INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE · INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR COTTON 1 1. Introduction Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in cotton involves using all available techniques

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGEFOR COTTON

S Mohan

D Monga

Rishi Kumar

V Nagrare

Nandini Gokte-Narkhedkar

S Vennila

R K Tanwar

O P Sharma

Someshwar Bhagat

Meenu Agarwal

C Chattopadhyay

Rakesh Kumar

Ajanta Birah

N Amaresan

Amar Singh

S N Sushil

Ram Asre

K S Kapoor

P Jeyakumar

K Satyagopal

National Centre for Integrated Pest Management

LBS Building, IARI Campus, New Delhi – 110 012

Directorate of Plant Protection,

Quarantine & Storage (DPPQ&S)

CGO Complex, NH IV, Faridabad

Haryana- 121001

National Institute of Plant Health

Management (NIPHM)

DAC, Min of Agri., Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad- 500030

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© 2014 Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

CGO Complex, NH IV, Faridabad- 121001

Citation : S Mohan, D Monga, Rishi Kumar, V Nagrare, Nandini Gokte-Narkhedkar, S Vennila,

R K Tanwar, O P Sharma, Someshwar Bhagat, Meenu Agarwal, C Chattopadhyay,

Rakesh Kumar, Ajanta Birah, N Amaresan, Amar Singh, S N Sushil, Ram Asre, K S

Kapoor, P Jeyakumar and K Satyagopal. 2014. Integrated Pest Management Package

for Cotton. p. 84

Cover picture : Healthy crop of Cotton

Compiled by : S Mohan1, D Monga2, Rishi Kumar2, V Nagrare3, Nandini Gokte-Narkhedkar3,

S Vennila, R K Tanwar, O P Sharma, Someshwar Bhagat, Meenu Agarwal,

C Chattopadhyay, Rakesh Kumar, Ajanta Birah, N Amaresan, Amar Singh,

S N Sushil4, Ram Asre4, K S Kapoor4, P Jeyakumar5 and K Satyagopal5. National

Centre for Integrated Pest Management, LBS Building, IARI Campus, Pusa,

New Delhi-110 012

1TNAU, Coimbatore-641 003

2CICR, Sirsa- 125 055

3CICR, Nagpur- 440 010

4Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage, Faridabad-121 001

5NIPHM, Hyderabad-500 030

Published by : Director

National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, LBS Building, IARI Campus, New

Delhi – 110 012 on behalf of Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage,

CGO Complex, NH IV, Faridabad, Haryana-121 001

Year : 2014

Copies : 500

Printed by:

M/s. Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi-110028

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PREFACE

Pests are major biotic constraint to achieve self sufficiency in ensuring food security.

Losses due to pest vary between 10-30% depending upon the genetic constituent

of crop, its health and the governing environment. General national estimate of

annual crop losses due to pest amounts to Rs. 260000 million per year, however

negligence of endemic areas can results in complete crop failures. In view of

ineffectiveness of chemical pesticides and environmental problems Integrated Pest

Management (IPM) has been accepted as a cardinal principle of Plant Protection

in the overall Crop Protection Programme under the National Agricultural Policy

of the Govt. of India. IPM being an eco-friendly approach, socially acceptable and

economically viable has been widely accepted across the country. The IPM package

encompasses various management strategies for pest and disease problems. Pest

monitoring is also one of the important component of IPM to take proper decision

to manage any pest problem. It can be done through Agro-Ecosystem Analysis

(AESA), field scouting, light, pheromone, sticky/yellow pan traps. The economic

threshold level (ETL) of important pests and diseases are also given in the package

to take appropriate control measures when pest population crosses ETL.

With a view to provide technical knowledge to the extension functionaries and

farmers in the States, a National Workshop on IPM for harmonization of Package

of Practices was organized at National Centre for Integrated Pest Management,

New Delhi, during 25-26th Feb., 2013. The IPM packages has been developed with

the technical inputs from experts from PIs of respective crop (AICRIP), Indian

Council of Agricultural Research (NCIPM), State Agricultural Universities, and

DPPQ & S, Faridabad.

It will also be useful in reducing the pesticide residues in exportable agricultural

commodities and would also help in the management of pests/diseases/weeds/

nematodes which may get inadvertently introduce in the country. These packages

will be useful for the researchers, extension workers and farmers alike who are

engaged in the agricultural practices.

Editors

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Title Page No.

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1

2. Biotic Constraints ........................................................................................................................ 2

2.1. Insect Pests of National and Regional Significance ..................................................... 2

2.2. Major Diseases of National and Regional Significance ................................................ 2

2.3. Physiological Disorders .................................................................................................... 3

2.4. Major Weeds of National and Regional Importance .................................................... 3

2.4.1. Monocot Weeds ..................................................................................................... 3

2.4.2. Dicot Weeds ............................................................................................................ 3

2.5. Nematodes of National and Regional Importance ....................................................... 3

3. Description of Insect Pests and their Damage ......................................................................... 4

4. Description of Diseases and their Damage ............................................................................. 13

5. Description of Disorders and their Damage ........................................................................... 16

6. IPM Approach ............................................................................................................................ 17

6.1. Agro ECO System Analysis (AESA) .............................................................................. 18

6.2. Pest Monitoring ................................................................................................................ 23

6.2.1. Rapid Roving Survey and Field Scouting .......................................................... 23

6.2.2. Pest Monitoring by use of Pheromones Traps/ ................................................ 24

Yellow Sticky Traps

6.2.3. Economic Threshold Levels (ETL) ..................................................................... 24

7. Integrated Pest Management Strategies ................................................................................... 26

7.1. Cultural Practices ............................................................................................................. 26

7.2. Mechanical Practices ....................................................................................................... 27

7.3. Biocontrol Practices ......................................................................................................... 27

7.4. Chemical Control ............................................................................................................ 34

8. Disease Management ................................................................................................................. 34

9. Management of Physiological Disorders ................................................................................. 36

10. Weed Management ..................................................................................................................... 37

11. Nematode Management ............................................................................................................ 37

12. Rodents in Cotton ...................................................................................................................... 38

13. Stage wise IPM Practices for Management of Cotton Pests ................................................. 39

14. Safety Parameters ........................................................................................................................ 41

CONTENTS

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Title Page No.

Annexures

I. Data sheet for cotton pest monitoring: insect pests ............................................................... 42

II. Guidelines for recording insect pests and diseases of cotton ............................................... 45

III. Assessment of aphid severity .................................................................................................... 47

IV. Assessment of leaf hopper/jassid severity ............................................................................... 48

V. Assessment of mealybug severity ............................................................................................. 49

VI. Rating scales for cotton diseases .............................................................................................. 50

VII. Resistant / tolerant varieties of cotton ..................................................................................... 52

VIII. General recommendations for the management of Phenacoccus solenopsis ....................... 53

IX. Recommended pesticides for cotton ........................................................................................ 56

X. Recommended fungicides for cotton ....................................................................................... 67

XI. Recommended herbicides for cotton ....................................................................................... 68

XII. Basic precautions in pesticide usage ........................................................................................ 70

XIII. Safety parameters in pesticides usage in cotton ..................................................................... 75

Plates ..................................................................................................................................

Plate - 1 Key insect pests..................................................................................................................... 78

Plate - 2 Key diseases........................................................................................................................... 80

Plate - 3 Common parasitoids of cotton ecosystems ...................................................................... 82

CONTENTS

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR COTTON

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1. Introduction

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in cotton involves using all available techniques for managing

pest populations with the aim of reducing pesticide use while maintaining profitability, yield and fibre

quality. IPM is a practice for improving the quality of the environment and the quality of an IPM

programme depends on how environmental friendly it is. A good IPM programme would necessarily

result in good integrated crop management. The framework of IPM under any given circumstance

has enormous accommodative power of function in terms of goals and objectives, and incorporates

holism by continually updating the technological inputs besides removing the shortfalls of current

plant protection practices.

Commercial cultivation of cotton in India is taken up in three designated cotton growing zones viz.,

North, Central and South zones falling under varied agro climatic conditions, seasons and cropping

systems. North zone, traditionally designated as hirsutum and arboreum zone comprises States of Punjab,

Haryana and Rajasthan. While Central (hirsutum, arboreum, herbaceum and hybrid) zone has states of

Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, the South (hirsutum, arboreum, herbaceum, barbadense and

hybrid) zone spreads across states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Currently, all zones

are growing Bt cotton hybrids at large. The commercial cultivation of Bt transgenic hybrids from 2002,

a shift from erstwhile conventional varieties and hybrids changed the paradigm of cotton cultivation in

India. The increase of area, production and productivity in the post Bt era was appreciable indicating

116.14 lakh ha., 334 lakh bales and 489 Kg lint/ha, respectively during 2012-13. However, multifarious

problems of changing rainfall pattern and temperatures during cotton crop growth and development,

emergence of alternate cotton pests such as mealybugs, mirids, cotton leaf curl virus, resistance and

resurgence of sucking pests to insecticidal measures and sub optimal suppression of Lepidopterous

larvae especially Spodoptera litura and pink bollworm by the Bt transgenics are the plant protection

associated issues on Bt cotton. In addition maladies of parawilt and leaf reddening add woes to the

cotton growers. Under the changed scenario of cotton cultivation not only the production practices

changed but also the protection practices. The Bt cotton brought out as a protection technology changed

the paradigm of pest scenario and hence the approach to development of IPM in conjunction with the

challenges. Crop, insect pests, diseases, natural enemies, cropping practices and patterns and prevalent

weather are essentially to be considered simultaneously to improve decision making for profitable and

sustainable IPM. With more than 90% cotton area under Bt cotton hybrids across three different cotton

growing zones of the country, the necessity is to bring out a package of IPM to suit to the Bt cotton

cultivation, notwithstanding the possibility that there would always be a tendency and scope for the

past continuing into the future to a certain proportion. Irrespective of the scenario of cotton cultivation,

IPM strategies have to cope up with complex of pests as always and the strategies to cope the resistance

development in insects.

IPM and its role in crop productionIPM has evolved as an economical, environmental and eco-friendly approach to manage biotic

stresses to crop plants in terms of insects, diseases, physiological disorders, weeds and rodents that cause economic yield loss and limit the agriculture production. IPM aims at reducing farmer risks from pesticide poisoning and consumer risks from residues in food chain at community level, low production costs and greater yield savings at farm level, and increased biodiversity especially of productive biota and improved quality of natural resources such as soil and water quality at agricultural ecosystem level.IPM is all about pests, all control methods, management strategies and


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information. IPM aims to reduce pest populations below the economic injury level. IPM utilizes the various methods of pest suppression in a compatible manner towards sustainable crop production.

The present IPM package on cotton integrates the pest management practices based on the IPM

research outputs of the post Bt era for use by the extension functionaries and IPM practitioners in the

country.

2. BIOTIC CONSTRAINTS2.1. Insect Pests of National and Regional Significance

1. Leaf hopper (Amrasca devastans Distant)

2. Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.)

3. Thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman)

4. Aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover)

5. Mirids (Creontiades biseratense Distant) South Zone, (Campylomma livida Reuter) Central

and North Zone

6. Mealybugs (Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley) All Zones (Paracoccus marginatus Williams and

Granara de Willink) South Zone

7. Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura Fabricius)

8. Pink boll worm (Pectinophora gossypiella Saund.)

9. Spotted and spiny bollworm (Earias vittella Fab.) & (Earias insulana Boisd.)

10. Helicoverpa bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hub.)

11. Leaf roller (Sylepta derogata Fabricius)

12. Red cotton bug (Dysdercus cingulatus Fab.)

13. Dusky cotton bug (Oxycarenus hyalipennis Costa.)

14. Semi-looper (Anomis flava Fabricius)

15. Stem Weevil (Pempherulus affinis Fst.) (TamilNadu)

16. Shoot weevil (Alcidodes affaberAuriv.) (Karnataka)

2.2. Major Diseases of National and Regional Significance1. Blackarm/Angular leaf spot/Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis p.v. malvacearum

(Smith) Dye) (All zones)

2. Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria macrospora Zimm /Alternata sp.) (All zones)

3. Myrothecium leaf spot (Myrothecium roridum Tode) (All zones)

4. Root rot (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.& R .bataticola (Taub) Butler) (All zones)

5. Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyder and Hansen) (All zones)

6. Cotton leaf Curl Virus Disease (CLCuD) (North Zone only)

7. Grey Mildew (Ramularia areola Atk.) (Central & South Zone only)


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8. Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Khleb) (South Zone only)

9. Leaf rust (Phakopsora gossypii (Arth) Hirat F) (South Zone only)

2.3. Physiological Disorders1. Leaf reddening

2. Para wilt

2.4. Major Weeds of National and Regional Importance

2.4.1. Monocots weeds

1. Doob grass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.)

2. Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv).

3. Makra (Dactylocterium aegytipum (L.) Willd.)

4. Signal grass (Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick)

5. Torpedo grass (Panicum repens L.)

6. Nut grass (Cyprus rotundus L.)

2.4.2. Dicots weeds

1. Datura (Xanthium strumarium L.)

2. Wild jute (Corchorus trilocularis L.)

3. Cox comb (Celosia argentia L.)

4. Carpetweed (Trianthema portulacastrum L.)

5. Purselane (Portulaca oleracea L.)

6. Coat Buttons (Tridax procumbens L.)

7. Hiran khuri (Convolvulus arvensis L.)

8. Velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti Sweet)

9. Kanghi buti (Sida cordifolia L.)

10. Spurge (Euphorbia heterophylla L.)

11. Carrot grass (Parthenium hysterophorus L.)

12. Silk leaf (Lagascea mollis Cavanilles)

2.5. Nematodes of National and Regional Importance1. Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) North India and parts of Central India and

Gujarat

2. ReniformNematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) Central and South India


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3. Description of insect pests and their damage Leaf hoppers/JassidsDescription of Insect Stages

Eggs are curved, elongated and yellowish white in colour, and deeply embedded in the midribs of large

veins on the undersurface of the leaves. Nymphs are flattened, pale yellowish green with characteristic

way of moving diagonally in relation to their body, and remain confined to the lower surface of leaves

during daytime. Adults are about 3.5 mm in length. They are elongate and wedge shaped with pale

green body. Forewings and vertex have black spots. Adults are very active with sideway movements but

quick to hop (hence referred as leaf hoppers) and fly when disturbed.

Nature of Damage and Symptoms

Both nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and introduce salivary toxins that impair photosynthesis

in proportion to the amount of feeding. 1st and 2nd instar nymphs feed near bases of the leaf veins, later

instars get distributed all over the leaves but feed chiefly on the under surface of leaves. The affected

leaves curl downwards; turn yellowish, then brownish before drying and shedding. Severe incidence

lead to stunting of young plants and results in “hopper burn” injury. The fruiting capacity of the infested

plants is significantly affected and in many cases heavy infestation on young plants causes death of

plants. Severe incidence during the late season leads to reduced yields.

Life History

The female inserts about 15 eggs inside leaf veins. The incubation period ranges from 4-11 days. The

nymphal period occupies 7-21 days depending upon weather conditions. Eleven generations have been

estimated to occur in a year. Nymphs moult five times. Average number of eggs laid by female is about

15 with a maximum of 29.

Whiteflies Description of Insect Stages

Eggs are yellowish white laid singly on the under surface of leaves. They are stalked and sub elliptical

in shape. Nymphs are yellowish and brownish, sub elliptical and scale like. They are found in large

numbers on underside of leaves. Pupae also resemble nymphs in shape and have brownish opercula.

Adults are tiny and white in color. They have a yellow body dusted lightly with a white waxy powder.

Females are 1.1 –1.2 mm long; males are slightly smaller. Antennae of females are longer than males.

Hind legs are larger than anterior pair of legs. Genitalia of female consists of outer and inner vulvulae

that are rounded. Parameres of males are extended, narrow and pointed. Large numbers of adults are

found in middle region of the plant.


Whiteflies cause damage to cotton plants in two ways firstly by sucking the sap and secondly

by excreting honey dew on which sooty mould grows. Damage from direct feeding reduces the

photosynthetic activities of the plant and hence the yield. Indirect damage results from lint contamination

with honeydew and associated fungi and through transmission of leaf curl virus disease. Late season

severity affects the seed development and the lint quality. Leaves curl upwards and the plant vigour

reduces. Leaves become shiny with honeydew or darkened by sooty mould growing on honeydew. Lint

contamination with honeydew and associated fungi occur during heavy infestations after boll opening.


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Life History

The female whitefly lays the eggs singly on the under surface of leaves and mostly on the top and

middle crop canopy. Each female is capable of laying about 120 eggs. The incubation period varies from

3-5 days during spring and summer, 5-17 during autumn and >30 days during winter. The nymphs

after hatching fix themselves to the underside of the leaves and they moult thrice before pupation. The

nymphal period varies from 9-14 days during summer, and 17-19 days during winter. The pupal period

is 2-8 days. The total life-cycle ranges from 14 to 107 days depending upon the weather conditions.

There are about 12 overlapping generations in a year and the pest also reproduces parthenogenetically

at times. Whiteflies have extremely wide host range.

ThripsDescription of Insect Stages

Eggs are minute, kidney shaped laid in slits in leaf tissues. Nymphs are creamy to pale yellow in color,

resemble adults but wingless. Adults are straw colored, yellowish brown and elongated measuring 1mm

in length. Adults are slender and lice like. Antennae have seven segments with the first segment paler

than the second which is usually dark. A brown band marks anterior edge of the abdominal tergites.

There is a single pair of pores on tergite nine.


Nymphs and adults lacerate the tissue and suck the sap from the upper and lower surfaces of leaves.

They inject saliva and suck the lysed contents of plant cells resulting in silvery or brown necrotic spots

of 3-5 mm. Seedlings infested with thrips grow slow and the leaves become wrinkled, curl upwards and

distorted with white shiny patches. Rusty appearances in patches develop on undersurface of leaves.

Thrips infested crop in a field presents rusty appearance from a distance. Higher infestation during

vegetative crop growth results in late bud formation. During the fruiting phase there is premature

dropping of squares, and the crop maturity is delayed combined with yield reductions. The feeding by

thrips on the developing bolls late in the season cause spots or wounds on the pericarp but that do not

affect the ripening of the boll or the quality of the seed.

Life History

Thrips thrive on the weeds during the off-season and migrate to cotton as soon as the seedlings

emerge above ground. Males are rare and the reproduction is parthenogenetic. Eggs hatch in 5 days

time, nymphal and pupal period lasts for 5 and 4-6 days, respectively. The preimaginal stage is spent in

soil without feeding. The adults survive for 2-4 weeks. Life cycle of T. tabaci from egg to adult lasts for

13-19 days and they have about 15 overlapping generations per year including their development on

wild plants. Thrips inhabit on leaves of cotton up to mid season and colonise on bolls during the late

season.

Aphids Description of Insect Stages

Nymphs are small, yellowish or brownish on the undersurface of the leaves and on the terminal

shoots and are mostly wingless. Adults are yellowish brown to black, 1.25 mm long with black cornicles

and yellowish green abdominal tip. Both apterous (0.9-1.8 mm) and winged form (1.1-1.8mm) occur

together.


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Aphids are phloem feeders, causing direct leaf crumpling and downward curling with severe attack.

Indirectly decreases cotton fibre quality as a result of sticky cotton due to deposits of honeydew on

open bolls. Younger plants suffer more attack than older plants. Aggregating populations are seen at the

terminal buds and largest populations are found below leaves of lower third of plants where they are

partially protected from sunlight and higher temperature. Leaves show downward crumpling. Leaves

are shiny with honeydew or darkened by sooty mould growing on the honeydew. Contamination of lint

with honeydew and associated fungi leads to poor quality cotton. Activity of ants on the aphid-infested

plants is common.

Life History

Aphids live in colonies and the females multiply parthenogenetically and viviparously. In a day

female may give birth to 8-22 nymphs. Nymphal period lasts for 7-9 days and the adults live for 12-20

days. In all, the pest has 12-14 generations per year. It is a polyphagous pest. Aphids produce sugary

excretion called ‘honey dew’ on which sooty mould grows. Ant activity is associated due to the honey

excretion by aphids. Ants transmit aphids from plant to plant. Aphids have a large host range with

varying durations of development and reproductive rate.

MiridsDescription of Insect Stages

Mirid lays eggs singly. Eggs inserted into the plant tissue with an oval egg cap. Nymphs resemble

aphids because of their small size (6.7mm) however mirid bug nymphs move much faster than aphids.

The antennae are long and slender. All instars are highly mobile with long antennae. The late instar

nymphs and adults have black glands /spots distributed on the femur and tibial segments of all three

pairs of legs. Campylomma livida Reuter. Adults are flat, green, straw yellow or brown coloured, 0.25”

long and 0.12” wide with long and slender antennae, and have an oval body outline with a conspicuous

greenish or yellowish triangle in the center of the back. Late instar nymphs and adults have black spots

distributed on the femur and tibial segments of all three pairs of legs. Adult bugs running on leaves of

the plant terminal during early morning hours could be seen C. biseratense is bigger than C. livida.


C. livida feeding on pre fruiting plants causes abortion of plant terminals, resulting in many branched

plants. When small to medium sized squares are fed, drying and abscission (‘blasting’) of squares occur

within 3-4 days. Large sized squares do not necessarily shed but the developing anthers are destroyed

which present a darker or dried appearance, if cut open. Flowers that develop from injured squares

have some black and shriveled anthers besides wrinkled and distorted petals. Feeding injury on bolls

results in development of sunken black spots on the outer surface, and shrunken and stained seeds

inside. “Parrot beaking” of bolls is a significant indicator of boll damage due to mirids. In squares

injured by mirids anthers are shriveled and the pistil may be missing. If young bolls of ten days old are

attacked black sunken spots develop on their surface. Their feeding injury on bolls results in shrunken

and stained seeds. On open bolls the damage is seen as yellowish to brownish stained lint and the

affected seeds are shriveled.

Life History

Eggs laid preferentially on the leaf petiole and hatch within 4-5 days. There are five nymphal

instars, each of about 2-3 days duration at 30-320C (average temperature). Under summer conditions a


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generation (egg-adult) can be completed in about 3 weeks. Adult can live for 3-4 weeks. The duration of

different life stages prolong at lower temperature.

MealybugDescription of Insect Stages

The female mealybug is oval shaped, 3-4 mm in size, wingless and covered with white hydrophobic

(water repellent) mealy wax. There are dark bare spots on the thorax and abdomen, which appear as

dark longitudinal lines. Mature females are often found with waxy pouches called ovisacs containing

eggs. The adult male is about 1 mm long, with a grey body and a single pair of transparent wings. Two

filaments of white wax project from the end of its abdomen. The adult male has no feeding mouthparts

and causes no damage.

Nature of Damage

Mealybugs are small sap-sucking insects cause severe economic damage to cotton and

a wide range of vegetable, horticultural and other field crops. Plants infested by mealybugs

during vegetative phase exhibit symptoms of distorted, bushy shoots, crinkled and/or twisted

bunchy leaves and stunted plants that dry completely in severe cases. Late season infestations

during reproductive crop stage result in reduced plant vigour and early crop senescence. While feeding

mealybugs injects a toxic substance into the plant parts resulting in chlorosis, stunting, deformation

and death of plants. Mealybugs attacks cotton growing parts viz., main stem, branches and fruit,

underdeveloped flowers produced bolls of smaller size; boll opening adversely affected resulting

in serious reduction in yield. Excretion of honeydew attracts ants and also contributes to the

development of black sooty mould. Plants severely affected with sooty mould have the appearance of

burn symptoms. Infested cotton plant shows the symptoms like white fluffy mass on underside

of leaves, near growing tips, along leaf veins and on stem, distorted or bushy shoots. Human

activities too aid in transport of mealybugs. Juvenile mealybugs crawl from an infected plant to another

and crawlers are readily transported by wind, rain, birds, ants, clothing, and vehicle and may settle in

cracks and crevices, usually on new plants. The wax, which sticks to each egg, also facilitates passive

transport by equipments, animals. As the plant dies the colonies of mealybugs migrate from shoot tips

to twigs, branches and finally down the trunk. Ants, attracted by the honeydew, have been seen carrying

mealybugs from plant to plant.

Symptoms White fluffy mass on underside of leaves, near growing tips, along leaf veins and on stems.

Distorted or bushy shoots

Crinkled or twisted or bunched leaves

Presence of honey dew and black sooty mould

Small deformed squares, flowers and bolls

Tobacco caterpillar Description of Insect Stages

Each egg mass contains 300-350 eggs which are arranged in rows up to three layers and are covered

by scales from the body of the females. Caterpillars are pale green with dark markings initially which

later turn dark brown with numerous transverse and longitudinal bands. They are gregarious at first

but later spread over the plant and become brown to grey brown or black with irregular spots and lines.


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Pupae are dark brown on colour. Pupation occurs in soil. The adult is stout with brownish forewings

with paler lines along the veins, and pearly whitish hind wings.


The larvae feed gregariously on the undersurface of the leaves and skeletonize them leaving only the

midrib and veins in severe cases. They also attack flowers, buds and squares causing considerable loss.

Skeletenization resulting in papery appearance of leaves with only veins left out is the typical damage.

Leaves defoliate and shedding of squares with feeding holes occur when larvae are in large numbers.

Life History

Egg, larva and pupal periods are 3-4, 13-20 and 8-10 days, respectively. Life cycle is completed in

50-60 days.

Pink bollworm Description of Insect Stages

Eggs are pearly iridescent white, flattened, oval measuring approximately 0.5 mm long, 0.25 mm

wide and sculptured with longitudinal lines. Eggs are laid singly or in groups of four to five. First two

instars are white, while from third instar pink colour develops. The larvae have the characteristic dark

brown head due to the sclerotised prothoracic shield. Pupae are light brown when fresh, gradually

become dark brown as the pupation proceeds. Pupa measures up to 7mm in length. The adult moth is

greyish brown with blackish bands on the forewings and the hind wings are silvery grey. Moths emerge

from pupae in the morning or in the evening, but are nocturnal, hiding amongst soil debris or cracks

during the day.


Larva when attacks the bud of less than 10 days old, shedding of bud occurs and larva dies. But

with older bud, larva can complete development. Larva in flower bud spins webbing that prevents

proper flower opening leading to “rosetted-bloom”. Ten to twenty days old bolls are attacked from

under bracteoles. Larvae feed on the developing seeds. While in younger bolls entire content may be

destroyed, in older bolls development could be completed on three four seeds. Interloculi movement

is also seen. Several larvae can infest a single boll. ‘Rosetted flower’ (improper opening of petals) is

typical of bollworm attack. Small exit holes (smaller than the feeding holes of other two bollworms viz,

Earias & Helicoverpa) are seen on developing green bolls. Stained lint around feeding areas resulting in

bad quality kapas is seen in open bolls. Improper boll opening with damaged seeds are obvious. Small

round holes are seen on the septa between locules of open bolls. Lint of pink bollworm attacked bolls

is of inferior quality.

Life History

Early in the season, eggs are laid in any of the sheltered places of the plant axis of petioles or peduncles,

the underside of young leaves, on buds or flowers. Once the bolls are 15 days old, these become favored

sites for oviposition. Incubation period is 3-6 days. First two instars are white, while from third instar

pink colour develops. Larval cycle lasts for 9-14 days in hotter regions. The mature larvae are either

‘short-cycle’and will go on to pupate or ‘long cycle’ to enter a state of diapause. While the former is the

observed phenomenon in south India, diapause is seen in the north and central parts of India. Short

cycle larvae pupating may cut a round exit hole through carpel wall and fall to ground or may tunnel the

cuticle, leaving it as a transparent window and pupate inside. Pupation is inside a loose fitting cocoon


9

with a highly webbed exit at one end. Pupal period ranges between 8 and 13 days. The life cycle is

completed in 3-6 weeks. Late season has invariably overlapping broods. The long cycle larvae entering

diapause, spins a tough thick walled, closely woven, spherical cell referred as “ hibernaculum” with no

exit hole. Always, the long-term larvae occur during end of crop season, where there are mature bolls

present and larvae often form their hibernaculae inside seeds. Hibernacula may occupy single seeds or

double seeds. P. gossypiella hibernate as full fed larvae during cold weather. Diapause larvae often spin

up in the lint of an open boll and if still active in ginnery, will spin up on bales of lint, bags of seed or in

cracks and crevices. Moths emerging from the hibernating larvae are long lived with females and males

alive for 56 and 20 days, respectively.

Spotted and spiny bollworms Description of Insect Stages

Eggs are spherical bluish green, sculptured and less than 0.5 mm diameter. Eggs are laid singly on

most part of the cotton plant (flower buds, bolls, peduncles and bracteoles); the favoured region being

young shoots. Full grown larva is about 1.3-1.8 cm long, stout and spindle shaped bearing a number

of long setae on each segment. Last two thoracic and all abdominal segments bear two pairs of fleshy

tubercles, one of which is dorsal and the other lateral. Larva is light brown, tinged with grey to green,

pale along the mid dorsal line with dark spots at the base of tubercles of the thoracic segments. Larva of

E. insulana is generally lighter in colour, the pattern being grey and yellow than brown and deep orange.

In E. vittella larval tubercles are much less prominent especially in the abdomen. Pupation is in a boat

shaped tough silken cocoon that is dirty, white to brownish in colour. Pupae are found on plants or on

fallen buds and bolls. Adult moths differ with species. In E. insulana, the head, the thorax, and forewing

colour varies from silver green to straw yellow; the distal fringe of wing is of the same colour. There

are three distinct transverse lines of darker shade and traces of the fourth at times. Green forms are

common during summer, while yellow/brown forms occur toward the end of season. E. vittella, moths

are quite distinctively creamy white or peach with a central green wedge running from proximal to the

distal edge of the forewing.


Neonate larvae cause damage to the terminal bud of the vegetative shoots and channel downwards

or into auxiliary nodes during early stages of crop growth. The whole apex of main stem collapses, if

the main stem growing point is affected. If the apical bud alone is damaged, there is twining of the main

stem due to the growth of auxiliary monopodial buds. When flower buds/bolls are attacked, the tunnel

opening is blocked by excrement. Tunnel in bolls is often from below, angled to the peduncle. Larvae

do not confine their feeding to a complete single boll and hence damage is disproportionate to their

numbers. Damaged bolls often succumb to secondary infection by bacterial and fungal pathogens.

Terminals shoots dry and wither away when the larvae bore into the pre squaring plants. Shoots when

split open show downward channels with or without larvae. Feeding holes in squares and on bolls are

seen with or without larvae however blocked by excrement. Flare up of squares and their shedding,

premature dropping or opening of the attacked bolls are common.

Life History

The female moth deposits 2 or 3 eggs on bracts, leaf axils and veins on the under surface of leaf. A

female may lay about 385 eggs and the incubation period is about 3 days. The larva becomes fully grown

in 10-12 days. The pupal period is 7-10 days. The total life cycle ranges from 20-22 days. E. insulana is

the most abundant species in northern states and E. vittella is predominant in Peninsular India. Okra

or bhendi crop provides effective means of carryover from one to the next season.


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Helicoverpa caterpillarDescription of Insect Stages

Eggs are spherical with a flattened base laid on the tender foliage and calyx of squares and stem of

the cotton plants. Surface is sculptured with longitudinal ribs. Colour is white to creamy white after

oviposition. As the embryo develops reddish brown band is seen centrally which gradually darkens

and together with rest of egg becomes brown before hatching. Newly hatched larvae are translucent

yellowish white with brown to black head capsules. The thoracic and anal shields, spiracles, thoracic

legs, setae and their tubercle bases are also brown to black, giving the larvae a spotted appearance.

Second instar is essentially similar but with darkened ground colour and lightened sclerotized head

capsule, thoracic and anal shields and thoracic legs. The third instar has a predominantly brown ground

colour. The characteristic patterning becomes more prominent and colouring generally darker in later

instars. Considerable variations occur with shades ranging from green, fawn yellow to brown and their

combinations. Host diet also plays a role to some extent in determining the colour of the larvae. There

are usually six larval instars. Pupa is smooth surfaced, brown, rounded both anteriorly and posteriorly

with two tapering parallel spines at posterior tip. Females are on an average heavier than males. Pupae

are formed at a depth of 2.5 - 12.5 cm in the soil. Adults are stout bodied moths, greenish yellow to buff

to brown with darker brown or blackish markings. Males are light brown with greenish cast. Females

are darker than males. Moths have a circadian rhythm starting at dusk, continues through midnight

after which it virtually ceases. Moths disperse over long distances to suitable crops from source hosts.


The larvae feed on the leaves initially and then bore on to the square/bolls and seeds with their head

thrust into the boll, leaving the rest of the body outside. Larvae show preference for feeding on squares

and flowers when present, however, feed on young bolls also. A single larva can damage 30-40 fruiting

forms during its developmental period. The entry holes are large and circular at the base of the boll.

Feeding on bolls can be extensive or only brief. These larvae spread Boll rot microbes, and the damaged

bolls rot resulting in yield loss. Presence of frass held in place by delicate webbing is seen on squares

fed by early instars. Damaged squares flare off and have feeding or damage holes on them. Excessive

shedding of squares of variable sizes noticed. Clear-cut round feeding holes on squares and bolls with

or without larvae are seen.

Life History

Egg period is for 3 to 5 days. Larval and pupal periods last for 17-35 and 17-20 days, respectively. The

life cycle is completed in 25-60 days. On an average female moth lays 700 eggs during its longevity of

8-12 days. The pest is polyphagous, voracious in feeding and has wide host range, various colour forms

and continues to occur year round. They are multivoltine and have overlapping generations. The moths

are highly mobile able to fly up to 200 KM and thus have wider regional distribution.

Semi-looper Description of Insect Stages

Eggs are spherical, ribbed about 0.5mm in diameter. They are deposited anywhere on the cotton

plant. Larva is a semi-looper having three pairs of prolegs on the 5th, 6th and 10th abdominal segments.

Fully grown larvae are 25-30 mm long, pale yellowish green with five white lines running longitudinally

on the dorsal surface, and with six pairs of black and yellow spots on the back. The larvae are usually

found on the lower leaf surface and are most likely to be observed on the upper third of the plant. Pupae

are obtect type, brownish and are formed by folding leaf margins on the plants. Pupae also occur in


11

plant debris. Adult is reddish brown with forewings traversed by two dark zigzag bands, while the hind

wings are pale brown.


Outbreak of Anomis flava is often sporadic. The young larvae congregate in groups and move actively,

feed on the leaf lamina making small punctures. The grown up larvae feed voraciously leaving only the

midrib and veins. They feed by chewing the leaves from margin towards the leaf veins. The caterpillars

feed on tender shoots, buds and bolls, but occasionally. Leaf area is eaten up from edges. Windows /

holes on leaves are seen. Black faeces on leaf surface are common. Larvae found amidst the terminal

part of the plant and with looping movements.

Life History

Fecundity of the female is about 500-600 eggs. Upon hatching the smaller larvae drop to older leaves

and start feeding from lower surface of the leaves. By mid growth stage larvae become gross leaf feeders

consuming all the leaf tissues. Life cycle is completed within 28-42 days.

Leaf roller Description of Insect Stages

Egg is round, smooth and pale white in colour. The larva is glistening green in colour and semi-

translucent with dark brown head. They become pinkish before pupation. A fully-grown larva measure

up to 22-30 mm. Pupa is reddish brown in colour and typical in having eight spines with hooked tip

at their extremity. Moth is medium sized with yellowish wings having series of brown wavy markings.

They are delicate, 12.5 mm long and with a wing expanse of 25 mm. Head and thorax are dotted black.


The larvae feed on the lower surface of leaves when they are young and as they grow, they feed

on the edges of leaves and roll inwards up to the midrib into a trumpet shape fastened by means of

silken thread and feed on leaf tissues. The larvae remain inside the roll and feed outside the marginal

portion of the leaves. Severe infestation results in complete defoliation of the plant. Leaves are folded

downwards individually or in groups, and larvae are seen in groups amidst faecal materials inside the

folds. Leaves at the bottom of the crop canopy show symptoms at low infestation levels. Defoliation

of the whole plant is seen under severe infestations. Infestation spreads to neighbouring plants and

hence the symptoms of the pest are patchy. The plants under shades along the field borders are more

vulnerable for the attack by the pest.

Life History

Eggs are laid singly on the under surface of the leaves along the mid ribs and bigger veins. The moth

lays as many as 200 eggs. The egg, larval and pupal periods occupy 2-3, 15-18 and 7-8 days, respectively.

The larva moults six times before pupation. Pupation takes place mostly on the plants, inside the rolled

leaves and sometimes on the shed leaves on the ground. The life cycle is completed in 23-53 days.

Red cotton bugDescription of Insect Stages

Eggs are laid in moist soil or in crevices in the ground. They are spherical and bright yellow in colour.

Nymphs are red coloured with black median dorsal spots on the inter-targal membrane of ¾, 4/5 and

5/6 abdominal segments. There is a pair of white dorsal spot on each of the third, fourth and fifth


12

targal plates on the abdomen. Adults are 12-13 mm in length and have deep red legs and antennae. The

membranous portion of the forewings and the eyes are black in colour. There is also a black spot in each

forewing. The transverse bands along the posterior margins of each thoracic and abdominal sterna, the

collar behind the head and the spots at the base of the head are white in colour.


Adults and nymphs suck the sap from leaves, green bolls and seeds of partially opened bolls. Vitality

of the plant is lowered, in general. Affected boll open badly with their lint stained with the excreta or

body juices. Quality of the lint is affected and the attacked seeds become unfit for either sowing or oil

extraction. Boll rot is caused by the secondary infection due to bacteria wherein rotting of the entire

contents of the boll occur following the initial discolouration of the lint to yellow or brown. Stained

or discoloured lint turns to typical yellow colour. Reddish nymphs are seen in aggregation around

developing and open bolls. Adult movement on the soil and over the plants is common sight once they

occur in the cotton fields.

Life History

The eggs are laid under the soil in cracks and are covered with loose earth or with small dry leaves.

Eggs are round and light yellowish. Each female is capable of laying between 100-130 eggs. Egg period

lasts 7-8 days. Nymphs after hatching are wingless with their abdomen red with central row of black

spots and row of white spots on either side. Nymphal period lasts for 5-7 days. Nymphs pass through

five moults with wings developing from the third instar and attaining full form after the fifth. The

development is completed in 50-90 days. Males are smaller than the females and the swollen abdomen

can differentiate females from males.

Dusky cotton bug Description of Insect Stages

Eggs are cigar shaped and whitish immediate to oviposition. They turn pale then to pink before

hatching. Early instar nymph is about 2.5 mm long with its rostrum extending the abdomen. They are

orange in colour when about to moult. After the first moult the nymphs become reddish brown then

become darker after each moult. Adults are 4-5 mm elongated with pointed heads, dusky brown with

dirty white transparent wings and black spots on fore wings and having deep red legs.

Nature of Damage

Nymphs and adults suck the sap gregariously from immature seeds which do not ripe, remain light

weight. Adults found in the lint get crushed during ginning and stain the lint emitting bad odour.

Symptoms

Being associated with the open bolls, they cause nuisance to workers during cotton picking.

Discoloration of the lint with large number of nymphs and adults of brown to black colour are common.

Life History

Egg and nymphal period last for 7 and 26 days, respectively. Nymphs moult 6 times before reaching

adult stage. Development is completed in 40-50 days. It appears late in the season of the cotton crop.


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Stem Weevil Description of Insect Stages

Eggs are brown and clothed with flat scales. The grubs are slightly curved creamy white, with a

distinct head. Adult weevil is small dark coloured with brown and white markings. The ventral surface

of weevil is white.


Adult weevil excavates a small hole on the stem and oviposits. The grubs tunnel into the stems and

branches. Grubs also damage roots of young seedlings. Swelling of the stem just above the ground

resulting in a gall and wilting of seedlings is seen.

Life History

A single female lays eggs in the range of 50-121. The eggs, larval and pupal periods are 6-9, 35-57

and 9-12 days, respectively. Adult lives for about 50 days.

4. Description of diseases and their damage Blackarm/Angular Leaf Spot /Bacterial Blight

Cotton plant is affected by bacterial blight at all stages of the crop development starting from seedling.

The pathogen is seed-borne and the disease is transmitted from the cotyledons to leaves, followed by the

main stem and bolls. Symptoms at each stage has been given different descriptive nature which is based

on plant organ or the growth stage affected, viz., seedling blight, angular leaf spot, vein blight, blackarm

and boll lesions. The earliest signs of disease may be observed on the cotyledons of young seedlings which

is known as `cotyledons or seedling blight’. Small dark green `water-soaked’ spots, which are circular

or irregular in shape become visible on the underside, and then on the upper surface of the cotyledons,

usually along the margin. The lesions spread inward and in the susceptible cultivars, the cotyledons become

distorted. Under favourable conditions, infection spreads from cotyledon down to petiole and the stem,

often resulting in stunting and death of seedlings. Foliar symptoms are known as angular leaf spot (ALS).

Initially, the spots are water-soaked and more obvious on the dorsal surface of the leaf. Another common

leaf symptom occurs when lesions extend along the sides of the main veins. This may be seen together

with or in the absence of ALS and is referred to as `vein blight’. In susceptible cultivars, infection spreads

from the leaf lamina down the petiole to the stem. The resulting sooty black lesions give rise to the term`

'black-arm' by which the disease is commonly called. The lesion may completely girdle the stem, causing

it to break in high windy conditions or under the weight of developing bolls. In India, where the crop is

grown under irrigation, losses of 5-20% are often experienced.

Alternaria Leaf SpotAlternaria leaf spot incited by Alternaria macrospora Zimm. and A. alternata (Fr.) Keissler is a

common disease in all the cotton growing areas of the country. It appears in a severe form in diploid

cotton (G. herbaceum) in Karnataka especially in “Arabhavi which is considered as hot bed for this

disease. The disease affected Jayadhar variety in its epidemic form caused not only the leaf spot but also

twig blight, dry boll rot, and badly affected opening of bolls. The earliest symptom of the disease is the

appearance of spots on the cotyledons of seedlings. In favourable conditions the spots can enlarge to 10

mm in diameter. Large numbers of spots coalesce together causing cotyledons to shed. A. macrospora

is well known to attack the seedlings in Indian conditions. On green leaves, there is pronounced purple


14

coloured margin all around the spot. On older leaves, the necrotic tissues/spot is often marked by a

pattern of concentric structure. In humid weather conditions, the necrotic tissues turn a sooty black

colour due to prolific sporulation by the fungus. Severe infection of upper canopy leads to premature

defoliation, and is very common among G. barbadense and certain cultivars of G. herbaceum, widely

grown in our country.

Myrothecium Leaf SpotMyrothecium leaf spot is caused by Myrothecium roridum. The fungus (5 patho types) also attacks

young and woody stem tissues, causing the development of stem lesions and dieback. Earlier, it was

known to occur mainly in `Haryana but during 70s, it was observed in almost all cotton growing tract

of India. At times, it appears in severe form causing even the defoliation. The disease first appears on

the young plant leaves only (4 to 6 week), but later may cause pre-emergence and post-emergence

damping-off of seedlings. The leaf spots are initially circular with tan coloured with violet-brown

margins. The diseased spots are often surrounded by translucent areas which are concentrically zoned

bearing black pinhead sized sporodochia. In severe cases, the stem may also break. It does affect the

bolls and boll lesions damage the lint by making them brittle and discoloured.

Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Disease (CLCuD)The disease has been reported affecting most of the G. hirsutum varieties grown in Punjab, Haryana

and Rajasthan. The affected plants remain stunted and their leaves show distinct upward or downward

curling. The curling occurs due to the increase in veinal tissues on the abaxial side of leaves. At a later

stage, the diseased leaves may develop enations which become prominent with time often originating

from the nectaries. The disease is caused by Cotton Leaf Curl Gemini Virus (CLCuD). The virus has two

components in their genomes. In nature, the disease is spread by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). The initiation

of disease is characterized by small vein thickening (SVT) type symptoms on young upper leaves of

plants. Upward/downward leaf curling followed by formation of cup shaped leaf laminar outgrowth of

venial tissue on the abaxial side of the leaves are other important symptoms. In severe cases reduction of

intermodal length leading to stunting and reduced flowering/fruiting is also noted. The disease generally

appears in the end of June about 45-55 days after sowing and spread rapidly in July. The disease progress

becomes slow in August and almost comes to a halt by mid September. Cotton leaf curl virus disease

(CLCuD) is caused by a single standard circular Gemini virus consisting of DNA-A and two satellites i.

e DNA-1 and DNA beta and transmitted by white fly (Bemisia tabaci).

Grey MildewThe disease has been reported from almost all cotton growing areas of the world and known as false

mildew. However, in India, it is commonly known as grey mildew. The disease appears first on the lower

canopy of older leaves when the plant attains maturity, usually after first boll-set. It appears in the form

of irregular angular, pale translucent spots 1-10 mm in diameter with a definite or irregular margin

formed by the veins of leaves (called ‘areolae’). The dorsal surface of the leaves show profuse sporulation

(giving the lesions a white mildew-like appearance) causing light green to yellow green coloration on

the ventral (upper) leaf surface which in due course becomes necrotic and dark brown in color at

this stage, they can be easily mistaken from the angular leaf spot phase of bacterial blight. The severely

affected leaves often defoliate and results in premature boll opening with immature lint. Conidial stage

is known as Ramularia areola (Atk.) [synonyms, Ramularia gossypii Speg. Ciferi, Cercosporella gossypii

Speg.]. It has an ascomycete sexual stage which is known as Mycosphaerella areola Ehrlich and Wolf. The

fungus develops into three distinct stages during its life cycle. The conidial stage appears on living tissues,

mainly on the underside of leaves while they are still attached to plants for a short time after abscission.


15

The spermogonial stage occurs later on the fallen leaves, and this is followed by ascogenous stage which

develops on partially decayed leaves which, in turn, help the pathogen to survive in soil.

Verticillium Wilt The disease is caused by Verticillium dahlia. In India, the disease occurs mainly in Tamil Nadu.

Symptoms of the wilt first appear on relatively young plants before the maximum temperature reaches

20 to 240C and then disappear in summer. They reappear when the temperature declines. The affected

plants show yellowing and drooping of young shoots, and ultimately defoliation. Plants affected during

the fruiting stage develop characteristically mosaic pattern on the affected leaves, which usually begin

at the base of plant and progresses towards the top. Leaf symptoms first appear as yellowing of tissues

along the margins and between the major veins. With the advancement in the intensity of infestation,

these areas become more intensely yellow, and occasionally red before becoming white and necrotic

giving the appearance of tiger stripes. a genus of hyphomycetes.

Leaf RustThe disease is characterized by redish brown coloured pustules scattered over the whole green

surface of leaves. The incidence is more on older leaves than the younger ones. The uredia are formed in

small, purplish brown spots which coalesce to turn into large patches. The disease appears in dry season

during December-March and is prevalent in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Gujrat states. The disease

is caused by Phakopsora gossypii (Arth) Hirat F.

Root RotThe disease occurs in the form of circular patches affecting the plant at seedling stage or after wood

formation. A yellow patch appears on the lower part which later blackens leading to drying of seedlings.

Affected plants can easily be pulled out of the ground due to the rotting of secondary roots. Tips of

roots are mostly discolored, yellow and become sticky. In severe cases black dot like sclerotia may

be seen on the wood beneath the bark and between the shredded bands of bark. The most common

symptom is dry or wet dark rot of the lower stem. On split opening, the affected plant can be easily

distinguished by discolored stele of main root and pith of stem. In severe cases, there is dissolution of

stem and root tissues. Many a times, tissue strands have been found full of minute sclerotia. The most

characteristic symptom of root rot in North zone is shedding of bark and sudden wilting of plants with

leaves remaining attached to plants.

The disease is caused by R. solani and R. bataticola (pycnidial stage Macrophomina phaseolina).

The pathogen is characterized morphologically by brown pigmented vegetative hyphae, branching at

right angle to the hyphal cell and close to the distal septum. The perfect state is a basidiomycetous,

Thanatephorus cucumeris.

Fusarium WiltSymptoms of this wilt may appear at any stage of crop development, depending on inoculum density,

temperature and the host susceptibility. A high inoculum density or in the very beginning of infection,

plants may be killed at the seedling stage itself. Usually the first symptoms become apparent in the field

between 30-60 days after planting, quite often on the onset of flowering. The pathogen colonizes in plant

roots and penetrates into the vascular tissues where it proliferates within the xylem vessels eventually

spreading throughout the plant in advanced stage of infection. It grows out of the vascular tissues in

the advanced stages of the infection and after the death of host sporulates on crop residues. It has the

ability to survive in soil for long by producing sclerotized, thick walled resting bodies (chlamydospores)

which can resist desiccation and lysis. Disease can be recognized at seedling stage with symptoms first


16

appearing on the cotyledons as the darkening of veins, followed by peripheral chlorosis. The cotyledons

become progressively more chlorotic and then necrotic before they shed. In older plants the first

external evidence of infection is yellowing at the margin of one or more of the lower leaves. As the

disease progresses within the plant more leaves develop chlorosis, which characteristically appears in

patches between the main veins, the rest of the leaf remaining green. Under the optimal conditions

for disease development, all the leaves of affected plants succumb and shed before the stem dries out.

The disease affect only diploid cotton in India as only race 4 is known in India. The causal organism

is described as Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f. sp. vasinfectum Atk., Sny. and Hans. The species F.

oxysporum is variable, containing a large number of saprophytic and pathogenic forms which have

certain morphological features in common. Optimal temperature for spore germination and growth

through soil is 250C, but maximum sporulation occurs at 300C. Spore production and germination

are maximum at 100% relative humidity. No germination has been observed below 80% RH. Mycelial

growth in soil is maximum at 40% moisture holding capacity and pH 5.6 - 7.2.

5. Description of disorders with unknown etiologyLeaf Reddening Symptoms

Leaf reddening is initially seen in mature leaves and gradually spreads throughout the canopy.

Reddening begin with the leaf margins turn yellow, red colour is developed on the fringes of the leaves

or patches or intervascular portions. Later red pigmentation is formed over the whole leaf area. The

affected leaves start drying from the edges and ultimately prematurely shed. A change in colour from

green to red may also occur without yellowing. Red leaf generally appeared during flowering or early

boll filling stage of growth and arrested further development of bolls, which cracked prematurely. As

the red leaf affected crops ceased to grow further, reduction in yield occurs.

Causes Nitrogen deficiency in leaf (< 2-2.5%). Generally 1.5-2.0% Nitrogen is considered as the critical

level. Low Nitrogen (N) level in the leaves could be due to low soil N availability, impaired Nitrogen

uptake (water logging/moisture stress), diversion of leaf N to the developing bolls or synchronized

boll development- high boll N demand.

Deficiency of P and K also hastens leaf reddening.

Low night temperature: when night temperature falls below 150C, it stimulates the formation of

anthocyanin pigment in the leaf and the appearance of red colour of the foliage.

Deficiency of micronutrients particularly Zn.

Severe leaf hopper infestation.

High wind velocity leading to desiccation injury. Hot desiccating wind during the fruiting period

leads to rapid maturation of the crop. This leads to rapid depletion of N and photo- assimilates from

the leaves.

Moisture stress – Low moisture level in leaf tissue brings in adverse chemical reactions leading to

degradation of chlorophyll and formation of anthocyanin pigment in the leaf.

High water table and soil compaction causing low oxygen in the rhizosphere.


17

Para-wilt/ New wilt Symptoms

Leaves show wilt like drooping, became chlorotic and turned bronze or red followed by drying and

premature abscission of leaves and fruiting parts.

Squares and young bolls are shed and immature bolls are forcefully opened.

Some of the wilted plants gradually recover and produce new flushes; however their contribution

to yield is negligible.

Plants at grand growth phase i.e. squaring, flowering and early boll development are more sensitive

to wilt.

Para-wilt was noticed to be sporadic (random) in distribution.

Causes Environmental conditions like high temperature, bright sunlight followed by heavy rainfall were

found to favor the occurrence of wilt.

Plants with large canopy and heavy boll load are more prone to wilting.

Incidence motivated under ill-drained conditions as compared to well-drained situations in the

field.

6. IPM ApproachThere are over seventy two (72) definitions of IPM, issued by governments, research organizations,

NGOs, and universities (Bajwa and Kogan, 2002). Some assume that IPM will eliminate the use of crop

protection products specially the chemical pesticides, which is most unlikely. Extreme views equating

IPM with "pest free" farming will become increasingly marginalised and more balanced views will

prevail. There is no reason not to support IPM as defined by the FAO International Code of Conduct

on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (Article 2): Integrated Pest Management (IPM) means a pest

management system that in the context of the associated environment and the population dynamics of the

pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in a compatible manner as possible and maintains

the pest populations at levels below those causing economically unacceptable damage or loss (FAO, 1967).

Thus, IPM is the best combination of cultural, biological and chemical measures that provides the most

cost effective, environmentally sound and socially acceptable method of managing diseases, insects,

weeds and other pests.

IPM is a knowledge intensive sustainable approach for managing pests by combining compatible

cultural, biological, chemical, and physical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and

environmental risks with the help of pest scouts. IPM relies heavily on knowledge of pests and crop

interaction to choose the best combination of locally available pest management tools (Fig.1). Therefore,

IPM is not a single product that can be stored on shelves like pesticide, and it does not rely on single

method to solve all our pest problems. Pests also co-evolve and adapt very quickly to single control

tactics through natural selection, and that multiple methods used simultaneously, or an "integrated"

approach, is the most effective for long-term, sustainable management programs.

IPM is neither organic nor it rely solely on biological control to achieve the desired sustainable

outcomes. It does often try to assist and augment the effectiveness of natural enemies by limiting the


18

Fig 1. Diagrammatic sketch of IPM system

impact of pesticide on their populations and provide clean and safe niche. It seeks to conserve balance

between the crop and the natural environment. The World Bank policy (OP 4.04 - Natural Habitats)

also promotes the conservation of natural habitats, and enhancement of the environment for long-term

sustainable development. In the IPM concept, use of pesticides involves a trade-off between pest control

and the risks of adverse effects on non-target organisms, such as natural enemies, pollinators, wildlife,

and plants, contamination of soil and water.

Agro Eco System Analysis (AESA) IPM has been evolving over the decades to address the deleterious impacts of synthetic chemical

pesticides on environment ultimately affecting the interests of the farmers. In modern IPM (FAO,

2002) emphasis is given to Agro Eco System Analysis (AESA) where farmers take decisions based on

larger range of field observations. The health of a plant is determined by its environment which includes

physical factors (i.e. sun, rain, wind and soil nutrients) and biological factors (i.e. pests, diseases and

weeds). All these factors can play a role in the balance which exists between herbivore insects and their

natural enemies. Understanding the intricate interactions in an ecosystem can play a critical role in pest

management.

It is an approach, which can be gainfully employed by extension functionaries and farmers to analyse

field situations with regard to pests, defenders, soil conditions, plant health, the influence of climatic

factors and their interrelationship for growing healthy crop. Such a critical analysis of the field situations

will help in taking appropriate decision on management practice. The basic components of AESA are

1. Plant health at different stages.

2. Built-in-compensation abilities of the plants.

3. Pest and defender population dynamics.

4. Soil conditions.

5. Climatic factors.

6. Farmers past experience.


19

AESA MethodologyField observations on insect pests and diseases are to

be initiated after 20 days of sowing. In each field select

five spots randomly as shown in the figure (four in the

corner, at least 5 feet inside the border and one in the

centre). At each spot select 10 plants randomly/ field for

recording observations.

Data recording Farmers should record data in a notebook and drawing on a chart

Keep records of what has happened

Help us making an analysis and draw conclusions

Data to be recorded Plant growth (weekly)

Plant length

Number of dead plant

Crop situation (e.g. for AESA)

Plant health: Observe the crop stage and deficiency symptoms etc

Pests, diseases, weeds: Count insect pests at different places on the plant, and identify any visible

disease symptoms and severity. Observe weeds in the field and their intensity. For rats, count

number of plants affected by rats.

Natural enemies: Count parasitoids and predators

Soil condition

Irrigation

Weather conditions

Input costs

Seeds

Fertilizer

Pesticides

Labour

Harvest

Yield (kg/ha.)

Price of produce ( /kg)

Important instructions while taking observations While walking in the field, manually collect insects in plastic bags. Use a sweep net to collect

additional insects. Collect plant parts with disease symptoms.

Find a shady place to sit as a group in a small circle for drawing and discussion.

If needed, kill the insects with some chloroform (if available) on a piece of cotton.

Each group will first identify the pests, defenders and diseases collected.


20

Each group will then analyze the field situation in detail and present their observations and

analysis in a drawing (the AESA drawing as shown in MODEL AESA CHART).

Each drawing w i l l show a plant repres ent ing t he f ie ld s i tuat ion . The we at her

condition, water level, disease symptoms, etc. will be shown in the drawing. Pest insects will be

drawn on one side. Defenders (beneficial insects) will be drawn on another side.

Write the number next to each insect. Indicate the plant part where the pests and defenders

were found. Try to show the interaction between pests and defenders.

Each group will discuss the situation and make a crop management recommendation.

The small groups then join each other and a member of each group will now present their

analysis in front of all participants.

The facilitator will facilitate the discussion by asking guiding questions and makes sure that all

participants (also shy or illiterate persons) are actively involved in this process.

Formulate a common conclusion. The whole group should support the decision on what field

management is required in the AESA plot.

Make sure that the required activities (based on the decision) will be carried out.

Keep the drawing for comparison purpose in the following weeks.

Pest: Defender ratio (P: D ratio):

Identifying the number of pests and beneficial insects helps the farmers to make appropriate pest

management decisions. Sweep net, visual counts etc. can be adopted to arrive at the numbers of pests

and defenders. The P: D ratio can vary depending on the feeding potential of natural enemy as well as

the type of pest. The natural enemies of cotton pests can be divided into 3 categories 1. parasitoids; 2.

predators; and 3. pathogens.


21

Model agro-ecosystem analysis chart

Date: .................................... Village: ...................................................... Farmer:..............................................

Decision taken based on the analysis of field situation:

Soil condition :

Weather condition :

Diseases types and severity :

Weeds types and intensity :

Rodent damage (if any) :

No. of insect pests :

No. of natural enemies :

P: D ratio :

Courtesy: NIPHM, Hyderabad


22

The general rule to be adopted for management decisions relying on the P: D ratio is 2:1. However,

some of the parasitoids and predators will be able to control more than 2 pests. Wherever specific P: D

ratios are not found, it is safer to adopt the 2: 1, as P: D ratio. Whenever the P: D ratio is found to be

favourable, there is no need for adoption of other management strategies. In cases where the P: D ratio

is found to be unfavourable, the farmers can be advised to resort to inundative release of parasitoids/

predators depending upon the type of pest. In addition to inundative release of parasitoids and

predators, the usage of microbial biopesticides and biochemical biopesticides such as insect growth

regulators, botanicals etc. can be relied upon before resorting to synthetic chemical pesticides.

Predators/ Parasitoids feeding potential/ Egg laying capacity

Lady bird beetle Predatory rate of adult coccinellid on aphids is 50 aphids per day

Green lacewing Each grub can consume 100 aphids, 329 pupa of whitefly and

288 nymphs of jassids.

Hover fly 1st instar larva can consume 15-19 aphids/day

2nd instar larva can consume 45-52 aphids/day

3rd instar larva can consume 80-90 aphids/day

In total life cycle they can consume approx. 400 aphids.

Spider 5 big larvae/day

Predatory mite Predatory rate of adult is 20-35 phytophagous mites/female/day

Bracon hebetor Egg laying capacity is 100-200 eggs/female. 1-8 eggs/larva.

Trichogramma sp. Egg laying capacity is 20-200 eggs/female

AESA and farmer field school (FFS)AESA is a season-long training activity that takes place in the farmer field. It is season-long so that

it covers all the different developmental stages of the crop and their related management practices. The

process is always learner-centered, participatory and relying on an experiential learning approach and

therefore it has become an integral part of FFS.

from AESA Identification of pests and

their nature of damage

Identification of natural

enemies

Management of pests

Water and nutrient

management

Influence of weather factors

on pest buildup

Role of natural enemies in

pest management


23

FFS to teach AESA based IPM skills

6.1. Pest Monitoring

The objective of pest monitoring through rapid roving surveys is to monitor the initial development

of insect pests and diseases in endemic areas. Therefore, in the beginning of ' crop season survey

routes based upon the endemic areas are required to be identified to undertake roving surveys.

Based upon the results of the roving surveys, the State extension functionaries have to concentrate

for greater efforts at Block and village levels as well as through farmers to initiate field scouting.

Therefore, for field scouting, farmers should be mobilized to observe the pest and disease occurrence

at the intervals as stipulated hereunder. The plant protection measures are required to be taken only

when pests and diseases cross ETL as per result of field scouting.

Undertake roving survey at every 10 km distance initially at weekly intervals. Observe for the

occurrence and severity of insect pests and diseases besides the biocontrol fauna in the selected field

on 20 plants/acre selected randomly. The data sheet (Annexure-I) for recording observations on insect

pests, diseases and beneficials should be used following the guidelines (Annexure-II).

The State Departments of Agriculture should make all possible efforts by using different media,

mode and publicity to inform the farmers for field scouting in the specific crop area shaving pest or

disease build up.


24

6.1.2. Pest Monitoring by use of Pheromones traps/ Yellow Sticky traps

Certain pests require positioning of various kinds of traps like pheromones for Helicoverpa,

Spodoptera, Spotted bollworm and Pink bollworm and yellow sticky traps to monitor the pest build

up. Therefore, the State Department of Agriculture has to initiate action for installation of different

kinds of traps based upon the results of roving surveys at the strategic locations at village level. While

the concept needs to be popularized amongst farming community, the State Department of Agriculture

is to take greater initiatives for pest monitoring through specific pheromone / yellow sticky trapping /

light trap methods as per recommendations of SAUs & SDA.

Pheromone trap Number Remark

Pink bollworm 1 trap/ha North and Central zone

1 trap/ha Central zone

5 traps/ha South zone

Spodoptera 5 traps/ha All zones

Helicoverpa 5 traps/ha All zones

Earias spp. 2 traps/ha North zone

6.1.3. Economic Threshold Levels (ETL)

Surveillance on pest occurrence at the main field should commence soon after crop establishment

after sowing and at weekly intervals thereafter. In each of the fields, select five spots randomly. Select

five random plants at each spot for recording counts of insects as per procedure finalized for individual

insects.

Aphids, whitefly and mealybugs:

Count and record the number of both nymphs and adults on five randomlyselected leaves per plant.

Thrips:

Count and record the number of nymphs and adults of thrips present on five terminal leaves per

plant (tapping method also can be used to count thrips).

Helicoverpa, Spodoptera, Earias, and Pectinophora:

Total number of flower buds, squares and boll, damaged due to Helicoverpa, Spodoptera, Earias,

and Pectinophora number of larvae on individual plants should be counted and recorded.

Economic threshold levels in respect of insect pests indicate the “when” of taking up curative measures

especially chemical sprays towards management of pests. It is the level at which control measures are to

be implemented to prevent the economic damage and hence the loss in yield. Use of ETL requires the

regular monitoring of pests at field level during the crop season.


25

The ETLs for major pests are as under

S. No. Insect ETL

1. Leaf hoppers/ Jassids More than 2 leaf hopper per leaf and appearance of crinkling and

curling of few leaves in the lower portion of plant + marginal

yellowing of leaves

2. Whiteflies More than 10 whiteflies found in middle region of the plant in >50%

(two out of four) of plants. Flight of adults producing a smoky

appearance when plants are shaken mildly

3. Thrips More than 10 thrips / leaf or silvery patches on underside of leaves

above mid canopy in a sample of 10 plants/ acre

4. Aphids More than 10 % affected plants counted randomly showing symptoms

cupping/ crumpling of few leaves on the upper portion of plant.

5. Mealybug More than 40 plants per acre exceeds grade-2 (at least one stem

completely colonized by mealybugs)

6. Spodoptera More than 1 egg mass or skeletonized leaf / 10 plants or more than 5

solitary larvae/plant

7. Helicoverpa & Spotted bollworm More than 5 % damaged fruiting bodies or 1 larva per plant or 3

damaged squares / plant taken from 20 plants selected at random for

counting.

8. Pink bollworm More than 8 moths / trap per nights for 3 consecutive nights or more

than 10 % infested flowers or bolls with live larvae.

9. Nematode 1-2 larvae per gm of soil

Nematode sampling

Collect 100 to 300 cm3 (200-300 g) soil sample. Mix soil sample and pass through a coarse sieve

to remove rocks, roots, etc. Take a 600 cc subsample of soil, pack lightly into a beaker uniformly.

Place soil in one of the buckets or pans half filled with water. Mix soil and water by stirring with

paddle; allow to stand until water almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment through 20-mesh

sieve into second bucket; discard residue in first bucket; discard material caught on sieve. Stir

material in second bucket; allow to stand until water almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment

through 200-mesh sieve into first bucket; discard residue in second bucket. Backwash material caught

on 200-mesh sieve (which includes large nematodes) into 250-ml beaker. Stir material in first bucket;

allow to stand until water almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment through 325-mesh sieve

into second bucket; discard residue in first bucket. Backwash material caught on 325-mesh sieve (which

includes small to mid-sized nematodes and silty material) into 250-ml beaker. More than 90% of the

live nematodes are recovered in the first 5-8 mm of water drawn from the rubber tubing and the sample

is placed in a shallow dish for examination.

Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) StrategiesFormulating resistance management strategies for Indian conditions has been fairly complicated.

The diversity and complexity of cotton farmers, cultivation practices and cropping situations has

always posed a challenge. The strategies need to be uncomplicated, simple, robust, available, affordable,

compatible with current cropping practices, easy to understand etc. Most IPM proponents would now

agree that some of the biological intervention components of cotton IPM have been tricky due to their


26

inconsistency in performance and importantly their non - availability. Insecticides in most situations

have usually been found to be counterproductive due to resistance and resurgence problems. The

current strategies hence blend all crop production practices to incorporate proper use of insecticides to

ensure that each of these groups are applied at such time of the cropping phase when resistance is low,

natural enemy populations are least disturbed and different groups of chemicals are alternated. Some

important practices to be adhered for prevention of insecticide resistance are

Handpicking of larvae 2 - 3 days after insecticide sprays effectively eliminates any surviving

population which can cause future resistance problems.

Always use insecticides as need based applications as per threshold levels. The keys to obtain better

result from the use of insecticide are:

Right time - use insecticides - only when the need arises

Right chemical - choose - appropriate insecticide

Right dosage - use - only recommended dose

Right method - use - proper sprayers and spray methods.

Always target younger stages of Helicoverpa as younger stages of resistant larvae are known to get

killed at normal recommended doses.

Rotation of chemical groups helps in preventing the build of resistance against most insecticides,

especially carbamates and organophosphates.

7. Integrated Pest Management Strategies7.1. Cultural practices

Summer deep ploughing to expose soil inhabiting/resting stages of insects, pathogen and nematode

population.

Application of FYM * @ 5 tonnes/acre (* subject to availability of quality products)

In view of increasing incidence of mealybug and soil borne diseases, growing cotton after cotton

should be avoided. Adopt proper crop rotation.

Select cotton cultivars suitable and recommended as per state government notification.(Annexure

-VII)

Only sucking pest tolerant Bt cultivars for particular zones should be used.

Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70%WS@5-7g/kg or thiamethoxam 30% FS 10 g/kg of seeds for

early sucking pest management.

Acid delinting of seed should be done using commercial grade sulphuric acid @100g/kg seed. Acid

delinting should be carried out in plastic containers and only 2-3 vigrous shakings are required.

Wash the seeds 3-4 times, to remove toxic effect of the acid. Delinted seeds should be treated with

0.5g emisan-6 and 0.25 g streptocycline /kg of seed.

Seed treatment with thiram 75% WS @ 2.5-3.0 gm/kg seeds for the management of seed born

disease.

Sowing should be done timely within 10 to15 days in a village or block in the season. Sowing in

Northern region should be completed by first week of May.

Adopt proper spacing, irrigation and fertilizer management as per state government

recommendations. Avoid application of high nitrogenous fertilizers.


27

The crop should be maintained weed free for at least 8-9 weeks after sowing till canopy starts closing

in by timely inter-culture. A hoeing in between crop rows is to be given18-20 days after emergence

of cotton seedlings to control primary perennial weeds.

Remove and destroy weeds that serve as alternate hosts viz. Sida sp., Abutilon sp., Lagascea mollis

and other malvaceous plants in the cultivated area. The general and zone specific cultural practices

towards the management of cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis are given in Annexure (VIII).

The following inter-cropping system is recommended for Central and South Zone to conserve

and help colonize the bioagents fauna such as lady bird beetles, Chrysoperla and syrphid flies (Plate

3):

Cotton+Pigeonpea (Central Zone)

Cotton+Groundnut (South Zone)

Cotton+Pulses (Green gram/Blackgram/ Cowpea) (South Zone)

Use of trap/ border crops like okra (only in Karnataka for shoot weevil), cannabis, castor, marigold,

early pigeonpea, jowar and maize crops is recommended. In North Zone cotton should not be

grown in and around citrus orchards to avoid spread of CLCuD disease.

Do not extend the normal crop period and avoid ratooning.

Allowing grazing of animals after last picking is recommended for checking the carry over

population of bollworms.

Shredding of cotton stalks after harvest and incorporation into soil.

Staking the cotton stalks near the field should be avoided.

7.2. Mechanical practices Hand picking and destruction of various insect stages viz., egg masses and gregarious larvae of

Spodoptera litura, grown up larva of Helicoverpa armigera, affected plant parts, rosetted flowers due

to pink boll worm and rotted bolls.

Clipping of terminal shoots on 90-110 days in case of conventional hybrids.

Growing of Setaria as intercrop to serve as live bird perches. Install 8-10 bird perches per ha after

90 days of crop growth for the benefit of predatory birds.

Grow maize interspersed with cowpea on border to attract predators and parasitoids,

7.3. Biocontrol practices Conservation of predators (lacewings, lady bird beetles, staphylinids, predatory wasps, surface bugs

like Geocoris, Anthocorid, Nabids, Reduviids and Spiders by growing two rows of maize/sorghum or

cowpea along the border.

HaNPV 0.43% AS @ 2700 ml/ha can be applied during the early infestation of Helicoverpa.

Azadirachtin 0.15%, (Neem Seed Kernel Based EC) @ 2.5-5.0 l/ha against whiteflies and bollworms;

Azadirachtin 0.3% (3000 ppm) (Neem Seed Kernel Based EC) @ 4.0 l/ha against Helicoverpa

bollworm infestation; Azadirachtin 0.03% (Neem Oil Based EC) @ 2.5-5.0 l/ha, against Helicoverpa

bollworm infestation and aphids;. Azadirachtin 0.03% (300ppm) (Neem Oil Based WSP) @ 2.5-5.0

l/ha against aphids, leaf hoppers, whiteflies and bollworms and Azadirachtin 5%w/w (Neem Extract

Concentrate) @ 375 ml/ha for whiteflies, leafhoppers and Helicoverpa are recommended.

Bacillus thuriengiensis var galleriae 1593 M sero type H 59 5b @ 2.0-2.5 kg/ha for Helicoverpa

bollworm and Bacillus thuriengiensis var kurstaki H 3a, 3b, 3c. 5% WP @ 0.50-1.00 kg/ha for

Helicoverpa and spotted bollworm; Bacillus thuriengiensis var kurstaki strain HD-1, serotype 3a,

3b, 3.5% ES (Potency17600 IU/mg) @ 750-1000 ml/ha for control of bollworms are recommended.


28

Bacillus thuriengiensis var kurstaki serotype H-3a, 3b, strain Z-52 @ 0.75-1.0 kg/ha is recommended

for bollworm and Spodoptera. [recommended only for non Bt cotton).

Beauveria bassiana 1.15% WP is recommended @ 2kg/ha in 400 lit water for bollworm control.

Verticillium lecanii 1.15%WP is recommended @ 2.5 kg/ha in 500 lit water against white flies.

Description of parasitoids and predators in cotton ecosystem

Egg parasitoids:

1. Gonatocerus spp.

Gonatocerus spp. are tiny mymarid wasps measuring 1.8 mm in length. The adults are brown to dark

yellow brown with short waists or petioles. The female is parthenogenetic. It can parasitize as many as

15 leafhopper eggs per day. Parasitized eggs are brownish yellow to reddish yellow. Normal eggs

are white. Development from egg to adult takes about 11-17 days.

2. Encarsia formosa

Encarsia formosa is a species of wasp and a well known parasitoid of greenhouse whitefly. The tiny

females (about 0.6 mm long) are black with a yellow abdomen and opalescent wings. They are slightly

larger and are completely black in coloration. Ninty-eight percent of Encarsia population is female, so

all wasps can parasitise whiteflies. Females lay 15 eggs per day for an average of 150 eggs per female.

3. Bracon hebetor

Bracon hebetor is a minute Braconidae wasp that is an internal parasite to the caterpillar stage of

lepidoptera. The gut enzymes from the B. hebetor wasp quickly destroy the blood proteins in the moth

larvae; thus it is an effective biocontrol agent. The adult female lives for about 23 days during which

it produces about 100 eggs. It deposits 1 to 8 eggs in individual paralyzed late instar moth larvae.

4. Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr. guamensis

Trichogrammatoidea parasitize the eggs of many different orders of insects and are among the

more important biological biological control agents known, attacking many pest insects (esp.

Lepidoptera). They are not strong fliers and are generally moved through the air by the prevailing

winds.

5. Campoletis chlorideae

Adult female lays on an average 13 and 42 eggs after single mating and throughout its life span,

respectively. The sex ratio of male: female in mated progeny is 1: 3.15. Adult longevity can be increased

by providing honey. Field release of 1-2 day old parasitoids (15,000 adults/ha; sex ratio 1: 3) in field

showed encouraging results.

Predators:

1. Eocanthecona furcellata

Eocanthecona furcellata is an important Hemipteran predator on several important insect pests.

Males and females live for 12.5 to 15.5 days and 21 to 24 days, respectively. The adults in comparison to

nymphal instars are excellent predate


29

2. Assassin bugs (Reduviidae):

Adults have distinct heads with prominent eyes; their abdomens have a slight waist. The head is

elongated with a long curved 'snout' (proboscis). The proboscis is curved only in predatory bugs.

Colour is variable, but usually includes brown, orange and/or black. The front legs are enlarged to grasp

prey and the back legs are long and slender. The nymphs resemble adults but do not have wings.

The eggs are barrel-shaped and laid upright in clusters or rows on the leaves or stems of plants. Eggs

hatch within two weeks and the wingless nymphs pass through five growth stages before reaching

adulthood. As adults, assassin bugs may live for a further 6-10 months and lay up to 300 eggs in rafts

of 30-60 eggs.

A. Parasitoids

Natural enemy Pest Stage attackedAphelinus sp Spotted bollworm Egg

Erythmelus empoascae Spotted bollworm Egg

Gonatocerus sp Spotted bollworm Egg

Trichogramma achaeae Pink bollworm Egg

Spotted bollworm Egg

T. brasiliensis Spotted bollworm Egg

T. chilonis Spotted bollworm Egg

Helicoverpa bollworm Egg

T. chilotraeae Pink bollworm Egg

Spotted bollworm Egg

Telenomus remus Spotted bollworm Egg

Trichogrammatoidea sp Pink bollworm Egg

near guamensis Spotted bollworm Egg

Agathis fabiae Pink bollworm Larva

Spotted bollworm Larva

Apanteles angaleti Pink bollworm Larva

Bracon chinensis Pink bollworm Larva

Bracon greeni Pink bollworm Larva


Bracon kirkpatricki Spotted bollworm Larva

Bracon brevicornis Spotted bollworm Larva

Bracon habator Spotted bollworm Larva

Camptolithlipsis gossypiella Pink bollworm Larva

Rogas aligarhensis Pink bollworm Larva


Goniozus sp Pink bollworm Larva

Campoletis chloridae Helicoverpa bollworm Larva

Elasmus johnstoni Pink bollworm Larva

Eriborus argenteopilosus Semilooper Larva

Helicoverpa bollworm Larva

Pyemotes ventricosus (mite) Pink bollworm Larva

Chelonus sp Bollworms Egg-Larva

C. blackburni Pink bollworm Egg-Larva


30

Microchelonus versatilis Helicoverpa bollworm Egg-Larva

Xanthopimpla punctata Cotton leaf roller Pupa

Brachymeria sp.n. euploeae Cotton leaf roller Pupa

B. apanteles Spotted bollworm Pupa

B. nephantidis Spotted bollworm Pupa

Encarsia formosa Whitefly Nymph

Encarsia shafeei Whitefly Nymph

Eretmocerus mundus Whitefly Nymph

Aphilinus sp. Aphids Nymph, adult

B. Predators

Chrysoperla carnea Sucking pests & Egg, nymph, adult

bollworms

Brumus saturalis Sucking pests & Egg, nymph

bollworm

Coccinella septumpunctata Sucking pests & Egg, nymph

bollworm

Menochilus sexmaculatus Sucking pests & Egg, nymph

Bollworm

Geocoris ochropterous Pink bollworm Egg

Jassid Nymph

Geocoris sp Sucking pests Nymph, Adult

Zelus sp Sucking pests Nymph, Adult

Spiders Sucking pests & Nymph/Larva, Adult

bollwormsEocanthecona furcellata bollworms LarvaEncarsia sp Whitefly Nymph, Adults

Syrphus confracter Aphids Nymph, Adults

S. baleatus Aphids Nymph, Adults

S. searius Aphids Nymph, Adults

Chrysoperla carnea Aphids, jassids, eggs & early

instars of bollworms

Cheilomenes sexmaculata Aphids Adults

Ectomocoris tibialis Dysdercus cingulatus Nymph, Adult

Rhynocoris fuscipes Spodoptera litura Larva

Achea janata Larva

Dysdercus cingulatus Nymph, Adult

Mylabris indica Nymph, Adult

R. kumarii Helicoverpa armigera Larva

Anomis flava Larva

R. longifrons Spodoptera litura Larva

Helicoverpa armigera Larva

Dysdercus cingulatus Nymph, Adult

C. Pathogens

Aspergillus sp. Whitefly Nymph

Nomuraea rileyi Semi looper &

Helicoverpa bollworm Larva


31

Bacillus thuringiensis Bollworms LarvaBeauveria bassiana Bollworms Larva

NPV Helicoverpa & Larva

Spodoptera

Nematodes Bollworms Larva

Some of the good insectory plants

Cosmos Sunflower Okra

Hibiscus Marigold Fennel

Carrot Coriander Chrysanthemum

Mustard Radish Fagopyrum sp.

Ageratum sp. Tridax Alfalfa


32

Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests

Insect Natural enemies Flowering plants that attract

natural enemies/repel pests

1 Shoot and fruit

borer

Parasitoids: Trichogramma achaeae (egg),

T. chilonis (egg), Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr.

guamensis (egg), Telenomus remus (egg), Aphelinus

sp, Erythmelus empoascae (egg), Gonatocerus

(egg), Chelonus heliopae (egg-larval), C. rufus (egg-

larval), Strobliomyianana (larval), Actia aegyptia

(larval), Centrochalcis sp. (larval), Phanerotoma

hendecasisella (larval), Bracon greeni (larval),

B. brevicornis (larval), Rogas aligarhensis (larval),

R. testaceus (larval), R. kampurensis (larval)

Elasmus johnstoni (larval), Brachymeria tachardiae

(pupal), B. responsator (pupal), B. nephantidis

(pupal), Goryphus nursei (pupal) etc.

Predators: Chrysoperla carnea, coccinellids, King

crow, common mynah, wasp, dragonfly, spider,

robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, fire ants,

earwigs, ground beetle, big-eyed bugs (Geocoris

sp), pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata),

earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles etc.

Attractant plants: Carrot

family, Compositae family,

buckwheat (lacewings)

2 Helicoverpa

bollworm

Parasitoids: Trichogramma chilonis (egg),

Tetrastichus spp. (egg), Telenomus spp. (egg),

Chelonus blackburni (egg-larval), Carcelia spp.

(larval-pupal), Campoletis chlorideae (larval),

Goniophthalmus halli (larval), Bracon spp. (larval)

etc.



robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, fire

ants, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp), pentatomid bug

(Eocanthecona furcellata), earwigs, ground beetles,

rove beetles etc.

Repellant plants: Ocimum/

Basil


family, sunflower family,

buckwheat, alfalfa, corn,

shrubs (minute pirate bug and

lacewing)

Nectar rich plants with small

flowers i.e. anise, caraway, dill,

parsley, mustard,

sunflower, buckwheat and

cowpea (wasp)

3 Tobacco

caterpillar

Parasitoids: Trichogramma chilonis (egg),

Tetrastichus spp. (egg),Telenomus spp. (egg),

Chelonus blackburni (egg-larval), Carcelia spp.

(larval-pupal), Campoletis chlorideae (larval),

Eriborus argentiopilosus (larval), Microplitis sp

(larval) etc.




big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp), pentatomid bug


rove beetles etc.

Repellant plants: Ocimum/

Basil





lacewing)


flowers i.e anise, caraway, dill,

parsley, mustard, sunflower,

buckwheat and cowpea

(wasp)


33

Insect Natural enemies Flowering plants that attract

natural enemies/repel pests

4 Pink bollworm Parasitoids: Trichogramma brasiliensis (egg),

Chelonus sp (egg-larval), Campoletis chlorideae

(laval), Bracon lefroyi (larval), B. kirkpatricki,

Apanteles angaleti




big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp), pentatomid bug


rove beetles, predatory mites (Pyemotes ventricosus,

P. herfsi) etc.





lacewing)


flowers i.e anise, caraway, dill,

parsley, mustard, sunflower,

buckwheat and cowpea

(wasp)

5 Leafhoppers Parasitoids: Lymaenon empoascae (egg), Anagrus

flaveolus, Stethynium triclavatum

Predators: Lady beetle, ants Distina albino,

Chrysoperla sp., mirid bug (Dicyphus hesperus),

big-eyed bug, (Geocoris sp) etc.

Sunflower family, alfalfa

(damsel bug & minute pirate

bug)

Carrot family, buckwheat,

alfalfa, corn, shrubs (minute

pirate bug)

6 Thrips Predatory mite (Amblyseius swirskii), predatory

thrips (Aeolothrips sp.), insidious flower bugs

(Orius insidiosus) etc.

Attractant plant: French

bean (predatory thrips)

7 Mealybugs Parasitoids: Aenasius bambawalei, Promuscidea

unfasciativentris etc.

Predators: Predatory wasps, syrphid/hover flies,

ladybugs or mealybug destroyers (coccinellid,

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) etc.

Attractant plants: Bachelor's

buttons or cornflower

(Centaurea cyanus) and

coriander attract wasps.

8 Whitefly Parasitoids: Encarsia sp, Eretmocerus sp.

Predators: Dicyphus hesperus, (mirid bug),

dragonfly, spider, robber fly, praying mantis,

fire ants, coccinellids, lace wings, big eyed bugs

(Geocoris sp) etc.

Repellant plants: Peppermint

Attractant plant: French

bean (predatory thrips)

9 Root knot

nematode

Use of biocontrol agents like Paecilomyces

lilacinus (egg parasite) Repellant plants: Marigold

Crop rotation :

Marigold,Chrysanthemum

sp., Sesbania sp., Crotalaria

sp., Gaillardia sp, castor

bean and Desmodium sp.,

(parasitic nematodes)

Border crops: Strips of Rye,

grains, cover crops and

mulch beds (rove beetle)


34

7.4. Chemical control Need based, judicious and safe application of pesticides are necessary for chemical control measures

under IPM. It involves monitoring of pests so as to check with ETL and decide on the use of chemical

pesticides. It is necessary to rely upon pesticides recommended as per the list in Annexure-IX.

Following suggestions are important bearings for the success of control measures in the context of

IPM strategy:

Avoid tank mixing of two or more insecticides.

Repeated application of same insecticide in succession should be avoided.

Avoid using insecticides such as pyrethroids which result in resurgence of sucking pests.

Promote use of neem based formulations including crude and oil.

Pyrethroids if used should be restricted to once or maximum of twice depending on the

incidence of pink bollworms.

Proper spray equipments should be used: Knapsack sprayer in the early stage of crop growth. Tractor mounted sprayers are recommended

in the North Zone during early vegetative and fruiting phases of crop

Power sprayer to be used during the later stages of crop growth

Use proper spray volume as per crop stage canopy is a must

8. Disease managementBlack arm/Angular leaf spot /Bacterial blight management

Avoid dense cropping.

Soak seeds in 40-50 ppm streptomycin solution before sowing.

Seed treatment with Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS @ 3.5 g/kg of seeds for bacterial bight

management.

On the first appearance of field symptoms, the crop should be sprayed with a mixture of streptocyclin

(Streptomycin Sulphate 90% + Tetracyclin Hydrocloride 10% SP). This should be repeated at 10-15

days intervals to check the secondary spread.

Leaf Spot Management Avoid dense cropping that helps in reducing the disease incidence.

Crop residues should be removed and while preparing the fields, care must be taken to deeply

ploughing in order to bury and destroy the remaining part of plant tissues.

Weeds which serve as the alternate host should be completely removed and destroyed by burning.

Use acid-delinted seeds to avoid seed borne inoculum.

Early sowing (in North India) reduces the disease incidence.

Wider spacing reduces the build-up of humidity thus curtailing the disease intensity.

On the first appearance of the disease in field, carbendazim 50% WP @ 250g/ha in 750 lit of water

must be sprayed to check and control the disease.


35

Root rot Management Fields having long history of disease should be avoided for sowing.

Field should be deeply ploughed and left for solarization.

After harvesting, either plant debris should be completely burried or be removed.

Early sowing and harvesting is recommended to avoid extreme temperatures. Sowing in April or

June instead of May reduces disease incidence.

Crop should be rotated. Intercropping using Vigna acontifolia reduces the incidence quite significantly.

Seed treatment with Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS @ 3.5 g/kg of seeds effectively reduces the

root rot incidence.

Green manuring with Sesbania acubeata + planting during second week of July, and application

of ammonium sulphate and intercropping with moth (Vigna aconitifolia) considerably reduces the

disease incidence.

Fusarium Wilt Management Fields having long history of disease should be avoided.

For wilt management, crop rotation with G.hirsutum or non host crops is also effective in

maangement of the pathogen.

Fields should be deeply ploughed and left for solarization.

Use of nitrogenous fertilizers, particularly ammonium nitrate should be discouraged and calcium

ammonium nitrate should be used in place of urea or ammonium sulphate. Use of potassium

fertilizers should also be encouraged.

Resistant varieties e.g., G. herbaceum (Jayadhar, Vijalpa, Digvijay & Sujaya with hybrids; G Cot DH7

& G Cot DH9) should be cultivated. G. arboreum (Girnar, Daulat, G-22, G-46, Y-1 & Sanjay).

Verticillium Wilt management Fields with long history of disease occurrence should be avoided and should have good drainage

system. Crop should not be over-irrigated

Seed should be acid-delinted

Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuD) Management: Cultivation of susceptible varieties in the established endemic areas should be discouraged

Sowing of resistant varieties /hybrids released in North India i. e H-1117, H-1226, H-1236, F-1861,

LH-2076, RS-875, RS-810, RS-2013, LHH-144, CSHH-198, CSHH-238 and CSHH-243 should be

encouraged

Quarantine measures must be implemented to restrict the movement of diseased plants and its parts

Removal of weed hosts during the growing season and off season, which are alternate hosts to

CLCuD i.e Sida sp, Abutilon sp, Ageratum sp, Convolvulus arvensis, Capsicum sp, Parthenium sp,

Solanum nigrum, Digeria arvensis, Lantana camara, Achryranthus aspera, Chenopodium album and

Xanthium strumarium

Avoid growing of American cotton in and around citrus orchards

Growing of okra (Bhindi) crop in and around the cotton fields should be discouraged, and

intercropping with wild brinjal (Solanum khasianum) could be followed

Destroy volunteer/ratoon cotton plants during the off season

Excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers should be avoided.

Use yellow sticky traps for mass trapping of whiteflies


36

Crop sown during the period of May first fortnight escapes the attack of CLCuD over the late

sown crop

The following insecticides may alternatively be used: neem formulations i.e Azadirachtin 0.03% (300

ppm) (Neem Oil Based WSP) or Azadirachtin 0.15% W/W (Neem Seed Kernel Based EC) @ 2.5-5.0

l/ha, or Triazophos 40% EC @1.5 l/ha or Ethion 50% EC@ 2.0 l/ha

Avoid use of synthetic pyrethroids when whitefly population exists

While spraying, ensure thorough coverage of the lower surface of cotton leaves for effective control

of whitefly

Encourage sowing of Desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum) in CLCuD hot spot areas

Grey mildew management Crop residues should be removed and the fields must be deeply ploughed in order to bury and

destroy the remaining plant tissues

Crop cultivation should be rotated with cereals, and preference should be given to tolerant varieties

such as Sujata, Suvin, ERB 4492 and SB 289 E (barbadense), Laxmi and Sangam (hirsutum) and

Varalaxmi (intraspecific) in disease endemic areas

9. Management of Physiological DisordersLeaf reddening management

The following remedial measures are suggested to mitigate the problem of leaf reddening. However,

it should be noted that leaf reddening is not a problem of common occurrence and is very much

restricted to certain areas and that too during prevalence of certain specific ambient environmental

conditions, in addition to the varietals intricacies

Timely correction of N status either by optimum supply in the soil or through foliar application

(DAP 2 % or Urea 1-2 %) during boll development stage

Preventing water logging, since this result is non-availability of magnesium and other nutrients

Providing protective irrigation to avoid stress and maintain RWC of the leaf above 55-60%.

Soil application of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) @ 20-25 kg/ha to the soil or foliar spray with

0.5-1.0 % MgSO4 and 1.0 % urea as soon as the reddening symptoms appear in leaf reduces this

disorder

Leaf hopper management with recommended pesticides

Foliar application of urea (1-2 %) with 15-20 ppm chlormequat chloride and 0.10 % citric acid, 2-3

times at weekly intervals

Spray ascorbic acid (500 ppm) + 10 ppm PMA (AA increases leaf respiration and leaf N).

Soil moisture conservation and water harvesting/recycling to minimize soil moisture stress during

boll formation

Parawilt management Provide adequate drainage to avoid water-logging in the fields to maintain adequate oxygen content

of the soil.

Irrigation if available may be provided during grand growth phase to avoid prolonged exposure of

plants to dry condition.


37

Cobalt chloride spray at 10 ppm within 24-48 hours of symptom appearance

10. Weed ManagementPreventive Measures

Summer deep plouging during May/June to expose and destroy the underground vegetative parts

of the deep rooted perennial weeds. The field should be kept exposed to sun at least for 2-3 weeks

Follow recommended agronomic practices for land preparation, stubble management, seed rate,

sowing time, fertilizer and irrigation management etc. so as to have a desirable crop stand

Field should be maintained weed free initially for 8-9 weeks after sowing of crop by resorting timely

inter-culture and hand weeding

Use of tractor drawn harrows for interculture, and removal of weeds are more common in northern

zone, while bullock drawn blade harrows are common in central and southern states for weed

control

Inter cropping of short duration legume for green manure as much in between wide spaced cotton

crop can reduce the weed intensity

Smothering of weeds by polyethylene mulch of 30 micron thickness reduces weed growth.

Use power or hand operated implements for maintaining crop weed free for initial 8-9 weeks DAS

(days after sowing)

Curative Measures Application of fluchloralin 45% EC @ 2.0-2.68 l/ha or pendimethalin 30% EC @ 2.5-4.165 l/ ha as

pre-planting application

Pre-emergence application of alachlor 50% EC @ 4-5 l/ha or alachlor 10% GR @ 20-25 kg/ha or

diuron 80% WP @ 1-2.2 Kg/ha controls both mono and dicot weeds effectively.

At post-emergence stage (15 to 30 DAS) paraquat dichloride 24% SL @ 1.25-2.0 l/ha may be applied

as direct spray and give good control of weeds in later stages

Pyrithiobac sodium 10% EC @ 625-750 ml/ha or quizalofop-ethyl 5% EC @ 1000 ml/ha or

glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL (15% w/v) @ 2.5-3.0 l/ha or fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% w/w EC (9%

w/v) @ 750ml/ha (20 -25 DAS) can also be opted

11. Nematode Management Bikaneri Narma and Sharada have been reported as resistant varieties to root knot nematode

Field sanitation- keep field weed free

Summer ploughing and/or soil solarization with polythene cover

Crop rotation - growing crops such as marigold, zinnia, sugarcane, maize, mustard, wheat, barley,

jowar, safflower, custard apple and karela in rotation with cotton

Trap crop- grow Crotalaria spectabilis as trap crop for root knot nematode and uproot and plough

in after 30-45 days of sowing


38

12. Rodents in Cotton Lesser bandicoot: Bandicota bengalensis (Gray) (throughout India )

Indian Gerbil: Tatera indica (Hardwicke) (throughout India)

Soft furred field rat: Millardia meltada Gray (throughout India)

DamageAfter sowing, seeds may damaged/eat by rodents due to high oil substances present in the seeds

which attracts rodents. Rodent infestation will be observed during Boll formation and Maturity stage

is highly due to the sweet oily seeds found inside the boll and also rodent pick up the cotton inside the

burrow to make the bed.

Management Practices Plough the fields to demolish the rodent habitat and maintain weed free fields to reduce alternate

source of food and habitat.

Practice burrow smoking using natural smoking materials in ANGRAU/ NIPHM burrow fumigator

for 2-3 min. for each burrow.

Application of 0.005% bromadiolone in ready to use form (wax blocks) or loose bait in packets

near rodent burrow. Apply 2% Zinc phosphide poison baits when the rodent infestation is very

high. Practice pre-baiting incase of ZNP poison baiting. Don’t apply ZNP poisons more than

one time in a crop season.


39

13. Stage wise IPM Practices for management of cotton pestsS. No. Crop stage/pest Stage-wise IPM Practices

1 Pre-sowing Deep ploughing in summer for removal of weeds as well as towards destruction

of insect stages

Clean up of the fields free of weeds and alternate host plants including vegetable

crops

Adopt crop rotation with cereals (sorghum) or pulses (soybean) or green

manure crops (sun hemp or dhaincha) at least once in two to three years

2 At sowing

Soil & seed borne

diseases

Select tolerant/resistant cultivars (Annexure VII)

Acid delinting treatment for seeds. (Heading-G.1.Cultural practices)

Seed treatment with Thiram 75% WS @ 2.5-3.0 gm/kg seeds.

Seed borne infection can be eliminated by soaking the seeds in 40 to 50 ppm

solution of Streptomycin Sulphate 90% + Tetracycline Hydrochloride 10% SP for

a period of two hours

Sucking pests Timely sowing of sucking pest tolerant genotypes- Immediate to receipt of

monsoon keeping the fields ready for sowing after the receipt of first rains, and

taking up dry sowing

Growing refugia (for Bt cotton). Two border rows of non-Bt along with Bt

cultivars

Seed treatment with insecticide Imidacloprid 48% FS or Imidacloprid 70% WS

@ 500 – 1000g per 100kg seeds

Weeds Use pre-emergence/post emergence herbicides (Annexure XI)

3 *Vegetative growth stage (20-50 days)

Weeds Inter culture and hand weeding

Sucking pests Monitoring pest and natural enemy population on attractant/ trap & inter crops

Inoculative release of Chrysoperla grubs @ 10,000/ha**.

Spray of neem based insecticides as initial sprays (Azadirachtin 0.03% (300

ppm) Neem Oil Based WSP @ 2.5-0.5 l/ha)

Spray recommended insecticides (Annexure IX) when pest crosses ETL

(F.1.3.ETL)

Whitefly Fix yellow sticky traps for monitoring population

Spotted & spiny

bollworm

Crushing of larvae in the shoots mechanically

Bollworms Set up pheromone traps @ 5 traps/ha for monitoring

Stem weevil Soil application of carbofuran 3%CG @ 33300 g/ha

Root rot & wilt Remove & destroy root rot/wilt affected plants.

4 Early fruiting stage (50-80 days)

Weeds Inter culturing & hand weeding

Sucking pests Release Chrysoperla @ 10,000 /ha*

Whitefly Use yellow sticky traps for monitoring populationSpray recommended insecticides (Annexure IX)

Bollworms Use pheromone traps and change lures

Management of population in trap crops, release of Trichogramma @80,000/ha.Set up bird perches


40

S. No. Crop stage/pest Stage-wise IPM Practices

CLCuD Disease Destroy affected plants (for Northern India)

Parawilt Foliar application of 10ppm cobalt chloride on infected plants

5 Peak flowering & fruiting stage (80-120 days)

Whitefly Use yellow sticky trap for monitoring population

Spray recommended insecticides (Annexure IX)

Bollworms Use pheromone traps @ 5 traps/ha

Physical collection & destruction of grown up larvae

Use of HaNPV 0.43% AS @ 2700 ml/ha

Removal of terminals (topping) to be done at times of high oviposition by

Helicoverpa

IRM strategies should be followed (Heading-F.1.4. IRM Strategies)

Spodoptera Use pheromone traps@ 5 traps/ha

Sowing castor seeds at field borders serves as an indicator cum trap crop

Hand collection & destruction of egg masses & early instar gregarious larvae

Spray recommended insecticides (Annexure IX)

Black arm disease Spray recommended chemicals (Streptomycin Sulphate 90% + Tetracyline

Hydrocloride 10% SP). Streptocycline 25-40 ppm to be sprayed thrice - Before

flowering, after flowering and twenty days after second spray

Leaf reddening Foliar application of urea (1-2 %) with 15-20 ppm chlormequat chloride and

0.10 % citric acid, 2-3 times at weekly intervals.

Parawilt Foliar application of 10 ppm cobalt chloride on infected plants

6 Boll opening stage (120-150 days)

Whitefly Use yellow sticky trap for monitoring population

Bollworm complex Need-based application of recommended insecticides

Do not extend the crop period

Use pheromone traps for monitoring of Helicoverpa, Spodoptera and pink

bollworm

Spray recommended insecticides keeping IRM strategies in focus (F.1.4. IRM

Strategies)

7 After last picking of cotton

Bollworms and

mealybugs

Allow grazing by animals (cow, buffalo, sheep, goat, etc.) immediate to final

picking

Avoid staking of the cotton stalks near the fields. Pulled out stalks should be

burnt off in situ before ploughing the field.

Shredding and incorporation of crop residues.

* In case of conventional genotypes, it is recommended to use higher seed rate in hot spot areas and uproot the CLCuD affected plants

keeping the plant population in consideration.

**: depending on timely availability of quality products


41

14. Safety parametersSafety parameters deal with the selection and use of insecticides based on classification of toxicity

as per Insecticides Rules, 1971, WHO classification of hazards, colour of toxicity triangle besides

symptoms of poisoning, first aid measures and treatment of poisoning that the extension functionaries

of the State Department of Agriculture have to be acquainted with.

Basic precautions which are required to be taken as per classification of toxicity as well as hazard

criteria by WHO given against the recommended insecticides for use on cotton (Annexure-IX).

The extension functionaries are to educate the farmers on safe use of pesticides with the help of

colour toxicity triangle as the farming community can follow the colour and corresponding safety

precautions.

The symptom of poisoning must be known to the extension functionaries to enable them to extend

first aid measures to affected persons to the extent possible.

Basically, the information on first aid measures and treatment of poisoning is required to be passed

on by the extension functionaries to the doctors at Primary Health Centers as well as to the Private

Doctors in the vicinity of spraying of pesticides.

Extension functionaries must ensure that names of common pesticides during plant protection

measures along with a copy of the leaflet which is an integral part of a pesticide container must be

made available to the doctors in the vicinity of plant protection operations.

Extension functionaries are to request the doctors to intervene procurement of antidotes for

different pesticides as cited under “Treatment of poisoning".


42

Anne

xure

–I

Da

ta s

heet

for

cott

on

pest

mon

itori

ng

: In

sect

pest

s

Lo

cati

on

/Vil

lage

nam

e :

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

Dat

e o

f O

bse

rvat

ion

: _

__

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__

__

__

__

_

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nt

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

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An

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43

Da

ta s

heet

for

cott

on

pest

mon

itori

ng

: B

en

efi

cia

ls &

Dis

ea

ses

Lo

cati

on

/Vil

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nam

e :

__

__

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__

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f O

bse

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Pla

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no

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enefi

cial

s (

No

./p

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(gra

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)#

Fu

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(gra

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)$

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(Gra

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)^

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)*

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11

12

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15

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44

Pheromone trap catches (number of adults / trap / week)Location/Village name : _______________ Date of Observation : ______________

Trap no.ABW

(H. armigera)

SBW

(Earias)

PBW

(P. gossypiella)Spodoptera

1

2

3

4

5


45

Annexure -IIGUIDELINES FOR RECORDING INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES OF COTTON

(Simultaneous observations to be carried out on 20 plants per field)

Sucking Pests Aphids : % incidence (Observe for aphids on terminal shoots)

Aphids Injury grade : 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 as per Annexure III

Leaf hoppers (nymphs) : No. / 3 leaves

Leaf hopper Injury grade : 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 as per Annexure IV

Whitefly (adults) : No. / 3 leaves

Thrips : No. / 3 leaves

Mirid bug (Nymphs and adults) : No. / plant

Mealybug Injury grade : 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 as per Annexure V

Mealy bug (Incidence) : % incidence to be worked out

BollwormsHelicoverpa : No. of eggs / plant & No. of larvae / plant

Spotted bollworm : No. of larvae / plant

Fruiting body damage : No. of squares and green bolls damaged by bollworm

(Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera sp.) complex

and total no. in a plant

Pink bollworm : No. of rosette flowers per plant during the 50%

flowering to peak boll formation stage

Pink bollworm : No. of larvae / 20 green bolls (to be recorded through

destructive sampling of green bolls on 100, 120 and

135 days after sowing)

Spodoptera : No. of egg masses or bunch of first instar larvae / plant

Should be recorded as egg mass and number of big

larvae/plant also should be recorded

PredatorsCoccinellids : Grubs+adults / plant

Chrysoperla : Egg and grubs / plant

Spiders : No. / plant

Diseases : The rating scales for Bacterial blight, Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuD), Grey mildew and

Fungal leaf spots are given in Annexure VI

Bacterial blight : 1-4 grade

Fungal leaf spots : 1-4 grade

CLCuD : 1-6 grade

Grey mildew : 1-4 grade (Observe 20 plants per field)

DisordersParawilt : % incidence (Observe 20 plants per field)

Red leaf in terminal 10 leaves : % incidence (Observe 20 plants per field)


46

Pheromone trap catches:The traps, two each per acre, for ABW, SBW, PBW and Spodoptera should be installed at 50 days after

sowing. Recordings to be done on fixed day of each week: No. of adults / trap/ week. Lures should be

changed at fortnightly intervals

**: Observations made on Any other abundant insect pests/diseases/predators should be incorporated in the remarks column of the

data sheet. The observations should be taken in the forenoon (8.0-11.0 am) preferably.


47

Annexure -IIIAssessment of Aphid severityGrade 0 : Healthy plants free from aphid infestation

Grade I: Entire plant free from cupping/ crumpling

Grade II: Cupping / crumpling of few leaves on the upper portion of plant

Grade III: Cupping of upper leaves and aphid all over the plant

Grade IV: Extreme cupping, sickness/ sooty mould

Grade I

Grade III

Grade II

Grade IV


48

Annexure -IV

Assessment of Leaf hopper/Jassid severityGrade 0 : Healthy plants free from leaf hopper infestation

Grade I: Entire foliage free from crinkling or curling with no yellowing

Grade II: Crinkling and curling of few leaves in the lower portion of plant + marginal yellowing of

leaves

Grade III: Crinkling and curling of leaves almost all over the plant. Plant growth hampered

Grade IV: Extreme curling, crinkling, yellowing, bronzing and drying of leaves

Grade I

Grade III

Grade II

Grade IV


49

Annexure -V

Assessment of Mealybug severityGrade 0: Healthy plants with no mealybug infestation

Grade I: About 1-10 mealy bugs scattered over the plant

Grade II: One branch infested heavily with mealy bugs

Grade III: Two or more branches infested heavily with mealy bugs, up to 50% plant affected

Grade IV: Complete plant affected

Grade I

Grade III

Grade II

Grade IV


50

Annexure -VIRating scales for cotton diseases

Bacterial blight

Scale Symptoms

0 Plant completely free from infection

1 Spots few, Scattered, nearly 1 mm in diameter, dry, not coalescing, reddish, not angular, veins free

2 Spots initially wet but rapidly drying, several, larger, nearly 2 mm not coalescing, reddish, brown, veins and

veinlets free or with dry lesions leaf area covered up to 10 per cent

3 Lesions large, 2 mm or more in diameter, angular, turning brown and black, coalescing, spreading linearly

along the smaller veins. 11-20 per cent leaf area covered, or water-soaked vein infection along the main

veins

4 Lesions larger, water-soaked coalescing as above but covering more than 20 per cent leaf area, and or veins

infected and extending up to pulvinus and petioles, lesions larger and coalescing , water-soaked at first

later turning to brown or black, in severe cases branches and stem also attacked

Fungal leaf spots

Scale Symptoms

0 No infection

1 A few small spots less than 2 mm, scattered brown in colour, leaf area covered is less than 5%

2 Bigger spots up to 3 mm coalescing, brown in colour, 6-20 per cent leaf area covered

3 Spots increasing in size 3-5 mm and irregular in shape tending to coalescing and 21-40 per cent leaf area

covered

4 Spots coalescing to form bigger lesions, irregular in shape and size, more than 40% leaf area covered

Cotton leaf curl

Scale Symptoms

0 Complete absence of symptoms

1 Thickening of few small scattered veins on one or few leaves of a plant observed after careful observations

2 Thickening of small group of veins, no leaf curling, no reduction in leaf size and boll setting

3 Thickening of all veins, minor leaf curling, leafy enations, deformity of internodes with minor reduction in

leaf size but no reduction in boll setting

4 Severe vein thickening, moderate leaf curling, leafy enations, minor deformity of internodes and minor

reduction in leaf size and boll setting

5 Severe vein thickening, moderate leaf curling, leafy enations & deformity of internodes with moderate

reduction in leaf size and boll setting followed by moderate stunting

6 Severe vein thickening, leaf curling, reduction in leaf size, leafy enations, deformed internodes and severe

stunting of plant with no or few boll setting


51

Grey mildew

Scale Symptoms

0 No infection

1 Small spots which cover up to 5 per cent area

2 Spots bigger in size and cover 6-20 per cent leaf area

3 Some spots coalescing and 21-40 per cent leaf area covered

4 Many spots coalescing covering more than 40% leaf area and leaves fall off.

Note: One or few or all the symptoms mentioned against each disease severity (grade) may be present.


52

Annexure -VIIRESISTANT / TOLERANT VARIETIES OF COTTON

Bacterial blight

A Zonewise Resistant / Tolerant

1 North Zone Bikaneri Nerma, LH 900, F 414, F505, H 777, RST-9, LD-327, RG-8, LH-1134, LH-886,

F-1054, LHH-144, RS-875, RS-810, RS-2013

2 Central Zone Eknath, Purnima, Y-1, Khandwa-2, Badnawar-1, G-Cot-12, NHH-44, AKH-81, LRK

516

3 South Zone MCU -5VT, Supriya, Abhadita, LK-861, Suraj, LRA-5166, LRK-516, Jayadhar, Malgari

B Pestwise

1 Leafhopper Bikaneri Nerma, H-777, G.Cot-12, G.Cot-10, RS-875, RST-9, Fateh, RS 2063, Suraj

2 White fly Supriya, Kanchana, LK-861, RS-875, RS-2013

3 Nematode Bikaneri Nerma, Khandwa 2 and Sharada

4 Verticillium wilt MCU -5VT, Surabhi

5 Fusarium wilt AK-145, Sanjay, Digvijay, G.Cot-11, G.Cot-13, LD-327, PA-32 (Eknath)

6 Bollworms LH-900, F-414, Abhadita, RS-2013

7 Root rot LH-900

8 Leaf curl virus H-1117, H-1226, H-1236, F-1861, LH-2076, RS-875, RS-810, RS-2013, LHH-144,

CSHH-198, CSHH-238, CSHH-243


53

Annexure -VIIIGeneral recommendations for the management of Phenacoccus solenopsis

Large number of incidental hosts that have low population of P. solenopsis found within fields, field

borders and roadside during offseason should be removed and disposed by burial or burning.

Management of P. solenopsis on weed hosts on roadside and field borders should be a priority in all

zones to prevent spatial spread and limit severity on cotton crop.

Ornamentals and vegetables in urban landscapes and home backyards should be monitored closely.

The extent of offseason management determines the magnitude of incidence and severity of P.

solenopsis.

Cotton season cultural practices should focus on field sanitations and proper weed management.

List of alternate host plants to be monitored for P. solenopsis cultural management

Region Host plants Season Location

All cotton

growing

zones

Papaya

Carica papaya

Throughout the

year

Orchards and kitchen gardens

Shoe flower

Hibiscus rosa-sinensisBackyards and roadside

Tomato

Lycopersicon esculentumCultivated fields

Congress grass

Parthenium hysterophorusFields, field borders and roadside

Indian Mallow

Abutilon indicum

Within fields, field borders, roadside

and irrigation channels

Potato

Solanum tuberosumCotton season Cultivated fields

Brinjal

Solanum melongena

Giant pigweed

Trianthema portulacastrumOff season Within fields and roadside

North and

Central zones

Burdock datura

Xanthium strumariumCotton season

Within fields, field borders and

roadside

Bhindi

Abelmoschus esculentusOff season Cultivated fields

Central and

South zones

Curry leaf

Murrya koenigii Throughout the

year

Backyards and roadside

Oleander

Nerium oleanderRoadside

Common spurge

Euphorbia hirtaOff season


and irrigation channels

Lantana

Lantana camara

Field borders, roadside and irrigation

channels


54


Coat buttons

Tridax procumbens


roadside

Custard apple

Annona squamosa Roadside

Commelina benghalensis

North zone

Kanghi buti

Sida cordifolia Throughout the

year

Roadside

Ashwagandha

Withania somniferaRoadside and irrigation channels

Gule dupehri

Portulaca grandiflora

Cotton season

Within fields and roadside

Moong

Vignaradiata

Cultivated fieldsBeach sunflower

Helianthus debilis

Guar

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba

Central zone

Wild Jute

Corchorus trilocularis

Throughout the

year


roadsideRed hogweed

Boerhavia diffusa

Hazardani

Phyllanthus niruriWithin fields

Ambadi

Hibiscus sabdariffa

Marsh Para Cress

Acmella uliginosaWithin fields and field borders

Ran bhendi

Abelmoschus ficulneus

Jangli-bhendi

Azanza lampas

Cotton season

Border and roadsideWild purslane

Portulaca quadrifida

Pathari

LactucaruncinataWithin fields

Chilly

Capsicum annum

False Amaranth

Digera muricataWithin fields and field borders

Water spiny ball

Asteracantha longifolia

Within fields , field borders and

roadside


55


Burr Bush

Triumfetta rhomboideaRoadside

Ran shevanti

Vicoa indica

Off season

Within fields and field bordersSonkadi

Pentanema indicum

Pala aku

Euphorbia geniculata


and water channels

South zone

Mountain knot grass

Aerva lanata

Throughout the

year

Within fields and roadside

Jangali amla

Phyllanthus amarus


roadside

Gliricidia

Gliricidia sepiumWithin fields and roadside

Chilaka paraka

Sida acutaRoadside

Pulicheru

Phyllanthus reticulatus

Wild Jute

Corchorus trilocularis


roadside

Wild poinsettia

Euphorbia geniculataWithin fields and roadside

Purslane

Portulaca oleracea

Field borders, roadside and water

channels


56

Annexure -IXRecommended Pesticides for Cotton (CIBRC Approved)

S.

No.

Name of

insect pests

Name of insecticide Dosage/ha

a.i (gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

A Aphids Azadirachtin 0.03% (300

ppm) Neem Oil Based WSP

Containing

0 2500-5000 500-1000

Acetamiprid 20% SP 10 50 500-600

Carbaryl 5% D.P. 1000 20000

Carbaryl 10% DP 25000 25000 -

Carbaryl 50% WP 1000 2000 500-1000

Carbosulfan 25% DS 15 gm/kg 60 Seed treatment

Chlorpyrifos 20% EC 250 1250 500-1000

Dinotefuran 20% SG 25-30 125-150 500

Diafenthiuron 50%WP 300 600 500-1000

Dimethoate 30% EC 200 660 500-1000

Endosulfan 35%EC 210 600 500-1000

Endosulfan 4% DP 280 7000 500-1000

Fenvalerate 20% EC 25-40 125-200 250-400

Fipronil 5% SC 75-100 1500-2000 500

Flonicamid 50% WG 75 100 500

Fluvalinate 25% EC 50-100 200-400 500-1000

Imidaclopride 70% WG 21 - 24.5 30 - 35 375 - 500

Imidacloprid 48% FS Per 100kg

seed

300 – 540 500 – 900 Seed treatment

Imidacloprid 70% WS per 100kg

seed

350-700 500-1000 Seed treatment

Imidacloprid 30.5% m/m SC 21-26.25 60-75 500 - 750

Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 20 - 25 100 - 125 500 - 700

Malathion 50% EC 500 1000 500-1000

Methyl parathion 2% DP 300 15000

Methyl parathion 50% EC 500 1000 500-1000

Monocrotophos 15% SG 200 1333 500-1000

Monocrotophos 36% SL 175 437 500-1000

Oxydemeton – methyl 25% EC 300 1200 500-1000

Phorate 10% CG 1000 10000


57

S.

No.

Name of

insect pests


a.i (gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

Profenofos 50% EC 500 1000 500-1000

Quinalphos 1.5% DP 300 20000

Thiacloprid 21.7% SC 24-30 100-125 500

Thiamethoxam 30% FS 3 10

Thiamethoxam 70% WS 300 430

Thiamethoxam 25% WG 25 100 500-750

Acephate 50% + Imidacloprid

1.8% SP

518 1000 500

Chlorpyrifos 50% +

Cypermethrin 5%EC

500+50 1000 500-1000

Thiamethoxam 12.6%+Lambda

cyhalothrin 9.5%ZC

44 200 500

B Jassids/

leaf hopper

Acephate 75% SP 292 390 500-1000

Acetamiprid 20% SP 10 50 500-600

Azadirachtin 0.03% (300


Containing

0 2500-5000 500-1000

Buprofezin 25% SC 250 1000 500-750

Carbaryl 50% WP 1000 2000 500-1000

Carbaryl 5% D.P. 1000 20000

Carbaryl 85% W.P. 1200 1411 500-1000

Carbofuran 3% CG 750 25000


Clothianidin 50% WDG 15-20 30-40 500

Cypermethrin 25% EC 20-30 80-120 200-300


Dinotefuran 20% SG 25-30 125-150 500

Dimethoate 30% EC 300 660 500-1000

Endosulfan 35%EC 210 600 500-1000

Endosulfan 4% DP 210 5250

Fenvalerate 20% EC 25-40 125-200 250-400

Fipronil 5% SC 75-100 1500-2000 500


seed



Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 20 - 25 100 - 125 500 - 700

Lambda-Cyhalothrin 2.5% EC 15-25 600-1000 400-600

neelam

Typewritten text

*


58

S.

No.

Name of

insect pests


a.i (gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

Lambda-Cyhalothrin 5% EC 15-25 300-500 400-600

Malathion 50% EC 500 1000 500-1000





Phorate 10% CG 1000 10000 Soil application

Phosalone 35% EC 300 857 500-1000

Phosalone 4% DP 1000 25000

Profenofos 50% EC 500 1000 500-1000


Thiacloprid 21.7% SC 24-30 100-125 500

Thiamethoxam 30% FS 3 10




1.8% SP

518 1000 500

Cypermethrin 3% + Quinalphos

20% EC

1000-1250 500-600 15

Cypermethrin 10% + Indoxacarb

10%SC

50+50 500 400-1000

Chlorpyrifos 50% +

Cypermethrin 5%EC

500+50 1000 500-1000

Indoxacarb 14.5% + Acetamiprid

7.7% w/w SC

88.8-111 400-500 500


cyhalothrin 9.5%ZC

44 200 500

C Thrips Buprofezin 25% SC 250 1000 500-750

Carbaryl 10% DP 25000 25000 -

Carbaryl 50% WP 1000 2000 500-1000

Carbaryl 85% W.P. 1200 1411 500-1000


Cypermethrin 25% EC 20-30 80-120 200-300


Dinotefuran 20% SG 25-30 125-150 500

Dimethoate 30% EC 200 660 500-1000


59

S.

No.

Name of

insect pests


a.i (gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

Endosulfan 35%EC 280 800 500-1000

Endosulfan 4% DP 280 7000

Fenvalerate 20% EC 25-40 125-200 250-400

Fipronil 5% SC 75-100 1500-2000 500


Imidaclopride 70% WG 21 - 24.5 30 - 35 375 - 500


seed

300 – 540 500 – 900 Seed treatment


seed



Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 20 - 25 100 - 125 500 - 700



Malathion 50% EC 500 1000 500-1000





Phorate 10% CG 1000 10000


Profenofos 50% EC 500 1000 500-1000


Thiacloprid 21.7% SC 24-30 100-125 500




1.8% SP

518 1000 500

Chlorpyrifos 50% +

Cypermethrin 5%EC

500+50 1000 500-1000


10%SC

50+50 500 400-1000


cyhalothrin 9.5%ZC

44 200 500


60

S.

No.

Name of

insect pests


a.i (gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

D Whiteflies Acetamiprid 20% SP 200 100 500-600



Containing

200 2500-5000 500-1000

Azadirachtin 0.15% W/W Min.

Neem Seed Kernel Based E.C

200 2500-5000 500-1000

Azadirachtin 5% w/w Min.

Neem Extract Concentrate

Containing

200 375 750

Bifenthrin 10% EC 80 800 500

Buprofezin 25% SC 250 1000 500-750

Carbaryl 85% W.P. 1200 1411 500-1000

Chlorpyrifos 20% EC 250 1250 500-1000

Clothianidin 50% WDG 20-25 40-50 500


Dinotefuran 20% SG 25-30 125-150 500

Endosulfan 35%EC 280 800 500-1000

Endosulfan 4% DP 350-420 8750-10500 500-1000

Ethion 50% EC 750-1000 1500-2000 500-1000

Fenpropathrin 30% EC 75-100 250-340 750-1000

Fipronil 5% SC 75-100 1500-2000 500



seed

300 – 540 500 – 900 Seed treatment


seed


Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 20 - 25 100 - 125 500 - 700



Phorate 10% CG 1000 10000

Profenofos 50% EC 500 1000 500-1000

Spiromesifen 22.9% SC 144 600 500

Thiacloprid 21.7% SC 120-144 500-600 500

Thiamethoxam 30% FS 3 10 500

Thiamethoxam 70% WS 300 430 500



61

S.

No.

Name of

insect pests


a.i (gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

Triazophos 40% EC 600-800 1500-2000 500-1000

Verticillium Lecanii 1.15%WP

(formulated)

2500 500 litres of

water


1.8% SP

518 1000 500

Chlorpyrifos 50% +

Cypermethrin 5%EC

500+50 1000 500-1000

Deltamethrin 1% + Trizophos

35%EC

10+350-

12.5+450

1000-1250 600-1000


35%EC

10+350-

12.5+450

1000-1250 600-1000


7.7% w/w SC

88.8-111 400-500 500

Pyriproxyfen 5% EC +

Fenpropathrin 15% EC

25+75 – 37.5

+112.5

500-750 500-750

E Sucking

insects

Deltamethrin 1.8% EC 10 625 400-600

Deltamethrin 2.8% EC 10 400 400-600

Acephate 25% w/w + Fenvalerate

3% w/w EC

500+60 2000 500

Azadirachtin 0.03% Min. Neem

Oil Based E.C. Containing

0 2500-5000 500

Acephate 75% SP 584 780 500-1000

Alphacypermethrin 10% EC 15-25 165-280 600-1000

Azadirachtin 0.15% W/W Min.

Neem Seed Kernel Based E.C

200 2500-5000 500-1000

F Bollworm

complex



Containing

200 2500-5000 500-1000

Alphacypermethrin 10% SC 25-30 250-300 500-1000

Bacillus thuringiensis var.

galleriae

- 2000-2500 1000

Bacillus thuringiensis-k - 750-1000 750-1000


Kurstaki, Serotype H-3a, 3b,

Strain Z-52

- 750-1000 500-750

Beauveria bassiana 1.15% W.P. - 2000 400

Bifenthrin 10% EC 80 800 500


62

S.

No.

Name of

insect pests


a.i (gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

Beta Cyfluthrin 2.45% SC 12.5-18.75 500-750 500-1000

Chlorpyrifos 20% EC 250 1250 500-1000

Chlorpyrifos 50% EC 500-600 1000-1200 500-1000

Cypermethrin 25% EC 40-70 160-280 400-800

Deltamethrin 11% w/w EC 12.5 125 400-600

Deltamethrin 25% tablet 12.5 50 400-600

Deltamethrin 1.8% EC 12.5 781 400-600

Deltamethrin 2.8% EC 12.5 500 400-600

Diflubenzuron 25% WP 75 300 500-1000

Emamectin benzoate 5% SG 9.5-11.0 190-220 500

Ethion 50% EC 1000 2000 500-1000

Fenvalerate 20% EC 75-100 375-500 700-900

Fenvalerate 0.4% DP 80-100 20000-25000

Fipronil 5% SC 100 2000 500

Fluvalinate 25% EC 50-100 200-400 500-1000

Indoxacarb 14.5% SC 75 500 600-1000

Indoxacarb 15.8% EC 75 500 500-1000

Lambda-Cyhalothrin 4.9% CS 25 500 500



Methomyl 40% SP 300-450 750-1125 500-1000

Monocrotophos 36% SL 450-800 1125-2250 500-1000

Permethrin 25% EC 100-125 400-500 1000

Profenofos 50% EC 750-1000 1500-2000 500-1000

Pyridalyl 10% EC 75-100 750-1000 500-750

Quinalphos 20% AF 350-500 1750-2500 750-1000


Thiodicarb 75% WP 750 1000 500

Triazophos 40% EC 600-800 1500-2000 500-1000


1.8% SP

518 1000 500

Endosulfan 35% + Cypermethrin

5% EC

875 + 125 2500 500-1000


7.7% w/w SC

88.8-111 400-500 500

Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin

4% EC

440-660 1000-1500 500-1000

neelam

Typewritten text

*


63

S.

No.

Name of

insect pests


a.i (gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

Pyriproxyfen 5% EC +

Fenpropathrin 15% EC

25+75 – 37.5

+112.5

500-750 500-750


10%SC

50+50 500 400-1000


cyhalothrin 9.5%ZC

44 200 500

G Helicoverpa Azadirachtin 0.3% (3000 PPM)

Min. Neem Seed Kernel Based

E.C.

4000 1000

Bacillus thuringiensis Serovar

kurstaki (3a, 3b, 3c) 5% WP

25.00-50.00 500-1000 500-1000

Carbaryl 10% DP 25000 25000 -

Carbaryl 50% WP 1000 2000 500-1000

Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC 30 150 500

Chlorfluazuron 5.4% EC (w/w) 75-100 1500-2000 500

Cypermethrin 10% EC 50-70 550-760 150-1000

Flubendiamide 39.35% M/M SC 48-60 100-125 375-500



Flubendiamide 20% WG 50 250 500

Lufenuron 5.4% EC 30 600 500-750

Novaluron 10% EC 100 1000 500p-1000

Novaluron 8.8% SC 100 1000 500-1000

Phenthoate 50% EC 1000 2000 500-1000

Quinalphos 20% AF 350-500 1750-2500 750-1000

Spinosad 45.0% SC 75-100 165-220 500

Acephate 25% w/w + Fenvalerate

3% w/w EC

500+60 2000 500


20% EC

1000-1250 500-600 15

Chlorpyrifos 50% +

Cypermethrin 5%EC

500+50 1000 500-1000

Chlorpyriphos 16% +

Alphacypermethrin 1%

425 2500 500-750


35%EC

10+350-

12.5+450

1000-1250 600-1000


35%EC

10+350-

12.5+450

1000-1250 600-1000


64

S.

No.

Name of

insect pests


a.i (gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

Ethion 40% + Cypermethrin 5%

w/w EC

400+50 1000 500

Azadirachtin 0.03% Min. Neem

Oil Based E.C. Containing

0 2500-5000 500

NPV of Helicoverpa armigera

0.43% AS Strain No. BIL/HV-9

- 2700 ml 400-600



Containing

375 750

H Spotted

Bollworm

Bacillus thuringiensis Serovar

kurstaki (3a, 3b, 3c) 5% WP

37.50-50.00 750-1000 500-1000

Carbaryl 50% WP 1000 2000 500-1000

Carbaryl 85% W.P. 1200 1411 500-1000


Cypermethrin 10% EC 50-70 550-760 150-1000



Fenvalerate 0.4% DP 80-100 20000-25000


Phenthoate 50% EC 1000 2000 500-1000

Phosalone 35% EC 600 1714 500-1000


Quinalphos 20% AF 350-500 1750-2500 750-1000


20% EC

1000-1250 500-600 15

Chlorpyrifos 50% +

Cypermethrin 5%EC

500+50 1000 500-1000

Chlorpyriphos 16% +


425 2500 500-750


35%EC

10+350-

12.5+450

1000-1250 600-1000


35%EC

10+350-

12.5+450

1000-1250 600-1000

Fenvalerate 2% Conc. 80-100 4000-5000


65

S.

No.

Name of

insect pests


a.i (gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

I Pink

bollworm

Carbaryl 85% W.P. 1200 1411 500-1000

Carbaryl 50% WP 1000 2000 500-1000

Cypermethrin 10% EC 50-70 550-760 150-1000



Fenvalerate 2% Conc. 80-100 4000-5000

Phenthoate 50% EC 1000 2000 500-1000

Phosalone 35% EC 700 2000 500-1000

Quinalphos 20% AF 350-500 1750-2500 750-1000

Chlorpyrifos 50% +

Cypermethrin 5%EC

500+50 1000 500-1000

Chlorpyriphos 16% +


425 2500 500-750


35%EC

10+350-

12.5+450

1000-1250 600-1000


35%EC

10+350-

12.5+450

1000-1250 600-1000

Egyptian boll

worm

Fenvalerate 2% Conc. 80-100 4000-5000 600-1000

J Leaf folder &

bollworms

(Helicoverpa

and spotted

bollworm)


Carbaryl 50% WP 1000 2000 500-1000

K Leaf hopper Monocrotophos 36% SL 175 437 500-1000



Containing

0 375 750


L Tobacco

caterpillar

(Spodoptera)


Chlorfluazuron 5.4% EC (w/w) 75-100 1500-2000 500

Diflubenzuron 25% WP 75-87.5 300-350 500-1000

Novaluron 8.8% SC 100 1000 500-1000


kurstaki, Serotype H-3a, 3b,

Strain Z-52

- 750-1000 500-750


66

S.

No.

Name of

insect pests


a.i (gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

Chlorpyrifos 50% +

Cypermethrin 5%EC

500+50 1000 500-1000

M Earhead

midge

Carbaryl 5% D.P. 1000 20000

N Diamond

back moth

Carbaryl 10% D.P. 2500 25000 -

O Army worm Carbaryl 10% D.P. 2500 25000 -

P Grey weevil Carbofuran 3% CG 1000 33300

Dimethoate 30% EC 200 990 500-1000


Q Stem weevil Carbofuran 3% CG 1000 33300

Carbaryl 10% DP 25000 25000 -

R Cut worm Chlorpyrifos 20% EC 750 3750 500-1000

S Red Spider

mite

Dicofol 18.5% EC 500-1000 2700-5400 500-1000

Phosalone 35% EC 600 1714 500-1000

Spiromesifen 22.9% SC 144 600 500

T Yellow mite Dicofol 18.5% EC 500-1000 2700-5400 500-1000

U Red cotton

bug

Fluvalinate 25% EC 50-100 200-400 500-1000

Source: CIBRC, 2013 GOI, Faridabad Available at http://cibrc.nic.in/

As on now use of endosulfan has been banned vide Supreme Court order

neelam

Typewritten text

from 31-05-2011


67

ANNEXURE-XRecommended Fungicides for Cotton

Name of diseases Name of fungicide Dosage/ha a.i(gm) Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in water/

ha. (Litre)

Leaf spot Carbendazim 50%

WP

125 250 750

Angular leaf spot Carboxin 75% WP 1.5 - 1.875 2 -2.5 Only one time seed

treatment required

Seedling blight

angular leaf spot

or black arm

disease

(Streptomycin

Sulphate 9%

+ Tetracylin

Hydrocloride 1%)

SP

Seed treatment: Seed

borne infection can be

eliminated by soaking

the seeds in 40 to 50

ppm solution for a

period of two hours.

Spray: Streptocyclin 25

to 40 ppm to be sprayed

thrice. Before flowering.

After flowering. Twenty

days after second spray.

For prevention

of accompanying

fungal infection use

copper fungicide with

streptocyclin.

Root rot, Bacterial

bight

Carboxin 37.5% +

Thiram 37.5% DS

2.5 gm/Kg seed 3.5 gm/Kg 0

Seed born

diseases

Thiram 75% WS 18.8-22.5 gm 25-30 gm 1

Mites Sulphur 40% WP 1.50-2.00 Kg 3.75-5.00 kg 750-1000



68

ANNEXURE-XIRecommended Herbicides for Cotton

Name of weeds Name of herbicide Dosage/

ha a.i(gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

Digera arvensis

Echinochloa colonum,

Eragrostis major

Euphorbia hirta

Phyllanthus niruri

Portulaca oleracea

Trianthema portulacastrum

Flaveria australasica

Gynandropsis pentaphylla

Alachlor 50% EC 2-2.5 kg 4-5 lit. 250-500

Dactyloctenium aegyptium Alachlor 10% GR 2.0-2.5 Kg 20-25 Kg 0

Amaranthus spp, Chenopodium

album, Convolvulas arvensis Setaria

glauca, Digitaria sp, Portulaca oleracea,

Xanthium strumerium, Anagallis

arvensis, Asphodelus temifolius,

Euphorbia sp, Visia sativa Paspalum

conjugatum,

Diuron 80% WP 0.75-1.5

kg

1-2.2Kg. 625

Echinochloa sp.

Eluesine indica

Dactylocteneum

Aegyptium

Eragrostit minor

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

9.3% w/w EC (9%

w/v)

67.5 g 750 ml.(20

-25 DAS)

375-500

Acanthospermum hispidum, Cleome

viscosa, Datura sp. Trianthema

monogyna Tridax procumbens, Cynodon

dactylon (germinating) Amaranthus

spp., Portulaca spp, Achyranthus aspera,

Euphorbia hirta, Cenchrus cathorticus,

Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine

sp, Panicum sp, Lagascea mollis,

Gynandropsis pentaphylla, Acalypha

indica

Fluchloralin 45% EC 0.9-1.2kg 2.0-2.68 ltrs. 500-800

Echinochloa sp.

Cynodon dactylon

Cyperus rotundus

Digitaria marginata

Dactylocteneum

aegyptium

Glufosinate

Ammonium 13.5%

SL (15% w/v)

375-450 2.5-3.0 500

Echinochloa spp.

Euphorbia hirta

Amarnanthus viridis

Portulaca oleracea

Trianthema spp.

Eleusine indica

Pendimethalin 30%

EC

0.75-

1.25kg

2.5-4.165 ltrs 500-700


69

Name of weeds Name of herbicide Dosage/

ha a.i(gm)

Formulation

(g or ml)/ha

Dilution in

water/ha. (Litre)

Panicum repens, Digitaria sanguinalis,

Brachiaria mutica (Grasses),

Pennisetum purpureum, Cyperus

rotundus (sedge), Lantana camjara,

Portulaca oleracea, Eclipta prostrate,

Commelina benghalensis (Broad leaves

weeds)

Pendimethalin 38.7%

CS

677.27 1500-1750 500

(Post-emergence directed inter row

application at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds)

Digera arvensis,

Cyperus iria, Trianthema monogyna,

Corchorus spp., Leucas aspera,

Euphorbia spp.

Paraquat dichloride

24% SL

0.3-0.5 kg 1.25-2.0 500

Trianthema spp.

Amaranthus spp.

Chenopodium spp.

Digera spp.

Celosia argentia

Pyrithiobac Sodium

10% EC

62.5-75

gm

625-750 500

Echinolchloa crusgalli

Echinochloa colonum

Dinebra retroflexa

Digiteria marginata

Quizalofop-ethyl 5%

EC

50.5 1000 500



70

ANNEXURE-XIIBASIC PRECAUTIONS IN PESTICIDE USAGE

A. Purchase:

1. Purchase only JUST required quantity e.g. 100,250, 500 or 1000 g/ml for single application in

specified area.

2. Do not purchase leaking containers, loose, unsealed or tom bags.

3. Do not purchase pesticides without proper/ approved LABELS.

B. Storage:

1. Avoid storage of pesticides in the house premises.

2. Keep only in original container with intact seal.

3. Do not transfer pesticides to other container.

4. Never keep them together with food or feed/ fodder.

5. Keep away from the reach of children and livestock.

6. Do not expose to sun-light or rain water.

7. Do not store weedicides along with other pesticides.

C. Handling:

1. Never carry/ transport pesticides along with food materials.

2. Avoid carrying bulk - pesticides (dusts / granules) on head, shoulders or on the back.

D. Precautions for Preparing Spray Solution:

1. Use clean water.

2. Always protect your NOSE, EYES, MOUTH, EARS and HANDS.

3. Use hand gloves, face mask and cover your head with cap.

4. Use polyethylene bags as hand gloves, handkerchiefs or piece of clean cloth as mask and a cap or

towel to cover the head (Do not use polyethylene bag contaminated with pesticides).

5. Read the label on the container before preparing spray solution,

6. Prepare spray solution as per requirement.

7. Do not mix granules with water.

8. Concentrated pesticides must not fall on hands etc. while opening sealed containers.

9. Do not smell the sprayer tank.

10. Avoid spilling of pesticide solution while filling the sprayer tank.

11. Do not eat, drink smoke or chew while preparing solution.

12. The operator should protect his bare feet and hands with polyethylene bags.

E. Equipment:

1. Select right kind of equipment.


71

2. Do not use leaky, defective equipment.

3. Select right kind of nozzle.

4. Don't blow/clean clogged- nozzle with mouth. Use old tooth- brush tied with the sprayer and cleans

with water.

5. Do not use same sprayer for weedicide and insecticide.

F. Precautions for applying pesticides:

1. Apply only at recommended dosage and dilution.

2. Do not apply on hot sunny day or strong windy condition.

3. Do not apply just before the rains and also after the rains.

4. Do not apply against the wind direction.

5. Emulsifiable concentrate formulations should not be used for spraying with battery operated ULV

sprayer.

6. Wash the sprayer and bucket etc. with soap water after spraying.

7. Containers, buckets etc. used for mixing pesticides should not be used for domestic purposes.

8. Avoid entry of animals and workers in the fields immediately after the spraying.

G. Disposal:

1. Leftover spray solution should not be drained in ponds or water lines etc.

2. Throw it in barren isolated area, if possible.

3. The used empty containers should be crushed with a stone /stick and buried deep into soil away

from water source.

4. Never re-use empty pesticide container for any purpose.

Category A: Stationary, crawling pest/ disease

Vegetative stage Insecticides and fungicides Lever operated knapsack sprayer (Droplets of big

size)

Hollow cone nozzle @ 35 to 40 psi

Lever operating speed = 15 to 20 strokes/min

or

Motorized knapsack sprayer or mist blower

(Droplets of small size)

Air blast nozzle

Operating speed: 2/3rd throttle

1. For crawling and soil

borne pests

2. For small sucking

leaf borne pests

Reproductive stage Insecticides and fungicides Lever operated knapsack sprayer (Droplets of big

size)

Hollow cone nozzle @ 35 to 40 psi



72

Category B: Field Flying pest/airborne pest

Vegetative stage Insecticides and fungicides Motorized knapsack sprayer or mist blower (Droplets

of small size)

Air blast nozzle

Operating speed: 2/3rd throttle

or

Battery operated low volume sprayer (Droplets of

small size) spinning disc nozzle

Reproductive stage

(Field Pests)

Category C: Weeds

Post-emergence

application

Weedicide Lever operated knapsack sprayer (Droplets of big

size)

Flat fan or flood jet nozzle @ 15 to 20 psi


Pre-emergence Trolley mounted low volume sprayer (Droplets of

small size)

Battery operated low volume sprayer (Droplets of

small size)

Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief

1 For application rate and dosage see the label and leaflet of the particular pesticide.

2 It is advisable to check the output of the sprayer (calibration) before commencement of spraying under

guidance of trained person.

3 Clean and wash the machines and nozzles and store in dry place after use.

4 It is advisable to use protective clothing, face mask and gloves while preparing and applying pesticides.

Do not apply pesticides without protective clothing and wash clothes immediately after spray application.

5 Do not apply in hot or windy conditions.

6 Operator should maintain normal walking speed while undertaking application.

7 Do not smoke, chew or eat while undertaking the spraying operation

8 Operator should take proper bath with soap after completing spraying

9 Do not blow the nozzle with mouth for any blockages. Clean with water and a soft brush.

Method for calculation of pesticides for application

(i) Solid formulations such as dust, wettable powder or gr anules, the active ingredient is mixed with

inert material. The concentration is expressed as -

Active ingredient (%) in the total weight of commercial product

Active ingredient (%) in dust, WP or granules = Weiqht of a.i. x 100

Total weight of WP , dust, etc.

Example. Carbendazim 50% WP means there are 50 g of carbendazim in every 100 g of commercial

WP (50 % a.i.).


73

Calculations when recommendation is in kg a.i. per ha.

For WP, dust, granules, etc.

Specification required:

1) Area to be sprayed

2) Concentration of a.i in formulation

3) Recommended rate as kg a.i. ha-1.

Formula: kg of WP/dust/granules = Recommended rate x spray area (sq.m)

a.i (%) in WP x 100

Example: If Carbendazim 50% WP is used at the rate of 2 kg a.i ha-1, then amount of Carbendazim

50% WP required for 1 ha (10000 m2) is:

kg of Carbendazim 50% WP required = 2 x 10000 = 4 kg/ha

50 x 100

(ii) Liquid of formulation Here the a.i. is dissolved in a solvent with an emulsifying agent. It is expressed

as in emulsifiable concentrate (EC). The concentration can be expressed in two ways.

a) Active ingredient (%) in EC = Weight of a.i. x 100

Volume of EC

b) Grams L-1

Example: Hexaconazole 5% EC means, 100 ml of commercial product has 5 ml of pure Hexaconazole

For emulsiflable concentrates


i) Area to be treated

ii) Recommended rate as kg a.i. ha–1

iii) Concentration of commercial EC as a.i (%) or kg L-1

When concentration of EC is in a.i. (%)

Formula:

kg of EC required = Recommended rate x area (m2) or

ai (%) in commercial EC x 100

= Recommended rate x area (ha) x 100

a.i. (%) in commercial EC

Example: Hexaconazole 5% EC to be sprayed at the rate of 2 kg a.i. ha-1 for 10000 m2 and

Hexaconazole 5% EC has 5 % a.i. How m u c h liters of Hexaconazole is required?

Liters of 5 % Hexaconazole required = 2 x 10000 = 40 L

5 x 100


74

When concentration expressed is in kg a.i. L-1

Formula:

= Recommended rate in kg a.i. ha-1 x area (ha)

Concentration of a.i. in product (kg L-1)

Example: Acetamprid (0.01 kg a.i. L-1 ) is to be applied at the rate of 0.05 kg a.i. ha-1

How much will be required for 3 ha?

Liters of Acetamprid required = 0.05 x 3.0 = 15 liters

0.01

When recommendation is based on a.i (%) in the spray fluid

i) Wettable powders ( when diluted with water)

Specifications required:

1 Spray volume as L ha-1

2 Concentration desired as a.i. (%) in spray

3 Concentration of commercial product as a.i. (%)

Formula :

WP = a.i. (%) desired x spray volume (L)

a.i. (%) in commercial WP

Example: To control Spodoptera in a plot. 2000 L of 2% Methyl Parathion DP is to be prepared.

The commercial product to be used is Methyl parathion 50% EC. How much Methyl parathion is

required?

Litre of Methyl parathion required = 2 x 2000 = 80 liters

50

ii) Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)


1) Spray volume as L ha-1

2) Concentration as percentage of a.i desired.

3) Concentration of commercial EC as a.i. (%).

Formula:

Liter of EC = a. i. (%) desired x spray volume (L)

a.i. (%) in commercial EC

Example : 2000 L of 2 % Methyl parathion spray is to be prepared. Howmuch commercial 50 % EC

is required?

Liters of Methyl parathion = 2 x 2000 = 80 L

50


75

ANNE

XURE

-XIII

SAFE

TY P

AR

AM

ETER

S IN

PES

TIC

IDES

USA

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76

S.N

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19

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77


78

Plate-1

Key Insect Pests

Leaf hopper nymphs Damage (downward curling) due to

leaf hoppersWhitefly adults

CLCuD infected plant Thrips colony Damage due to thrips on seedlings

Aphid colonyDeposits of aphid honey dew on

leavesMirid adult : Creontiades biseratense

Parrot beaking of green bolls due to

mirid feedingMirid adult: Campylomma livida

Mirid damage : Distorted petals &

blackened anthers


79

Adult female mealybug :

P. solenopsisMealybug infested plant Larva of tobacco caterpillar S. litura

Boll damage due to S. litura Larva of pink bollworm‘Rosette flower’ caused by pink

bollworm

Larva of Earias Boll damage due to Earias Larva of H. armigera

Boll damage by H. armigera Larva of leaf roller Leaf roller infested plant


80

Red cotton bug Dusky cotton bugLeaf damage due to Semi-looper

feeding

Stem weevil

Plate-2

Key Diseases

Bacterial blight Alternaria leaf spot Myrothecium leaf spot

Root rot Fusarium wilt Leaf curl (CLCuD)


81

Grey mildew Verticillium wilt

Disorders

Leaf reddening Para-wilt

Nematode

Reniform nematode attached to cotton root Nematode infested cotton field


82

Plate 3

Common parasitoids of cotton ecosystem

Name of the parasitoid Host Image Type of parasitoid

Aphelinus sp.

(Aphelinidae: Hymenoptera)Aphids

Nymphal and adult

parasitoid

Microchelonus versatilis

(Braconidae : Hymenoptera)

Helicoverpa (H.

armigera)Egg larval parasitoid

Eucarcelia illota Curran

(Tachinidae : Diptera)

Semi looper

(Anomis flava) &

Helicoverpa (H.

armigera)

Larval parasitoid

Eriborus argenteopilosus

Cameron

(Ichneumonidae :

Hymenoptera)

Semi looper

(Anomis flava) &

Helicoverpa

(H. armigera)

Larval parasitoid

Campoletis chlorideae Uchida

(Ichneumonidae :

Hymenoptera)

H. armigera Larval parasitoid

Rogas aligarhensis Quadri


Spotted bollworm

Earias vittellaLarval parasitoid


83

Common parasitoids of cotton ecosystem


Apanteles angaleti Mues.


Pink bollworm

Pectinophora

gossypiella

Larval parasitoid

Bracon greeni Ashm.


Pink bollworm

Pectinophora

gossypiella

Larval parasitoid

Common predators of cotton ecosystem


Green lacewing

Chrysoperla zastrowi

(Chrysopidae : Neuroptera)

On aphids, jassids,

thrips and eggs of

bollworms

Grubs are highly

predatory

Lady bird beetles

(Coccinellidae: Coleoptera)Aphids Grubs are predatory

Hoverflies

(Syrphidae: Diptera)Aphids Maggots are predatory


84

Common predators of cotton ecosystem


Spiders

(Arachinidae)

On aphids, jassids,

thrips and larvae of

bollworms

Nymphs and adults are

predatory

Insects pathogens of cotton insect pests


Nomuraea rileyi

(Fungal pathogen)

Semi looper

(Anomis flava) &

Helicoverpa

(H. armigera)

Pathogenic to larvae

Nuclear polyhedrosis virus

(Viral pathogen)

Helicoverpa (H.

armigera)Pathogenic to larvae

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE · INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR COTTON 1 1. Introduction Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in cotton involves using all available techniques

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