Services/ApplicationsIn order for innovative applications and services to be devel-

oped which utilize the functions and capabilities of the laptop,

open application presentation interfaces need to be defined as

part of the guide, enabling developers to create solutions that

provide users with a rich mobile Internet experience. Key areas

to be addressed include:

• QoS. User control of bandwidth/latency across multiple,

simultaneous applications via policy management.

• Location. Network- or platform-based location information.

• IMS. Integrated client on laptop.

• Device management. Remote configuration, monitoring,

performance, and capability enhancement.

Connection Manager

Networking Stack

Networking Drivers



Applications

IMS

LocationAw

are

Smart Card

Aware

Roaming

Aware


RoamingEngine

SecuritySupplicant

LocationEngine

DeviceManagement

ClientIMS

Client

Figure 9. Services and Applications Laptop Communications Architecture highlighting key elements related toadvanced services and applications.

IEEE Standard 802.16-2004, IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Wireless

Access Systems.

IEEE Std 802.16e™-2005, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile

Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Amendment 2: Physical and Medium Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile

Operation in Licensed Bands And Corrigendum 1.

WiMAX Forum Mobile Certification Profile v1.0.0, WiMAX Forum Certification Working Group, March 2006

WiMAX Forum Mobile System Profile v1.0.0, WiMAX Forum Technical Working Group, May 2006

This paper is for informational purposes only. THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITH NO WARRANTIES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING ANY

WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT, FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR ANY WARRANTY OTHERWISE ARISING

OUT OF ANY PROPOSAL, SPECIFICATION OR SAMPLE. Intel disclaims all liability, including liability for infringement of any proprietary rights,

relating to use of information in this specification. No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights

is granted herein.

Intel, the Intel logo, Intel. Leap ahead. and Intel. Leap ahead. logo, the Centrino logo, and Centrino are trademarks or registered trademarks of

Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.

*WiMAX Forum™ is a registered certification mark of the WiMAX Forum. Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Copyright ©2006 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Printed in USA/0606/SS/PMS/PP/2K Order Number: 313900-001US

For more information

To learn more about Intel Corporation, visit www.intel.com.

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