Indian meteorological satellite activities Suman Goyal, Satellite Meteorology Division, India Meteorological Department, [email protected] NAEDEX/APSDEU.

Indian meteorological satellite activities

Suman Goyal,Suman Goyal,Satellite Meteorology Division,Satellite Meteorology Division,

India Meteorological Department,India Meteorological Department,[email protected][email protected]

NAEDEX/APSDEU Meeting from 22nd - 26th October 2012

Introduction

The meteorological data on a global scale are so important for initialization purposes in Numerical Weather Prediction. Particularly over data-sparse areas like Indian Ocean, can be met only through derivation of products indirectly from satellite data.

Since 1984, India Meteorological Department (IMD) routinely provides the processed imagery and derived quantitative products from various INSAT satellites to the user community

INSAT Series

INSAT-1A – 10 April 1982 Two Channel VHRR INSAT-1B – 30 August,1983INSAT-1C – 21 July 1988INSAT-1D – 12 June,1990INSAT-2A – 10 July, 1992INSAT-2B – 23 July,1993INSAT-2E – 03 April 1999 Three Channel VHRRKALPANA-1 – 12 Sept.2002INSAT-3A – 10 April 2003

Operational Satellites

Meteorological Payloads on present Indian satellites

At present the following two Geostationary satellites are in operation

Kalpana –1 launched in Sept. 2002 is

located at 74.0°E INSAT-3A launched in April, 2003 is

located at 93.5°E

Channels Spectral Range Resolution

Visible 0.55 - 0.75 µ 2 Km.

Infrared 10.5 - 12.5 µ 8 Km.

Water Vapour 5.7 - 7.1 µ 8 Km.

VHRR

KALPANA-1

Channels Spectral Range Resolution

Visible 0.55 - 0.75 µ 2 Km.

Infrared 10.5 - 12.5 µ 8 Km.

Water Vapour 5.7 - 7.1 µ 8 Km.

Channels Spectral Range Resolution

Visible 0.63 - 0.69 µ 1 Km.

NIR 0.77 - 0.86 µ 1 Km.

SWIR 1.55 - 1.69 µ 1 Km.

(i) VHRR

(ii) CCD

INSAT-3A

At present volume of data : per day : appx. 2GB from Kalpana-1 & INSAT-3A

SPATIAL COVERAGE OF KALPANA-1 AND INSAT-3A

Current operational satellite products detail

Product Satellite ChannelTemporalResolution

SpatialResolution Disseminated to Whom and Which Format

OLRKalpana -1 IR &

WV Half hourly 10 x10

IMD Website all users and research agencies, JPEG & HDF-5

QPE Kalpana -1 IR Half hourly 10 x10 IMD Website all users and research agencies, PEG &

HDF-5

SST Kalpana -1IR &WV Half hourly 10 x10

IMD Website all users and research agencies, JPEG & HDF-5

CMV Kalpana -1 IR Half hourly 10 x10 IMD Website all users and research agencies,GTS,JPEG &

HDF5

WVW Kalpana -1 WV Half hourly 10 x10 IMD Website all users and research agencies,GTS,JPEG &

HDF5

UTH Kalpana -1 WV Half hourly 10 x10 IMD Website all users and research agencies, PEG &

HDF-5

NDVI Insat -3A CCD Once in dayPixel by

PixelIMD Website all users and research agencies,JPEG &

HDF-5

INSAT products availability

OLR,QPE, CMV,SST are available from 1990 onwards.

Water vapour imageries and related products were introduced from 1999 onwards.

UTH & NDVI are available from 2010 onwards.

INSAT Satellite ProductsCTT QPE

SSTAMV

OLR

WVW

UTH

NDVI

Satellite Data Storage/Archival

National Satellite Data Centre (NSDC)

NSDC has been commissioned in the SatMet Division w.e.f. 26.10.2005.

The Center provides the following key capabilities: Archival of processed imagery data (HDF-5 format ) of all available

channels and all data of derived quantitative products from a number of operational satellites (INSAT-1D,2E,3A and KALPANA-1) is available online.

Data can also be transferred to the user in JPEG and ASCII format as well.

The system is also maintaining on-line storage of current data and products for last 2-3 months.

NSDC has its own weblink on IMD website to facilitate data availability and request for retrieval. Data can be disseminated to the user via: 1. ftp link; 2. CD or DVD; 3. Portable media

Dissemination of Satellite Data

Digital Meteorological Data Dissemination System Digital Meteorological Data Dissemination System (DMDD) (DMDD)

•The S - band broadcast capabilities of INSAT – 3C is being used for Digital Meteorological Data Dissemination (DMDD) and Cyclone Warning Dissemination System (CWDS).

•A network of 37 nos. DMDD stations is operational at RMCs/MCs for receiving satellite imageries , synoptic data, analyzed weather charts and NWP outputs. Processed satellite data in digital form is also uplinked .

•DMDD stations are also installed at Nepal, Sri Lanka and Male. Half Hourly Processed imageries are transmitted to forecasting centers in near real time in LRIT/HRIT format

19

S- band Downlink

Satellite Division Satellite

images/data

GTS and NWP outputs

DMDD Receiving Stations in India and neighbouring countries.

C - band uplink

Insat-3C

Digital Meteorological Data Dissemination System

Cyclone Warning Dissemination System

A network of 353 CWDS (252 analog and 101 Digital) stations is operational along the east and west coast of India for warning the coastal regions in their local language in case of a cyclone approaching those areas.

This network is also going to be replaced by 500 nos. DTH modified type CWDS stations within a years time.

Cyclone Warning Dissemination System (CWDS)

S- band Downlink

Calcutta

Bombay

Coastal Stations of India

C band uplink

INSAT-3C

Earth Station

Chennai

ACWCs

Automatic weather stations (AWS)

NetworkAt present data from 615 numbers of AWS stations are being received at PUNE and New Delhi through INSAT-3A.

Indian Polar Orbiting (Meteorological) Satellites

ParameterParameter Oceansat-IIOceansat-II QuikSCATQuikSCAT

Frequency 13.515 GHz 13.4 GHz

Wind speed range 4 to 24 m/s 3 to 20 m/s

Wind speed Accuracy Better than 20% (RMS) 2 m/s

Wind direction Accuracy

20º (RMS) 20º

Resolution 50 X 50 km 25 km

Swath 1820 km 1800 km

Oceansat-II Winds

Polar satellite Receiving systems

Installation of data reception / processing systems from NOAA/Metop/MODIS polar orbiting satellites at New Delhi, Chennai and Guawahati is completed.

The images and products from these systems are also displayed on IMD website for use in weather forecasting.

L-band level-2 products (NOAA/METOP)

3.1. Cloud detection 3.2. Cloud-top pressure (AVHRR) 3.3. Cloud-top height (AVHRR) 3.4. Cloud-top temperature (AVHRR) 3.5. Cloud type (AVHRR) 3.6. Cloud amount (AVHRR) 3.7. Sea-surface temperature (AVHRR) 3.8. Land-surface temperature (AVHRR) 3.9. Fog 3.10. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index 3.11. Temperature profile (ATOVS) 3.12. Moisture profile (ATOVS) 3.13. Total ozone (ATOVS) 3.14. Surface emissivity (ATOVS) 3.15. Total column precipitable water (ATOVS) 3.16. Precipitation index (ATOVS) 3.17. Surface pressure (ATOVS) 3.18. Cloud fraction (ATOVS) 3.19. Surface temperature (ATOVS)

X-band level-2 products (MODIS)

4.1. MODIS true colour 4.2. Aerosol optical depth 4.3. Total totals index 4.4. Lifted index 4.5. K index 4.6. Surface temperature 4.7. Surface pressure 4.8. Water vapour /Precipitable water amount 4.9. Temperature profile /Moisture Profile 4.10. Cloud top pressure 4.11. Cloud top height 4.12. Cloud top temperature 4.13. Cloud fraction 4.14. Cloud effective particle radius 4.15. Cloud optical thickness 4.16. Cloud effective emissivity 4.17. Cloud mask 4.18. Cloud phase 4.19 Cirrus reflectance 4.20. Tropopause height 4.21. Brightness temperature 4.22. Sea-surface temperature 4.23. Vegetation index 4.24. Thermal anomalies 4.25. Fog

Application of Satellite Products

Satellite Bulletins

Synoptic bulletins providing descriptions of the cloud organisation and coverage are also sent as advisory to forecasting offices every synoptic hour.

Whenever cyclones are detected in satellite imagery, these bulletins are sent every hour. Such advisories are also transmitted to the neighbouring countries. 

SATELLITE BULLETIN DATED: 22/10/2010

TIME: 0300UTCTCIN50 DEMS 220300SATELLITE BLLETIN BASED ON INSAT PIC OF 220300 UTC (.) AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY: EQ TO 40.0N LONG 60.0E TO 100.0E (.) SALIENT FEATURE: -VORTEX OVER EC ADJ NE BAY FURTHER INTENSIFIED AND NOW CENTRED AT 18.9N/92.9E (.) INTENSITY T5.0 REPEAT INTENSITY T5.0 (.) EYE VISIBLE (.) METEOSAT WINDS SHOWS WIND SHEAR IS BET 5 TO 10 KTS AND WIND SHEAR TENDENCY IS BET -10 TO –20 KTS SHOWS FURTHER CHANCES OF INTENCIFICATION (.) ASSTD BKN TO SOLID INT TO V INT CONVTN (CTT MINUS 81 DEG C) OVER BAY BET LAT 16.0N TO 21.0N EAST OF LONG 90.0E ARAKAN COT ADJ MYANMAR (.)BKN M/LAYERED CLOUDS OVER J&K ADJ PAK N HP EXT N PJB AND OVER AREA BET LAT 36.0N TO 47.0N LONG 74.0E TO 87.0E IN ASSW WD OVER THE AREA (.) NORTH: -SCT LOW/MED CLOUDS OVER REST PJB REST HP N UTRKND E UP ADJ W UP AND ISOL OVER W HARY (.) EAST: -BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD MOD TO INT CONVTN OVER S ASSAM AND E BD (.) BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD ISOL WK TO MOD CONVTN OVER REST PARTS OF THE REGIONAND BHUTAN EXCEPT SCT LOW/MED CLOUDS OVER BHR (.)WEST: - BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD ISOL WK TO MOD CONVTN OVER SE MP S M MAHA S KKN & GOA (.) SCT LOW/MED CLOUDS OVER REST MP REST MAHA N RAJ AND S GUJ (.)SOUTH: -BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD MOD TO INT CONVTN OVER E TLNGN RYLSM ADJ NIK COTL KRNTK ANDAMAN IDS AND LKSWDP (.) BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD ISOL WK TO MOD CONVTN OVER REST PARTS OF THE REGION EXCEPT SCT LOW/MED CLOUDS OVER S TN (.)

Continue….

BAY OF BENGAL & ANDAMAN SEA: -SCT LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD MOD TO INT CONVTN OVER REST EC BAY SW BAY AND WK TO MOD CONVTN OVER REST BAY ANDAMAN SEA GULF OF MARTABAN (.) ARABIAN SEA: - BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD MOD TO INT CONVTN OVER ARSEA BET LAT 9.5N TO 18.0N EAST OF LONG 67.0E (.) SCT LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD ISOL WK CONVTN OVER REST S ARSEA (.)OUTSIDE INDIA: - BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD MOD TO INT CONVTN OVER N SUMATRA STR OF MALACCA AND OVER INDIAN OCEAN BET EQ TO 5.0N EAST OF LONG 90.0E (.) BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD ISOL WK TO MOD CONVTN OVER E TIBET ADJ CHINA REST MYANMAR ADJ THAILAND (.)TOO: 22/0940EF= TCIN51 DEMS 220300INTENSE PRECIPITATION ADVISORY BASED ON INSAT PIC OF 220300 UTC (.)SCT INT PPTN LIKELY OVER J&K HP N PJB LKSWDP AP AND ISOL OVER KRNTK DURING NEXT SIX HOURS (.)TOO: 22/0942EF=

Severe weather Forecast Demonstration Project (FDP)

At present four sub-projects are there under this programme: FDP on landfalling tropical cyclones over the

Bay of Bengal Severe Thunderstorm Observations and

Regional Modeling (STORM ). FOG

FDP on landfalling tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal

In addition to present services provided to all countries in our RSMC region some special products will be added like

• Special satellite bulletins• Special satellite images for all vortices in the

region

These products will also be sent to the other neighboring countries : Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.

SPECIAL SATELLITE BULLETIN DATE: 22-10-2010 TIME: 0400 UTC

TCIN50 DEMS 220400 SPL SAT BLTN BASED ON INSAT PIC OF 220400 UTC (.)VORTEX OVER EC ADJ NE BAY CENTRED AT 18.8N/92.8E (.) INTENSITY T4.5 (.) EYE VISIBLE (.) METEOSAT WINDS SHOWS WIND SHEAR IS BET 5 TO 10 KTS AND WIND SHEAR TENDENCY IS BET -10 TO –20 KTS SHOWS FURTHER CHANCES OF INTENSIFICATION (.) ASSTD BKN TO SOLID INT TO V INT CONVTN (CTT MINUS 81 DEG C) OVER BAY BET LAT 16.0N TO 21.0N EAST OF LONG 90.0E ARAKAN COT ADJ MYANMAR (.)TOO: 22/1015EF=

FDP on Severe Thunderstorm Observations and Regional Modeling (STORM )

This project taken up during pre-monsoon season from 2006 onwards.

Neighboring countries; Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh are also participating in this project.

Hourly satellite based bulletins are issued and concerned region is also informed by phone.

Satellite based criteria for onset of monsoon over Kerala

SL. No Parameter Region of observation Criteria

1 OLR 5-100 N , 70- 750 E below 200wm-2

2 SSM/I Surface Winds 5-100 N , 55- 800 E Maxima > 16ms-1

On the day of onset & 2 two days prior.

3 SSM/I Water Vapour 5-100 N , 55- 800 E Maxima ≥ 6gcm-2

On the day of onset & 2 two days prior.

4 Depth of Westerly 0- 100N, 55- 800E. should be maintained up to 600 hPa

OLR

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

5/20

/201

1

5/21

/201

1

5/22

/201

1

5/23

/201

1

5/24

/201

1

5/25

/201

1

5/26

/201

1

5/27

/201

1

5/28

/201

1

5/29

/201

1

5/30

/201

1

5/31

/201

1

OLR

SSMI

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

5/20

/201

1

5/21

/201

1

5/22

/201

1

5/23

/201

1

5/24

/201

1

5/25

/201

1

5/26

/201

1

5/27

/201

1

5/28

/201

1

5/29

/201

1

5/30

/201

1

5/31

/201

1

SSMI_WIND_SPEED SSMI_WATER_VAPOUR

Depth of Westerly upto 600hpa

Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) activity

NWP Activities Data Assimilation NWP Model run Generate customize products To support various FDPs Model Validation R & D Capacity Building in NWP Coordination & Collaboration

Operational NWP System Medium Range Forecast > GFS T-574/L64 with GDAS ( 00 & 12 UTC) > MME based District Level Forecasts Short Range Forecast > WRF (ARW) VAR at 27 km and 9 km > WRF (NMM) at 9 km for TC 4 times a day > HWRF > MME based cyclone track prediction > Polar WRF for Antarctica Nowcast and Very Short Range Forecast > Hourly venue specific forecast- WRF (3 km) > ARPS with assimilation of DWR > Nowcast System with assimilation of DWR

PREPBUFR non-conventional

SOURCE: GTS SOURCE: ftp

GSI Analysis

GDAS FCST

06 hourly FCST

GFS FCST7 days

Fixed Fields(climatology)

Obs./BG Error StatisticsUsage Control Coefficient TablesLand Surface Parameters

GLOBAL DATA ASSIMILATION

Global Forecast System• Global Data Assimilation > NCEP Decoder PREPBUFR > NESDIS Sat Inputs > Other surface analysis: CEP > Grid Statistical Interpolation

• Global Forecast Model GFS T574/L64

Processed Radiance data Source: ftp NCEP

Assimilation (6 hourly)(1) AMSU-A & B (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit)

(2) HIRS-3 & 4 (High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder)

(3) IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer)

(4) AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)

(5) AMSRE (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System)

(6) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)

(7) MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder)

(8) TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission)

(9) SBUV/8 (Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet system/Version 8)

(10) GPS RO (GPS Radio occultation)

Assimilation of satellite winds (source GTS)

• GOES-11, GOES-13• Meteosat-7, Meteosat-9• MTSAT-1R• MODIS (TERRA and AQUA)• EUMETSAT including Meteosat Second Generation (MSG)

• Japan Sat Wind • ASCAT

Data Requirement

SEVIRIWINDSAT ( Coriolis satellite )CMA (along with decoder in case of GTS)COMS (along with decoder in case of

GTS)

Future Aspects

MEGHA-TROPIQUES

Products of Megha-Tropiqies under validation

Instruments Available and planned for MT _validation

Proposed Megha Tropiques Data Utilization at IMD

MADRAS

SAPHIR

Megha-Tropique sample products

SAPHIR microwave humidity profile

Forthcoming Geo. Satellite -INSAT –3D INSAT –3D Channel Characteristics

Imager channels VIS 0.55- 0.75 uM 1X1 Km.

SWIR 1.55 – 1.70 uM 1X1 Km.MWIR 3.8 - 4.0 uM 4X4 Km.

WV 6.5 – 7.1 uM 8X8 Km.TIR1 10.2 – 11.3 uM 4X4 Km.TIR2 11.5 – 12.5 uM 4X4 Km.

Sounder channels 

VIS 0.67 - 0.72 uM 1 band

SWIR 3.67 - 4.59 uM 6 bands

MWIR 6.38 - 11.33 uM 5 bands

LWIR 11.66 –14.85 uM 7 bands

VIS 0.67 - 0.72 uM 1 band

SWIR 3.67 - 4.59 uM 6 bands

Geophysical Parameters to be derived from INSAT -3DNo. Parameters Input Channels No. Parameters Input Channels

1. Outgoing Long wave Radiation (OLR)

TIR -1, TIR -2, WV 10. Water Vapor Wind (WVW)

WV, TIR -1, TIR -2

2. Quantitative Precipitation Estimation ( QPE)

TIR -1, TIR -2, WV 11. Upper Tropospheric Humidity (UTH)

WV, TIR -1, TIR -2

3. Sea Surface Temperature (SST)

SWIR,TIR -1, TIR -2, MIR

12. Temperature, Humidity profile & Total ozone

Sounder all channels

4. Snow Cover VIS, SWIR, TIR -1, TIR -2

13. Value added parameters from sounder products

Sounder products

5. Snow Depth VIS, SWIR, TIR -1, TIR -2

14. FOG SWIR, MIR , TIR -1, TIR -2

6. Fire MIR, TIR -1 15. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

CCD

7. Smoke VIS, TIR -1, TIR -2, MIR

16. Flash Flood Analyzer TIR -1, TIR -2, VIS

8. Aerosol VIS, TIR -1, TIR -2 17. HSCAS VIS

9. Cloud Motion Vector (CMV)

VIS, TIR -1, TIR -2 18. Tropical Cyclone-intensity /position

AODT technique,TIR-1,TIR-2

Establishments for the “centres of Excellence” (COE)

Establishments of the “COE” for training and education in satellite Meteorology at Satellite Division, Satellite Building, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003.

To run international level training events.Develop and run regular weather

discussions.

IMETCAST

DMDD will be replaced by IMETCAST in future.

Transmission of all satellite (INSAT-3D & polar orbiting) products.

Speed of transmission will be at least four times better than DMDD (128kbps).

Upgradation of data centre

IMD is going to upgrade the existing data centre to meet the requirements of the users