• Instructor: Manuela Gardner • Textbook: Principles of Animal Physiology • Course website (Manuela Gardner): www.zoology.ubc.ca/~gardn er Biology 364 – Animal Physiology
Dec 16, 2015
• Instructor: Manuela Gardner• Textbook: Principles of Animal
Physiology
• Course website (Manuela Gardner): www.zoology.ubc.ca/~gardner
Biology 364 – Animal Physiology
Manuela GardnerOffice: Room 1370, Biological Sciences Bldg.
Email: [email protected]
Office Hours: Fridays 1200-1300
Contact info
Respiratory System – uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
Circulatory System –primary internal transport for substances (eg oxygen & nutrients) and other functions
Ion and water regulation – deals with ion and water balance, and nitrogen excretion
Biology 364 – Animal Physiology
Marking Scheme
Problem sets: 30% 1 per section (3 total)These will be representative of questions
given on the final exam.
Final: Open book/notes - 70%
Grading and assessment
Animal Physiology - definition
“The study of how animals work” – Knut Schmidt-Nielsen
Structure and function of various parts- How these parts work together
Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1)
• Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
• Physiological processes are usually regulated– Homeostasis – maintenance of internal constancy
• Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction with the environment– Genotype – genetic makeup– Phenotype – expression of genotype in morphology, physiology,
and behavior– Phenotypic plasticity – single genotype generates more than one
phenotypic outcome depending on environmental conditions
• Genotype is the product of evolution
Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1)• Physiological processes obey physical and
chemical laws
Physical properties of a material are linked to function (e.g., bone)
Chemical laws govern molecular interactions (e.g., effects of temperature)
Electrical laws describe membrane function, including excitable cells
Body size influences biochemical and physical patterns – allometric scaling
Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1)
• Physiological processes are usually regulated– Homeostasis – maintenance of internal
constancy
How do animals deal with variations in their environment?
How do animals deal with variations in their environment?
• Conformers• (a) Allow internal
conditions to change when faced with variations in external conditions
• (b) Internal environment adjusts to reflect external conditions
Physiological Regulation
• Regulators• (a) Maintain relatively
constant internal conditions regardless of the conditions in the external environment
• (b) Keep internal environment within narrow limits
Physiological Regulation
• Maintenance of internal conditions in the face of environmental perturbations
• Controlled by feedback loops or reflex control pathways– Negative feedback loops– Positive feedback loops
Figure 1.5
Physiological Regulation - Homeostasis
• Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction with the environment– Genotype – genetic makeup– Phenotype – morphology, physiology, and behavior– Phenotypic plasticity – single genotype generates more than one
phenotype depending on environmental conditions
Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1)
• Can be irreversible or reversible• Irreversible
– Polyphenism - developmental plasticity• Reversible
– Acclimation - lab– Acclimatization – natural environment
Phenotypic Plasticity
Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1)
• Genotype is the product of evolution
• Adaptation – Change in a population over evolutionary time (i.e.
many generations)
Trait that confers an increase in reproductive success via natural selection
• Physiologists attempt to understand and account for diversity of animal body form and strategies that animals use to cope with their environments
• Two types of questions• Proximate cause – How?• Ultimate cause – Why?
Physiology and evolution