INDOOR AIR POLLUTION SOURCES AND POLICY Peter Brimblecombe University of East Anglia Norwich UK.

INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONINDOOR AIR POLLUTIONSOURCES AND POLICY SOURCES AND POLICY

Peter BrimblecombePeter Brimblecombe

University of East AngliaUniversity of East Anglia

Norwich UKNorwich UK

A RECENT SCIENCEA RECENT SCIENCE

There is much confusion in the literature as to whether this is a recent process or not…

The problem is ancient - weapons of Odysseus

Concern is long term e.g. smoky fireplaces

Scientific study recent

SINUSITISSINUSITIS

Common in Saxon times

Often related to lack of chimneys

Scopulariopsis Brevicaulis

metabolises arsenic to the volatiletrimethylarsine (CH3)3As

Scheele’s Green

INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTSINDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS

Bioemmisions (MVOC’s)

INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONINDOOR AIR POLLUTION

Historically very important Increasing time in indoor environment Sensitive populations indoors:

elderly, young and ill Monitors outside! Lower ventilation rates - energy savings Novel building materials - outgas

…also poverty and gender issues

FORMALDEHYDEFORMALDEHYDE

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Art

icle

s

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Art

icle

s

VOLATILE ORGANIC VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS

DISCIPLINARY TRENDSDISCIPLINARY TRENDS

VULNERABLE GROUPS INDOORSVULNERABLE GROUPS INDOORS POVERTY AND GENDER ISSUESPOVERTY AND GENDER ISSUES

Coal PM10 250 g m-3

CO 42 ppm

SO2 192 ppb

Women and children exposed in kitchen Poor people experience higher pollution indoors

Kerosene and gas less mutagenic PAH...

Heated interiors- La Pintana, Santiago

Firewood PM10 489 g m-3

CO 57 ppm

SO2 295 ppb

AGE ISSUESAGE ISSUES

Social change – young people on holiday – old people in city

Little community or health support

Poor knowledge Home is safe

Smog’n Paris (& 400 000 morts prématurées en Europe, chaque année)

Climate change and increasing ozone? PARIS OZONE AND HEATWAVE 2003

INTERIORSINTERIORS

Ethanol 590ppb - beverages, baking Acetone 24ppb - smoking, metabolism Toluene 18ppb - smoking, fuel Formaldehyde 7ppb - smoking, cleaning Acetic acid 6ppb - meals, cleaning Nicotine 2ppb - smoking Organochlorines - showers

Mineral fibres Micro-organisms Legionella Radon

DOMESTIC POLLUTANTSDOMESTIC POLLUTANTS Outdoor pollutants Combustion

products heating exciting cooking

capsaicin

oil

Frying pan fumes -kill canaries?

polytetrafluoroethylene pyrolyses to polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acids

Case of the Teflon-intoxicated Red-tailed Black Cockatoo

FRAGRANCES and TOILETRIESFRAGRANCES and TOILETRIES Nitro-musks Talc Terpenes

Polycyclic musks 134678hexahydr0-466788hexamethyl cyclopenta(g)-2-benzopyran

More in Iowa City air than pesticides

PARTICLES IN THE PARIS METROPARTICLES IN THE PARIS METRO

0 5 10 15 20 25

EC

OC

Soluble

Iron

Other elements

PM2.5

PM10

S. Mazoue et al (2001)

… role of iron wheels, rails and brakesand Fe may be 280 g m-3 (80%)

g m-3

AIRCRAFT CABINS (A310/A340)AIRCRAFT CABINS (A310/A340) Much complaint about re-circulation Tourist class syndromes No increase in particles in recirculated air Increase in bacteria, but non-pathogenic VOCs OK. Ethanol highest! Ground engine exhaust/fuel Smoking

POLLUTANTS INDOORSPOLLUTANTS INDOORS

0

10

20

30

40

Nitrogen dioxide penetration at the Dreadnought Collection

NO2 ppb

INDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOSINDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOS

Very unifying concept that compares interiors

>1 indoor source <1 indoor loss mechanisms

O3 and SO2 very effective loss

NONO22 INDOOR:OUTDOOR RATIOS INDOOR:OUTDOOR RATIOS

Museum of London 0.18 a/c & filtration Correr (winter) 0.43 closed windows Residenz, Wurzburg 0.62 Kunsthistorisches Museum 0.64 Correr (summer) 0.75 open windows SCVA (winter) 0.79 V&A, London 0.99 SCVA (summer) 1.32

I/O = Ac/(Vd(S/V)+Ac)I/O = Ac/(Vd(S/V)+Ac)

INDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOSINDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOS

Very unifying concept that compares interiors

>1 indoor source <1 indoor loss mechanisms

O3 and SO2 very effective loss

INDOOR AIR CHEMISTRYINDOOR AIR CHEMISTRY

Indoor reactions can elevate summer NO2 concentrations

DG XII ENV4-CT95-0088

Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts

SYNERGISMS

AER project studied air chemistry in museum environments

INDOOR/OUTDOOR NOINDOOR/OUTDOOR NO22

HIGH AIR FLOW3.0 changes/hour

0.79 winter1.32 summer-autumn

SECONDARY EMISSIONSSECONDARY EMISSIONS

NO2 with surfaces

O3 reaction fabrics

NO2 HONO

pH dependent

RAYCHAUDHURI M and BOWDEN D UEA

O3 Org-O

OZONE REACTIONS WITH OZONE REACTIONS WITH SURFACESSURFACES

Paints formaldehyde

Carpets and counter tops a range of aldehydes, especially

nonanal

AIR CONDITIONING EMISSIONSAIR CONDITIONING EMISSIONS

0

2

4

6

8ug/m3 Formaldehyde

Propanal

Butanal

Pentanal

Hexanal

Heptanal

Octanal

Nonanal

Decanal

Dodecanal

These reflect uptake and emissions

Dominance of some characteristic aldehydes…

hexanal nonanal

Hyttinen et al Atmos Env 2006

SYMPTOMS AND REACTIONSSYMPTOMS AND REACTIONS

Concentrations of VOC’s typically too low to explain SBS

Reactions Dependency

+ O3

COOH

COOH

Production of PM-10 from fragrances

CAFECAFE

may abandon the

pollutant by pollutant

approach…

preoccupied with ozone and particles

problems with indoor sourcesHow do you regulate such heterogeneous interiors?

INDOOR CHALLENGESINDOOR CHALLENGES

Heterogeneity and monitoring Often indoor air not same governmental

agency as outdoor air Department of Health or Housing or Safety or Industry or even Cultural Heritage

Sub-critical concentrations Sick building syndrome - sociological context Personal freedom

and it seems an environment we can control….

DEPOSITION VELOCITY [VDEPOSITION VELOCITY [Vdd]]

Fundamental parameter to describe indoor removal rate...

Vd = (1/Va + 1/Vs )-1

1/Va aerodynamic resistance 1/Vs surface resistance

Note resistance is the reciprocal of velocity...

FORMALDEHYDE FORMALDEHYDE IN JAPANESE HOMESIN JAPANESE HOMES Gamma

distribution

Park et al Indoor Air 2004