India is my country

INDIA - HistoryThe History of India is divided in 7 periods

* Original Indians (1700 BC – 3300 BC) – Indus Valley Civilization – Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa People

* Aryans (2500BC – 322BC) : India’s Root Culture

* The Mauryan Empire(322BC–188BC) – Spread of Buddhism

* Gupta Period (188 BC – 480 AD) – Golden Age of India

* Muslim Period (1175AD – 1800AD)- Turks and Mughals

* European Rule (1800 AD – 1947 AD) – Portuguese, French, Dutch and English

* Independence and Democratic India. (From 1947AD……)

Indian National Leaders

Raja Ram Mohan RoyRaja Ram Mohan Roy

(22 May 1772 – 27 Sep 1833)(22 May 1772 – 27 Sep 1833)

““The Father of Modern India”The Father of Modern India”Born on 22 May, 1772 in Ramanagar, in the district of Born on 22 May, 1772 in Ramanagar, in the district of Murshidabad (Bengal) Murshidabad (Bengal) Father : Ramakanto Roy & Mother: TarinideviFather : Ramakanto Roy & Mother: TarinideviFounded ‘Brahmo Samaja’ in 1828 and campaigned against sati. Founded ‘Brahmo Samaja’ in 1828 and campaigned against sati. He established schools to modernize a system of education in India. He established schools to modernize a system of education in India. In 1830, Ram Mohan Roy travelled to the UK as an ambassador of the In 1830, Ram Mohan Roy travelled to the UK as an ambassador of the Mughal Emperor Akbar II, who conferred him title of Raja to convince Mughal Emperor Akbar II, who conferred him title of Raja to convince British government for welfare of India and to ensure that the Lord British government for welfare of India and to ensure that the Lord Bentick's regulation banning the practice of Sati was not overturned. Bentick's regulation banning the practice of Sati was not overturned. Roy died at Stapleton, which was then a village to the north east of Roy died at Stapleton, which was then a village to the north east of Bristol but currently a suburb, on September 27, 1833. His cause of Bristol but currently a suburb, on September 27, 1833. His cause of death was Meningitis; he was buried in Arons Vale Cemetery in southern death was Meningitis; he was buried in Arons Vale Cemetery in southern Bristol. Bristol. Ram Mohan Roy was married three times by the time he was ten Ram Mohan Roy was married three times by the time he was ten years old. His first wife died during his childhood. His second wife, who years old. His first wife died during his childhood. His second wife, who died in 1824, bore him two sons: Radhaprasad in 1800 and Ramaprasad died in 1824, bore him two sons: Radhaprasad in 1800 and Ramaprasad in 1812. Roy's third wife, Uma Devi, outlived him.in 1812. Roy's third wife, Uma Devi, outlived him.

Indian National Congress (INC)

The Congress was founded by Indian and British members most notably Allan Octavian Hume. The idea was originally conceived in a private meeting of seventeen men after a Theosophical Convention held at Madras in December 1884. Hume took the initiative, and it was in March 1885, when the first notice was issued convening the first Indian National Union to meet at Poona the following December. Founded in 1885 with the objective of obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians, the Indian National Congress was initially not opposed to British rule. The Congress met once a year during December. Indeed, it was a Scotsman, Allan Octavian Hume, who brought about its first meeting in Bombay, with the approval of Lord Dufferin, the then-Viceroy. Womesh Chandra Bannerjee was the first President of the INC. The first meeting was scheduled to be held in Pune, but due to a plague outbreak there, the meeting was later shifted to Bombay. The first session of the INC was held from 28–31 December 1885, and was attended by 72 delegates. A few years down the line, the demands of INC became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the government, and the party became very active in the independence movement

A. O. Hume W.C. Bannerjee

Indian National Leaders

Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji 

"The Grand Old Man of India“ Born in Bombay on 4th September 1825, the son of Maneckbai and Naoroji Palanji Dordi, Dadabhai married to Gulbai at the early age of 11. On 27th June 1855, Dadabhai sailed for England to join the first Indian business firm of the mercantile Cama family. In 1859, Dadabhai established his own business firm under the name of Dadabhai Naoroji & Co. Dadabhai was elected to Parliament on the 5th of July 1892 and entered the House of Commons as a Liberal, representing the Central Finsbury constituency. He became the first ever Indian/Asian Member of the British Parliament. He was renowned as the founding father of Indian Nationalism He took part in the inauguration of the Indian National Congress that was held in Bombay in 1885. He was thrice elected President of the Congress. This was the institution that started the task of gaining Indian independence. In 1904 Dadabhai demanded "SWARAJ" Self Government for India.. Dadabhai Naoroji passed away on 30th June, 1917at the age of 92.

Dr. Dadabhai

Naroji

Indian National Leaders

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Born in Kothluk, a village in Maharashtra, on May 9, 1866, son of Krishna Rao, and Valubai, also known as Satyabhama. In 1905, he founded the Servants of India Society, which trained people to be selfless workers so they could work for the common good of the people. After the foundation of the Indian National Congress, Gokhale was made its secretary. As the freedom movement gained momentum, the Moderates began to lose ground to firebrand leaders like Tilak. Differences between Gokhale and Tilak began to become more and more pronounced, but it is to their credit that they did not allow their political ideologies to come in the way of their friendship. In 1912, Gokhale strongly opposed the indentured labour system. At the invitation of Gandhi, he went to South Africa to strengthen his hands. He denounced the caste system. He believed that the introduction of Western education was a blessing and Indians should try to make the best of it and catch up with the rest of the world. He believed that primary education must be made free and compulsory. He passed away on 15th February, 1915 at Poona at the age of 49

Gokhale

Indian National Leader

Lokamanya Bal Gngadhar Tilak

Tilak was born in Chikhali in Ratnagiri, Maharastra. He joined the Indian National Congress in 1890. He opposed its moderate attitude, especially towards the fight for self government. In 1891 Tilak opposed the Age of Consent Bill. The act raised the age at which a girl could get married from 10 to 12. The Congress and other liberals supported it, but Tilak was set against it, terming it an interference with Hinduism. On 22 June, Rand and another British officer Lt. Ayerst were shot and killed by the Chapekar Brothers and their other associates. Tilak was charged with incitement to murder and sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment. He adopted a new slogan, “SWARAJ” (Self-Rule) is my birth right and I will have it." Tilak opposed the moderate views of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and was supported by fellow Indian nationalists Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab. They were referred to as the Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate. Soon he came to be regarded as the undisputed leader of Maharashtra and was honored with the title 'Lokamanya' in 1893. He was the first Congress leader to suggest that Hindi written in the devanagari script, should be accepted as the sole national language of India. Tilak passed away on August 1, 1920. Gandhiji called Tilak "The Maker of Modern India”.

Indian National Leader

Lala Lajpat Rai (1865 -1928)

• Lala Lajpat Rai was born in 1865 on 28 January into an Aggarwal (trader) family in Dhudike, District Moga, Punjab, India. He was the son of Munshi Radha Krishna Azad, and Shrimati Gulab Devi.

• Lala Hans Raj and Pandit Guru Dutt. The three became fast friends and joined the Arya Samaj founded by Swami Daya Nanda.

• He founded the Indian Home League Society of America and wrote a book called "Young India".

• On February 16, 1927, Lalaji moved a resolution in the Central Legislative Assembly, refusing cooperation with the Simon Commission 'at any stage or in any form." He spoke with such fervor that he carried the house and got the resolution adopted in the Assembly. Lalaji joined a demonstration against the Simon Commission.The police lathi-charged the assembled. While Lalaji tried his level best to keep the demonstration peaceful, the police targeted him and wounded him on his chest.

• Lalaji died on November 17, 1928 of heart attack

Indian National Leader

Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh was born in a Sikh family in village Banga in Layalpur district of Punjab (now in Pakistan) on September 27, 1907. He was the third son of Sardar Kishan Singh and Vidyavati. His father Kishan Singh and uncle Ajit Singh were members of Ghadr Party founded in the U.S to oust British rule from India. His grandfather, Arjun Singh, was a follower of Swami Dayananda Saraswati's Hindu reformist movement, Arya Samaj, which would carry a heavy influence on Singh. While studying at the local D.A.V. School in Lahore, in 1916, young Bhagat Singh came into contact with some well-known political leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai and Ras Bihari Bose. In 1919, when Jalianwala Bagh massacre took place, Bhagat Singh was only 12 years old. In 1922, when Mahatma Gandhi suspended Non-cooperation movement against violence at Chauri-chaura in Gorakhpur, Bhagat was greatly disappointed. In February 1928, . While protesting against Simon Commission in Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was brutally Lathicharged and succumbed to injuries. Bhagat Singh was determined to avenge Lajpat Rai's death by shooting the British official responsible for the killing, Deputy Inspector General Scott. He shot down Assistant Superintendent Saunders instead, mistaking him for Scott. Continued………….

Indian National Leader

Bhagat Singh

He shot down Assistant Superintendent Saunders instead, mistaking him for Scott. Bhagat Singh had to flee from Lahore to escape death punishment. On 8 April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb onto the corridors of the assembly while the Assembly was in session. and shouted "Inquilab Zindabad!" ("Long Live the Revolution!").This was followed by a shower of leaflets stating that it takes a loud voice to make the deaf hear. The bombs did not hurt anyone. After throwing the bombs, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt, deliberately courted arrest by refusing to run away from the scene. During his trial, Bhagat Singh refused to employ any defence counsel. In jail, he went on hunger strike to protest the inhuman treatment of fellow-political prisoners by jail authorities. Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were charged with the murder. On 7 October 1930, this tribunal convicted Singh among others and sentenced him to be hanged till death. Despite great popular pressure and numerous appeals by political leaders of India, on 23 March 1931, Bhagat Singh was hanged in Lahore with his fellow comrades Rajguru and Sukhdev. Singh was cremated at Hussainiwala on banks of Sutlej river.

Indian National Leader

Netaji Subhas Bose

Subhas Chandra Bose was born 23 January 1897 at Cuttack (Orissa). He was the sixth son of Janakinath and Prabhati Bose. He was an Indian revolutionary who led an Indian national political and military force against Britain and the Western powers during World War II. Popularly known as Netaji (literally "Respected Leader"), Bose was one of the most prominent leaders in the Indian independence moment and is a legendary figure in India today. Bose came under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi and joined the Indian National Congress (a.k.a. Congress). He was elected president of the Indian National Congress for two consecutive terms (1937 & 1939), but had to resign from the post following ideological conflicts with M. K. Gandhi and after openly attacking the Congress' foreign and internal policies. He established a separate political party, the “All India Forward Bloc” (1939) and continued to call for the full and immediate independence of India from British rule. He was imprisoned by the British authorities eleven times. His famous motto was "Give me blood and I will give you freedom".Continued…….

Indian National Leader

Netaji Subhas Bose

Continued…… During Second World War, which he saw as an opportunity to take advantage of British weakness. He left India (1941), travelling to the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. With Imperial Japanese assistance, he re-organised and later led the “Azad Hind Fauj” or “Indian National Army” (INA) with Indian prisoners-of-war and plantation workers from British Malaya, Singapore, and other parts of South Asia, against British forces. With Japanese monetary, political, diplomatic and military assistance, he formed the “Azad Hind Government” (21st October 1943) in exile, and regrouped and led the INA in failed military campaigns against the allies at Imphal and in Burma. INA could able to free the Andaman and Nicobar islands from the British and were renamed as “Swaraj” and “Shaheed” islands. He is presumed to have died on 18 August 1945 (although this is disputed) in a plane crash in Taiwan at the age of 48.

Indian National Leader

Mahatma GandhiFather of Nation

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar, Gujurat. His father, Karamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), served as the diwan (Prime Minister) of Porbandar state. His grandfather was Uttamchand Gandhi, fondly called Utta Gandhi. His mother, Putlibai was Karamchand's fourth wife, the first three wives having apparently died in childbirth. In May 1883, the 13-year old Mohandas was married to 14-year old Kasturbai Makhanji (arranged child marriage accoding to custom religion). In 1885, when Gandhi was 15, the couple's first child was born, but survived only a few days; Mohandas and Kasturba had four more children, all sons: Harilal, born in 1888; Manilal, born in 1892; Ramdas, born in 1897; and Devdas, born in 1900. On 4 September 1888, Gandhi travelled to London, England, to study law at University College London Gandhi was called to the bar on 10 June 1891 and left London for India on 12 June 1891. His attempts at establishing a law practice in Bombay failed and, later, after applying and being turned down for a part-time job as a high school teacher. It was in this climate that, in April 1893, he accepted a year-long contract from Dada Abdulla & Co., an Indian firm, to a post in the Colony of Natal, South Africa. Continued…………….

Continued………. In South Africa, Gandhi faced the discrimination directed at Indians. He was thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg after refusing to move from the first class to a third-class coach while holding a valid first-class ticket. In another incident, the magistrate of a Durban court ordered Gandhi to remove his turban – which he refused to do. These events were a turning point in his life, awakening him to social injustice and influencing his subsequent social activism. In January 1897, when Gandhi landed in Durban he was attacked by a mob of white settlers and escaped only through the efforts of the wife of the police superintendent. He, however, refused to press charges against any member of the mob, stating it was one of his principles not to seek redress for a personal wrong in a court of law. In 1906, after the British introduced a new poll-tax, Zulus in South Africa killed two British officers. In response, the British declared war against the Zulus. Gandhi actively encouraged the British to recruit Indians. He argued that Indians should support the war efforts in order to legitimise their claims to full citizenship. The British, however, refused to commission Indians as army officers. Nonetheless, they accepted Gandhi's offer to let a detachment of Indians volunteer as a stretcher-bearer corps to treat wounded British soldiers.

Mahatma GandhiFather of Nation

Mahatma GandhiFather of Nation

Continued…………. In 1915, Gandhi returned from South Africa to live in India. He was primarily introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a respected leader of the Congress Party at the time. Gandhi's first major achievements came in 1918 with the Champaran agitation and Kheda Satyagraha. In Kheda in Gujarat Gandhi established an ashram there, organising scores of his veteran supporters and fresh volunteers from the region. But his main impact came when he was arrested by police on the charge of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the province. Hundreds of thousands of people protested and rallied outside the jail, police stations and courts demanding his release, which the court reluctantly granted. Gandhi led organised protests and strikes against the landlords who, with the guidance of the British government, signed an agreement granting the poor farmers of the region more compensation and control over farming, and cancellation of revenue hikes and its collection until the famine ended. It was during this agitation, that Gandhi was addressed by the people as Bapu (Father) and Mahatma (Great Soul). In Kheda, Sardar Patel represented the farmers in negotiations with the British. As a result, Gandhi's fame spread all over the nation and because of this, he is now called "Father of the nation" in India.

Mahatma GandhiFather of Nation

Continued…….. In December 1921, Gandhi was invested with executive authority on behalf of the Indian National Congress. Under his leadership, the Congress was reorganised with a new constitution, with the goal of Swaraj. Gandhi expanded his non-violence platform to include the swadeshi policy — the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Linked to this was his advocacy that khadi (homespun cloth) be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles. Gandhi urged the people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honours. Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment. He began his sentence on 18 March 1922. He was released in February 1924 for an appendicitis operation, having served only 2 years. On 31 December 1929, the flag of India was unfurled in Lahore. 26 January 1930 was celebrated as India's Independence Day by the Indian National Congress meeting in Lahore. Gandhi launched satyagraha against the tax on salt in March 1930. This was highlighted by the famous Salt March to Dandi from 12 March to 6 April, where he marched 388 kilometres (241 miles) from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself. Britain responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people.Gandhi–Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931. The British Government agreed to free all political prisoners, in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement.

Mahatma GandhiFather of Nation

In the summer of 1934, three unsuccessful attempts were made on Gandhi's life.Gandhi returned to active politics again in 1936, with the Nehru presidency and the Lucknow session of the Congress. Gandhi had a clash with Subhas Bose, who had been elected president in 1938. Their main points of contention were Bose's lack of commitment to democracy, and lack of faith in non-violence. Bose won his second term despite Gandhi's criticism, but left the Congress when the All-India leaders resigned en masse in protest of his abandonment of the principles introduced by Gandhi. World War II broke out in 1939, Gandhi intensified his demand for independence, drafting a resolution calling for the British to Quit India. Thousands of freedom fighters were killed or injured by police gunfire, and hundreds of thousands were arrested. ." He called on all Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline via ahimsa, and Karo Ya Maro ("Do or Die") in the cause of ultimate freedom. Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in Bombay by the British on 9 August 1942. Gandhi was held for two years in the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. His wife Kasturba died after 18 months imprisonment in 22 February 1944. He was released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his failing health and necessary surgery. At the end of the war, the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indian hands.

Mahatma GandhiFather of Nation

While the Indian National Congress and Gandhi called for the British to quit India, the Muslim League passed a resolution for them to divide and quit, in 1943. When Jinnah called for Direct Action, on 16 August 1946, Gandhi was infuriated and visited the most riot prone areas to stop the massacres, personally. He made strong efforts to unite the Indian Hindus, Muslims and Christians and struggled for the emancipation of the "untouchables" in Hindu society. On the 14th and 15th of August, 1947 the Indian Independence Act was invoked and the following carnage witnessed a displacement of up to 12.5 million people in the former British Indian Empire with an estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million On 30 January 1948, Gandhi was shot while he was walking to a platform from which he was to address a prayer meeting. The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan. Gandhi's memorial (or Samādhi) at Rāj Ghāt, New Delhi, bears the epigraph "Hē Ram", (Devanagari:  हे� ! रा�म or, He Rām), which may be translated as "Oh God".

Indian National Leader

Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawahar Lal Nehru was born on November 14, 1889. His father Motilal Nehru was a famous Allahabad based barrister and mother's name was Swaroop Rani. Jawaharlal Nehru was the only son of Motilal Nehru. Motilal Nehru has three daughters apart from Jawaharlal Nehru. He did his schooling from Harrow and completed his Law degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. Jawaharlal Nehru returned to India in 1912 and started legal practice. He married Kamala Nehru in 1916. Jawahar Lal Nehru joined Home Rule League in 1917. His real initiation into politics came two years later when he came in contact with Mahatma Gandhi in 1919. Jawaharlal Nehru took active part in the Non- Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) and was arrested for the first time during the movement. He was elected President of the Allahabad Municipal Corporation in 1924. He resigned in 1926 citing lack of cooperation from civil servants and obstruction from British authorities. From 1926 to 1928, He served as the General Secretary of the All India Congress Committee.

Continued…….

Indian National Leader

Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru

Continued……… In December 1929, Congress's annual session was held in Lahore and Jawaharlal Nehru was elected as the President of the Congress Party. Nehru was elected to the Congress presidency in 1936, 1937, and 1946, and came to occupy a position in the nationalist movement second only to that of Gandhi. Jawaharlal Nehru was arrested in 1942 during Quit India Movement. Released in 1945, he took a leading part in the negotiations that culminated in the emergence of the dominions of India and Pakistan in August 1947. In 1947, he became the first Prime Minister of independent India. He effectively coped with the formidable challenges of those times: the disorders and mass exodus of minorities across the new border with Pakistan, the integration of 500-odd princely states into the Indian Union, the framing of a new constitution, and the establishment of the political and administrative infrastructure for a parliamentary democracy. He set up a Planning Commission, encouraged development of science and technology, and launched three successive five-year plans. His policies led to a sizable growth in agricultural and industrial production.

Continued……..

Indian National Leader

Pundit Jawaharlal NehruContinued………

Nehru also played a major role in developing independent India's foreign policy. He called for liquidation of colonialism in Asia and Africa and along with Tito and Nasser, was one of the chief architects of the nonaligned movement. He played a constructive, mediatory role in bringing the Korean War to an end and in resolving other international crises, such as those over the Suez Canal and the Congo, offering India's services for conciliation and international policing. He contributed behind the scenes toward the solution of several other explosive issues, such as those of West Berlin, Austria, and Laos. But Jawahar Lal Nehru couldn't improve India's relations with Pakistan and China. The Kashmir issue proved a stumbling block in reaching an accord with Pakistan, and the border dispute prevented a resolution with China. The Chinese invasion in 1962, which Nehru failed to anticipate, came as a great blow to him and probably hastened his death. Jawaharlal Nehru died of a heart attack on May 27, 1964.

India Independence In 1946, the Labour government in Britain, its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, and conscious that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support, nor the reliability of native forces for continuing to control an increasingly restless India, decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948. As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders, including Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad,Jinnah ,, B. R. Ambedkar , and Master Tara Singh agreed to a partition of the country along religious lines. The predominantly Hindu and Sikh areas were assigned to the new India and predominantly Muslim areas to the new nation of Pakistan; the plan included a partition of the provinces of Punjab and Bengal. Many millions of Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu refugees trekked across the newly drawn borders. In Punjab, where the new border lines divided the Sikh regions in half, massive bloodshed followed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was more limited. In all, anywhere between 250,000 and 500,000 people on both sides of the new borders died in the violence.

Independent India

On 14 August 1947, the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being, with Muhammad Ali Jinnah sworn in as its first Governor General in Karachi. At the stroke of midnight, as India moved into August 15, 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru, read out the famous Tryst with destiny speech proclaiming India's independence. India, now a smaller Union of India, became an independent country with official ceremonies taking place in New Delhi, and with Jawaharlal Nehru assuming the office of the first prime minister, and Deputy Prime Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel invited Mountbatten to continue as Governor General of India. He was replaced in June 1948 by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari. Patel took on the responsibility of unifying 565 princely states, steering efforts by his “iron fist in a velvet glove” policies, exemplified by the use of military force to integrate Junagadh and Hyderabad state (Operation Polo) into India.

Lord Mountbatten

Sardar Patel

C. Rajgopalchari

Republic India

The Republic Day of India commemorates the date on which the Constitution of India came into force replacing the Government of India Act 1935 as the governing document of India on 26 January 1950. The date 26 January was chosen to honour the memory of the declaration of independence of 1930. On 29 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar as chairman. The Constitution of India came into effect only on 26 January 1950, 10.18 AM IST. Following elections on 21 January 1950, Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president of India, taking over from Governor General Rajgopalachari. Subsequently India annexed Goa and Portugal's other Indian enclaves in 1961), the French ceded Chandernagore in 1951, and Pondicherry and its remaining Indian colonies in 1956, and Sikkim voted to join the Indian Union in 1975.

B. R. Ambedkar

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Pundit Nehru

National FlagFrom July 22, 1947

• The ratio of the width to the length of the Flag shall ordinarily be 2 : 3.

• The cloth for the flag can be handspun and hand-woven khadhi, cotton, woolen or silk.

• The National Flag is a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron (kesaria) at the top(Spirit and sacrifice), white in the middle(Peace of Truth) and dark green at the bottom (Growth)in equal proportion bearing at its centre the design of Ashoka Chakra in navy blue color (stands for Peace and love).

• The Ashoka Chakra shall have 24 spokes equally spaced

National EmblemFrom 26th January, 1950

The National Emblem of India is a replica of the Lion of Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. The Lion Capital was erected in the 3rd Century B.C by Emperor Ashoka. The National Emblem is thus symbolic of India's commitment to world peace and goodwill. The four lions (one hidden from view) - symbolizing power, courage and confidence, rest on a circular abacus.

The abacus is girded by four smaller animals - guardians of the four directions: the lion in the north, the elephant in the east, the horse in south and the bull in the west. The abacus rests on a lotus in full bloom, exemplifying the fountainhead of life and creative inspiration. The motto 'Satyameva Jayate' inscribed below the emblem in Devanagari script means "Truth Alone Triumphs”.

National SongComposed in sanskrit by :

Bankim Chandra (Anand Math),It was sung first time 1896 INC

Vande Mataram Sujalam SuphalamMalayaja Shitalam

Shasyashyamalamm               Mataram !

Shubharajyothsna Pulakitayaminim Phullakusumita drumadala

Shobinim Suhasinim SumadhuraBhasinim Sujhadam varadam

                Mataram!

Bankim Chandra

National Pledge

    General Pledge 

 India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters.I Love my country. I am proud of its rich and varied culture. I shall

always strive to be worthy of it.I shall love and respect my parents, teachers and elders.

To my country and my people I pledge my devotion National

Integration Pledge

I solemnly pledge to work with dedication to preserve and strengthen the freedom and integrity of the nation.

I further affirm that I shall never resort to violence and that all differences and disputes relating to religion, language, region or other

political or economic grievances should be settled by peaceful and constitutional means.

In their well being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.

National AnthemComposed by: Rabindra Nath TagoreFrom 24th January, 1950First sung at INS session, Calcutta on 27th December, 1911

Jana- gana – mana adhinayaka, jaya heBharata- bhagya- vidhata.Punjab- Sindh- Gujarat- MarathaDravida- utkala- bangaVindhya- Himachala- yamuna- gangaUchchhala- jaladhi-taranga.Tava shubha name jage, Tava shubha asisa mage,Gahe Tava jaya gatha. Jana- gana- mangala-dayaka jaya heBharata- bhagya- vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!

R. N. Tagore

National FlowerLOTUS

Lotus (Nelumbo Nucipera Gaertn) is the National Flower of India. It is a

sacred flower and occupies a unique position in the art and mythology of

ancient India and has been an auspicious symbol of Indian culture

since time immemorial.

National Fruit

MANGO A fleshy fruit, eaten ripe or used green for pickles etc., of the tree Mangifera indica, the mango is one of the most important and widely cultivated fruits of the tropical world.

Mughal emperor Akbar planted 100,000 mango trees in Darbhanga, Bihar at a place now known as Lakhi Bagh.

National Tree

BANYAN TREE Indian fig tree, Ficus bengalensis, whose branches root themselves like new trees over a large area. The roots then give rise to more trunks and branches. Because of this characteristic and its longevity, this tree is considered immortal and is an integral part of the myths and legends of India. Even today, the banyan tree is the focal point of village life and the village council meets under the shade of this tree.

National River

THE GANGAThe Ganga or Ganges is the longest river of India flowing over 2,510 kms of mountains, valleys and

plains. It originates in the snowfields of the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas as the Bhagirathi River. It is later joined by other rivers such as the

Alaknanda, Yamuna, Son, Gumti, Kosi and Ghagra. There are two dams on the river - one at Haridwar and the other at Farakka. The Ganga widens out

into the Ganges Delta in the Sunderbans swamp of Bangladesh, before it ends its journey by emptying

into the Bay of Bengal.

National Animal

ROYAL BENGAL TIGER

The magnificent tiger, Panthera tigris is a striped animal. It has a thick yellow coat of fur with dark

stripes. The combination of grace, strength, agility and enormous power has earned the tiger its pride of place as the national animal of India. To check the dwindling population of tigers in

India, 'Project Tiger' was launched in April 1973. So far, 27 tiger reserves have been established in the country under this project, covering an area

of 37,761 sq km.

National Bird

PEACOCK The Indian peacock, Pavo cristatus, the national bird of India, is a colorful, swan-sized bird, with a fan-shaped crest of feathers, a white patch under the eye and a long, slender neck. The elaborate courtship dance of the male, fanning out the tail and preening its feathers is a gorgeous sight. The male of the species is more colorful than the female, with a glistening blue breast and neck and a spectacular bronze-green tail of around 200 elongated feathers. The female is brownish, slightly smaller than the male and lacks the tail.

National Aquatic Animal

RIVER DOLPHIN River Dolphin is the National Aquatic Animal of India. This mammal is also said to represent the purity of the holy Ganga as it can only survive in pure and fresh water. Platanista gangetica has a long pointed snout and also have visible teeth in both the upper and lower jaws. Their eyes lack a lens and therefore function solely as a means of detecting the direction of light. Dolphins tend to swim with one fin trailing along the substrate while rooting around with their beak to catch shrimp and fish. Dolphins have a fairly thick body with light grey-brown skin often with a hue of pink. The fins are large and the dorsal fin is triangular and undeveloped. This mammal has a forehead that rises steeply and has very small eyes. River Dolphins are solitary creatures and females tend to be larger than males. This species inhabits parts of the Ganges, Meghna and Brahmaputra rivers in India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh, and the Karnaphuli River in Bangladesh.

National Game

HOCKEY Our nation has an excellent record with eight Olympic gold medals. Indian hockey's golden period was from 1928-56, when the Indian hockey team won six successive Olympic gold medals. Team also won the 1975 World Cup besides two more medals (silver and a bronze). The Indian Hockey Federation gained global affiliation in 1927 and joined the International Hockey Federation (FIH).

National Sweet

JALEBI Jalebi is a syrupy sweet that is shaped like a slightly large, chaotic pretzel and is traditionally prepared in India. Well-made jalebi has a tart element with a sweet taste.Jalebi’s colours are bright orange or yellow, but also white.

They are best to eat when they are fresh. It can be served when it is warm or cold.

National Calendar

The national calendar of India is based on the Saka Era with Chaitra as its first month and a normal year of 365 days. The national calendar of India was adopted on March 22nd 1957. Dates of the Indian national calendar have a permanent correspondence with the Gregorian calendar dates- 1 Chaitra falling on 22 March normally and on 21 March in leap year.

National Language

India’s constitution recognizes 18 different Indian languages, but Hindi and English are considered to be the official national languages. The central government allows each state to choose its own official language, however. Within India, native speakers of Hindi are concentrated in the states of Bihār, Madhya Pradesh, Rājasthān, and Uttar Pradesh in northern and central India. Hindi is a major language of India and most important of the many languages spoken in India. Nearly half a billion people, or 40 percent of the population of India, speak some form of Hindi as their first language. The Indian constitution recognizes 18 state languages, which are used in schools and in official transactions. These are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada (Kanarese), Kashmir, Konkani, Malayalam, Meithei (Manipuri), Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.

Currency Symbol

RUPEE( RUPEE( ` )` ) On 15th of July 2010 cabinet, finalized the On 15th of July 2010 cabinet, finalized the design for the Rupee.design for the Rupee. An engineer, IIT post-graduate Uday An engineer, IIT post-graduate Uday Kumar has been honored. His design out of Kumar has been honored. His design out of five shortlisted ones is selected for the new five shortlisted ones is selected for the new symbol of the Indian Rupee.symbol of the Indian Rupee.

Uday Kumar

Modern India

There are many numbers of freedom fighters all over the country dedicated their time and sacrificed their life to support their leaders to achieve the freedom from foreigners. The freedom of living, thinking and maintaining the modern life with our own way today is the result of the hard work and sincerity of our ancestors. It is our time to work hard for our country and bring our future generation up, to make our country rich, powerful and self dependent. The challenges are more and let us build our vision to lead our nation to be No.1 in this Modern world in every aspects. We have all the potentials within us. We need to unite ourselves to share the ideas to set our goals for us and for our future generations. We will work hard together and help each other to achieve the goal and be a fighter to free the new modern India from poverty, corruption and the elements preventing to maintain peace. The challenges are still more to fight.

What should we do?

CHALLENGES

Help the needy children for better education, good food & free medical. Need to save the society from drugs addiction and alcoholism. Provide youth for higher education & employment. Support talented children for shining their talents. Be sincere and faithful to your duties and responsibilities. Earn honestly, spend judiciously, save wisely and pay the taxes regularly. Save the nation from corruption and illegal systems.

CHALLENGES

Help to provide old nationals with food, medicine, shelter and smile. Utilize resources and time to teach the children to respect others and for development of sports, science, arts and traditional cultural values. Help neighbors and keep the environment clean. Plant more trees and love the animals. Eat less and Sleep moderate. Do regular physical exercise and meditation.Pray God to increase strength, reduce ego and for betterment of others. Stay healthy, stress free and Live Long. Share good thoughts and guide the new generation to build a Strong, Rich and Cultured Modern India’ Pass this message to your friends and be a good friend.

Jai Hind

India is my country and I’am proud to be an Indian

Nitesh Sharma [email protected]