Insect pests of garden raspberries & blackberries · 2018-03-27 · Insect pests of garden raspberries & blackberries Celeste Welty Extension Entomologist ... Leaves Two-spotted spider

Insect pests of garden raspberries & blackberries

Celeste Welty Extension Entomologist

Ohio State University February 2014

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Pests of brambles: raspberries & blackberries

• Crown • Canes • Fruit • Leaves

Bramble Pests

Crown *Raspberry crown borerCanes *Rednecked cane borer

*Raspberry cane borerSnowy tree cricketRose scale

Bramble Pests Fruit *Spotted wing drosophila

Raspberry fruitwormJapanese beetlePicnic beetle

Leaves Two-spotted spider miteBlackberry psyllidAphidsRaspberry leafminerRaspberry leafrollerRaspberry sawfly

Viruses on brambles

Disease VectorRaspberry mosaic virus

Raspberry leaf curl virus

Raspberry/tobacco streak virus

Tomato ringspot virus

Raspberry bushy dwarf virus

Aphid

Aphid

Pollen, seed

Nematode

Pollen, seed

Raspberry Crown Borer: symptoms

• Withering, wilting cane foliage

• Damaged canes break off when pulled

• Girdled roots and crowns • Cavities in crown

Raspberry Crown Borer: management

• Remove all wild brambles • Destroy infested plants • Future: nematode biocontrol?

adult

Rednecked cane borer

• Galls usually close to ground level • Adults emerge in mid-June • Prune infested canes in winter • No insecticides registered

Raspberry cane borer

• Causes wilting tips • Egg laid between 2 rings of punctures • Adults (beetles) appear in June • Eggs hatch in July • Prune infested canes before egg hatch • No insecticides registered

Review: cane borers

• Rednecked cane borer

• Raspberry cane borer

Insecticides for Brambles Group Product Target

Organo-phosphates

Malathion Aphids, beetles

Carbamates * carbaryl (Sevin) Beetles, bugsPyrethroids bifenthrin (Bug-B-Gon Max) Broad spectrum

esfenvalerate (Bug-B-Gon Max) Broad spectrumpermethrin (Eight) Broad spectrum

Neonics acetamiprid Broad spectrumMicrobials B.t. (DiPel & others) CaterpillarsOther * pyrethrins + PBO Broad spectrum

spinosad (Captain Jack’s) Caterpillarsneem Caterpillars, beetlessoap aphids

* Longest list of target pests for brambles

Spotted wing Drosophila

• Looks like common vinegar flies on overripe, fallen, decaying fruit

• But the new species attacks healthy ripening fruit

• Invading mainland USA since 2008

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Hosts of Spotted wing Drosophila

• Early: cherries • Mid: raspberries, blueberries,

blackberries • Late: grapes • Also strawberries, peaches,

plums, cherry tomatoes, kiwi, pears, apples

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Damage by spotted wing Drosophila

• Egg laying & larval feeding • Starts as tiny scar on skin of fruit • Larvae feed inside fruit • Skin collapses in 2-3 days; molds

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Eggs of spotted wing Drosophila

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Egg being deposited by female fly

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Spotted wing Drosophila: in raspberry

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Fruit is susceptible to injury once it has started to turn color

Monitoring spotted wing Drosophila

• Critical to determine if this new pest is present on each farm

• Use bait traps to monitor adult flies • Use salt test to monitor larvae in

fruit

Monitoring adult SWD flies with bait traps

• Make your own trap • Apple cider vinegar (1 inch) • Add a drop of dish soap • Option 1:

– Use 1 quart clear deli container – Make ¼” holes near top on 1 side

• Option 2: – 24 oz peanut butter jar – Make 5 holes @1”, cover with mesh – Add red tape

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Bait trap maintenance Once per week: • Remove trapped insects • Replace vinegar • Supplies:

– Bottle of fresh cider vinegar – Strainer – Funnel – Jug to hold spent vinegar – Vial to hold insects – Small paintbrush – 75% ethanol or preservative

Bait trap maintenance

• If heavy rain: – Replace vinegar

What insects are trapped?

• Many! • Spotted wing Drosophila • Common vinegar flies

– Same size, shape as SWD • Other flies, wasps, moths

– Some obviously not SWD – Some same size, shape as SWD – Some with spots on wings

How to identify?

• Threshold: a single SWD adult • Need to separate:

– Suspected SWD – All others

• Equipment: – Minimal: 30x magnifying lens – Better: Dissecting microscope

Need to ship specimens to clinic for species

confirmation?

• Via personal courier – In ethanol is fine

• Via US Mail or FedEx, UPS, etc. – Do NOT send in ethanol (hazardous!) – Use apple cider vinegar instead

Monitoring with alternative traps 1.  Same trap but with yellow

sticky card inside jar 2.  Alternative bait

–  Mix: Yeast (1 Tbsp active dry) Sugar (4 Tbsp) Water (12 oz) –  Pro: Detects earlier * –  Cons:

• No preservative property • Attracts more non-targets • Unpleasant

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Using traps in fruit crops

• In canopy • On north side • Do not dump spent vinegar

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i.d. of adult male

• Spots on wings • Spots can be

absent on young (newly emerged) males

• 2 dark bands of combs on front leg

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i.d. of adult female • No spots on wings • Saw-like ovipositor

– Large, dark, more obvious

SWD common vinegar fly

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Seasonal trends of SWD adults in traps

• First catch mid to late June • Peak in September/October • Higher when cool than hot

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Test fruit for SWD larvae with salt test

• Put fruit in zip-top bag • 4 cups warm water + 1/4 cup salt • Examine for floaters in 15 minutes

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Management of spotted wing Drosophila

• Prompt harvest as soon as ripe

• Chill fruit as soon as harvested

• Sanitation

• Insecticides

• Netting

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Management of spotted wing Drosophila

• Or, sadly…

• Give up on brambles

• Grow June-bearing strawberries instead

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Management of spotted wing Drosophila

• Sanitation – Strongly recommended! – Destroy leftover fruit – Easier said than done – Do every 2 days – Culls in clear plastic bags in sun, 1 week – Or bury culls 2 ft deep

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Insecticides for SWD control in garden raspberries & blackberries

Efficacy Product Pre-harvest interval

Very effective

bifenthrin 3 days permethrin 14 days esfenvalerate 21 days

Effective spinosad 3 day malathion 1 day

Moderately effective

acetamiprid 1 days carbaryl 7 days

? pyrethrins + PBO 0 days

Representative brand names

• pyrethroids: – bifenthrin:

• Ortho Bug B Gon Max Lawn & Garden Insect Killer

– permethrin: • Bonide Eight Insect Control for Veg, Fruit

& Flowers • Hi-Yield Indoor/Outdoor 10% Permethrin

Insecticide – esfenvalerate:

• Monterey Bug Buster II

Representative brand names

• spinosad: – Captain Jack’s Deadbug Brew – Entrust

• carbaryl: – Sevin

• acetamiprid: – Ortho Flower Fruit & Veg Insect Killer

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Management of SWD on brambles

1.  Use vinegar traps, check weekly 2.  If any SWD in traps, start spray

program when berries start to color – Spray every 7 days until final harvest – Alternate:

• Bifenthrin (3-day PHI) • Spinosad (3-day PHI) • Malathion (1-day PHI) • Pyrethrins + PBO (0-day PHI)

3.  Salt test with ripe fruit, weekly

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Questions?

the end

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