Instruments and techniques used in guidance

Instruments and Techniques used

in Guidance...

What are the different forms of

measurements and evaluation

techniques used in schools,

industries, and clinics ?

TESTS

According to Aquino and Alviar

To make an individual understand himself better.

Tests are most widely used in educational institutions at all levels, in industries for personnel selection, promotion and in clinics for proper diagnosis of patients.

Tests are also used in for counseling and research purposes.

How are tests useful in schools?

According to Toribio: To determine the pattern of growth and rate of

development of the individual pupil;

To classify children with reference to their ability to profit from instruction;

To identify the extreme deviates who may need special study and provisions;

To diagnose cause of underachievement or academic failures;

To provide information which may be used for admission, classification, special studies;

To help the counselor in educational and vocational counseling of counseling of secondary and tertiary level students;

To help the counselee understand himself and accept what is best for him on the basis of tests result obtained;

To provide a basis for the conference with parents and/or significant others about the ability, achievement, growth, and school adjustment of their children; and

To gain objective data about the individual in addition to information obtained from interviews, self-reports and other sources.

How are tests useful to the counselors?

Disclosure of capacity and potentiality as well as diagnosis of exceptional clientele for referral to specialists among those with deficiencies and aberrations;

The objective appraisal of personality for better understanding and self-direction of the individual himself;

The accurate comparison of individual performance with the performance of others for the purpose of selection, recommendation and self-understanding;

Improved basis of prediction as to likelihood of success in any activity in which prospective performance can be measured and compared;

Evaluation of personal characteristics in relation to characteristics required for educational and occupational performance; and

Assessment of the child’s ability at the beginning (pre-test) and at the end (post-test) to determine the gains made and still remains to be done.

What are some major errors in the

use of psychological

tests?

1. Adminestering the tests incorrectly

2. Making sweeping generalizations from test

results

3. Using appropriate test for a purpose to be serve

is another error.

HOW ARE TESTS

CLASSIFIED?

Test are classified as follows:

TESTS FOR GENERAL INTELLECTUAL LEVEL

- Individual Tests and Group Tests

TESTS FOR SPECIAL POPULATION

- Infant and Preschool Testing

TESTS FOR SEPARATE ABILITIES

- Multiple aptitudes, Achievement tests, occupational or employment tests and clinical testing

PERSONALITY TESTS

- Self-report inventories, checklists, measures of interest, values, and attitudes.

OBJECTIVE TEST

- Inkblot techniques, thematic perception test, sentence completion test, Bendar-Gestalt, and other Projective Techniques

How are test acquired from

PPC ?

ACCORDING TO THE PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGICAL CORPORATION

TESTS MAY BE PURCHASED FOR USE IN

1) Schools, Colleges and Educational Institutions;2) Governmental and Social Agencies;3) Business and Industrial Firms;4) Management firms and Constants; and5) Professional Psychologists and Guidance Counselors.

When buying tests; purchasers are asked to note

the Letters to note the symbol A, B, and C

accompanying the test titles in the lists that is:

Level A – Available if the person administrating the tests had undertaken undergraduates courses in testing or psychometrics, or sufficient training and experience in test administration.

Level B – Available only if the test administrator has completed an advanced level course in testing in a university, or its equivalent in training under the direction of a qualified superior or consultant.

Level C – Available only for use, by or under the supervision of qualified psychologists, i.e., members of the American Psychological Association or the Psychological Association of the Philippines or other persons with at least a Master’s Degree in Psychology and at least one year of experience under professional supervision.

Anecdotal Record

•This is a brief informal report by the teacher of an observation of a critical

incident.

• An anecdotal record is a recorded observation. Observations must be

objective, factual, concise and accurate, describing one incident.

autobiography

• Is a tool used to gain information about a person by having him write his life story.

This gives the learner an opportunity to express

himself in words.

2 Types of Autobiographies

Structured Unstructured

Behavior rating scale

Behavior Rating Scale is a standardized form

number of behavior traits, with continuum on which the teacher indicates the

relative strength of an individual student on

each trait.

sociogram

This is a graphic representation of the responses made to a

questionnaire administered to members of a group with respect

to their choice of roles to be played by particular members of

the group.

STAR – is the individual who receives the largest number of choices.

ISOLATE – is a member of the group who is psychologically isolated from other members.

NEGLECTEE – is the individual who received relatively new choices.

REJECTEE – is the individual who receives negative choices on a sociometric test.

MUTUAL CHOICE – are two individuals who have chosen each other on the same sociometric criterion.

CLIQUES or SUBGROUPS – small groups within a group whose presence heightens the implication of an often selfish or arrogant selfishness.

How useful are peer ratings?

These ratings can be used to provide information about the functioning of individuals within the group setting. They can be used by teachers and counselors to identify the members who are accepted, rejected, or isolated by the group and to identify potential leaders for different tasks.

INTERVIEW

What is the purpose of interview?

An interview is a direct conversation deigned to gather information about an individual. It also serves as a diagnosis and therapy. Bingham and Moore describe the interview as a means of instructing, influencing or motivating the interviewee. To be used effectively, it must first be put to good use for establishing rapport.

Cumulative record

A cumulative record is a record that the school has collected to desirable an individual. It is described as a continuing, updated composite of significant and representative information gathered on developmental and longitudinal dimensions.

CASE STUDY

This method is handled by case workers who could be a school counselor, a health related professional or paraprofessional which is attended to over span of years.

A case study is a detailed account of a single individual, usually a small number of cases. The method tries to seek a complete compilation as possible of the individual’s personal history.

COMPUTER

The computer is the most recent tool used in modern schools, industries and government agencies. Traditionally, information gathered about the individual client is stored in its original form using books, pamphlets and binders which are kept in cabinets.