Top Banner
Imperialism and The Imperialism and The United States, 1890- United States, 1890- 1914 1914
55
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Imperialism and The Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914United States, 1890-1914

Page 2: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Introduction…Introduction…

Page 3: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

With your neighbor…With your neighbor…

• You are a leader of a You are a leader of a country that has a country that has a considerable amount considerable amount of land, relatively of land, relatively small population in small population in proportion to land proportion to land size, natural size, natural resources, and a resources, and a stabilized stabilized government.government.

• Why then would Why then would you feel the need you feel the need (or be pressured (or be pressured to) seek out to) seek out territory beyond territory beyond your own?your own?

Page 4: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

What is What is Imperialism?Imperialism?

• Exerting control over Exerting control over another nationanother nation

• By means of By means of economic, political, economic, political, and/or military controland/or military control

• Can be connected with Can be connected with JingoismJingoism (extreme (extreme nationalism led by a nationalism led by a pro-war foreign policypro-war foreign policy))

Page 5: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Prior to the 1890’s the US was not Prior to the 1890’s the US was not interested in expansion…Why?interested in expansion…Why?

• The Civil WarThe Civil War

• Expanding westward (Manifest Expanding westward (Manifest Destiny!)Destiny!)

• Staying away from foreign alliances Staying away from foreign alliances and warsand wars

Page 6: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

By the 1890’s the US was ready to By the 1890’s the US was ready to expand…why?expand…why?

1. 1. End of the frontier End of the frontier (1890 census)(1890 census)• Many believed U.S. had to expand or Many believed U.S. had to expand or

explode explode a. Increased demand for raw a. Increased demand for raw materials and resources materials and resources

b. “Safety valve” thesisb. “Safety valve” thesis

Page 7: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

2. 2. Increased importance of international Increased importance of international trade for the U.S. economytrade for the U.S. economy

a. The U.S. became the world’s leading a. The U.S. became the world’s leading industrial power in the 1890s industrial power in the 1890s

b. Some Americans sought new b. Some Americans sought new colonies to expand markets furthercolonies to expand markets further

3. 3. U.S. sought to compete with Europe for U.S. sought to compete with Europe for overseas empiresoverseas empires

a. Some American leaders sought a. Some American leaders sought “great power” status for the U.S. “great power” status for the U.S.

b. By 1914, Europe controlled 84% of b. By 1914, Europe controlled 84% of the world’s landthe world’s land

Reasons…Reasons…

Page 8: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

“The World’s Plunderers,” Thomas

Nast, 1885”

Page 9: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Reasons for expansion…Reasons for expansion… 4. 4. Proponents of U.S. expansion overseasProponents of U.S. expansion overseas 1. 1. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan:Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan:

The Influence of SeaThe Influence of Sea Power upon Power upon History, 1660-1783History, 1660-1783 (1890)(1890)

a. Thesis: naval power was the key a. Thesis: naval power was the key to world dominance to world dominance b. Stimulated a naval arms race b. Stimulated a naval arms race

among the “great powers” among the “great powers” c. U.S. sought defensive naval bases c. U.S. sought defensive naval bases

and refueling stations and refueling stations d. By 1900, U.S. had d. By 1900, U.S. had

the world’s 3 the world’s 3rdrd largest navy largest navy

Page 10: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Reasons…Reasons… 2. Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge2. Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge

a. a. Social Darwinism Social Darwinism (“survival of the (“survival of the fittest”)fittest”)

b. Roosevelt also sought a canal in Central b. Roosevelt also sought a canal in Central America to connect the Atlantic and Pacific OceansAmerica to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans3. Senator Albert Beveridge stated U.S. was part of 3. Senator Albert Beveridge stated U.S. was part of a worldwide movement of the superior white race a worldwide movement of the superior white race and and imperialism was ordained by God imperialism was ordained by God4. 4. Josiah Strong, Josiah Strong, Our Country Our Country (1885)(1885)

-- Advocated superiority of Anglo-Saxon -- Advocated superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilizationcivilization

Page 11: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Welcome Back!Welcome Back!

• Bell Ringer…Bell Ringer…

• Bring Textbooks to Bring Textbooks to class tomorrow!class tomorrow!

• 5 reasons the US 5 reasons the US began to began to imperialize?imperialize?

• Who did the United Who did the United States overthrow States overthrow to claim Hawaii?to claim Hawaii?

• Why did the US go Why did the US go to war with Spain?to war with Spain?

Page 12: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

American interests in American interests in ImperialismImperialism

•SamoaSamoa • Became a Became a protectorateprotectorate in in the 1870’sthe 1870’s

• A weak country A weak country under the under the protection and protection and partial control of a partial control of a strong country.strong country.

Page 13: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

HawaiiHawaii

Page 14: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

HawaiiHawaii

• Early missionaries Early missionaries bought large bought large amounts of land for amounts of land for sugar plantationssugar plantations

• By 1880’s, US By 1880’s, US using Pearl Harbor using Pearl Harbor as a naval baseas a naval base

• Many wanted US Many wanted US out, including out, including Queen Liliuokalani. Queen Liliuokalani. Was overthrown in Was overthrown in 18931893

• Became a Republic Became a Republic with Sanford Dole with Sanford Dole as first Governor.as first Governor.

Page 15: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

The Spanish American WarThe Spanish American War

• US concerned US concerned about Spanish about Spanish control in Cubacontrol in Cuba

• Wanted to protect Wanted to protect American owned American owned sugar plantationssugar plantations

• US against Spanish US against Spanish atrocities towards atrocities towards CubansCubans

Page 16: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

WAR FEVER!!WAR FEVER!!

• Yellow Yellow JournalismJournalism

• News that exploits, News that exploits, distorts, or distorts, or exaggerates exaggerates events in order to events in order to attract readersattract readers

Page 17: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

In effort to gain support for the Cubans In effort to gain support for the Cubans many newspapers ran stories that many newspapers ran stories that were exaggerated and untrue…were exaggerated and untrue…

• The two most The two most famous editors of famous editors of the time were the time were Joseph Pulitzer…Joseph Pulitzer…

• ……and William and William Randolph HearstRandolph Hearst

“You furnish the pictures…I’ll supply the War”

Page 18: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

WAR FEVER!!WAR FEVER!!

• In 1898 Hearst’s In 1898 Hearst’s New York JournalNew York Journal published what was published what was know as the know as the “De “De Lome Letter.”Lome Letter.”

• What was the What was the content in the content in the letter?letter?

• Spanish ambassador Spanish ambassador Enrique Dupuy de Enrique Dupuy de Lôme wrote a Lôme wrote a personal letter to personal letter to his friend José his friend José Canalejas who was Canalejas who was in Cuba. The letter in Cuba. The letter contained contained derogatory derogatory comments about comments about President McKinley President McKinley and his policies and his policies concerning Cuba. concerning Cuba.

Page 19: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

• ““...Besides the ingrained and inevitable ...Besides the ingrained and inevitable bluntness with which is repeated all that bluntness with which is repeated all that the press and public opinion in Spain have the press and public opinion in Spain have said about Weyler, it once more shows said about Weyler, it once more shows what McKinley is, weak and a bidder for what McKinley is, weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.”his party.”

Page 20: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

WAR FEVER!!WAR FEVER!!

• In Feb. 1898 While In Feb. 1898 While protecting protecting Americans in Cuba, Americans in Cuba, the the USS BattleshipUSS Battleship MaineMaine exploded in exploded in Havana Harbor Havana Harbor killing 260 men.killing 260 men.

• ““Remember the Remember the Maine” became a Maine” became a war slogan.war slogan.

Page 21: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

WAR!!

Page 22: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

WAR!!WAR!!

• A reluctant A reluctant William McKinley William McKinley asked Congress asked Congress for a declaration for a declaration of war in April of war in April 18981898

Page 23: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

““The Splendid Little The Splendid Little War”War”

• First action of warFirst action of war

• Fight for Fight for independence independence against Spainagainst Spain

• Was helped by Was helped by Filipino Patriot Filipino Patriot Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

• Destroyed Spanish Destroyed Spanish Fleet at Manila Bay Fleet at Manila Bay led by Adm. Deweyled by Adm. Dewey

The Battle of the Philippines

Page 24: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Welcome Back!Welcome Back!

• Bell Ringer…1. Bell Ringer…1. Discuss the Cuban Discuss the Cuban campaign and 2. campaign and 2. what was the what was the outcome of the outcome of the Treaty of Paris?Treaty of Paris?

• For Tomorrow: For Tomorrow: Come prepared to Come prepared to discuss the last discuss the last section of your section of your study guidestudy guide

Page 25: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

The Cuban CampaignThe Cuban Campaign

• US Army had a US Army had a tougher time…tougher time…whywhy??

• Heat and wool Heat and wool uniformsuniforms

• Spread of Spread of diseasedisease

• Ill prepared and Ill prepared and ill trainedill trained

Page 26: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

The Cuban CampaignThe Cuban Campaign

• Object was to Object was to capture port city of capture port city of Santiago where Santiago where Spanish Fleet was Spanish Fleet was anchoredanchored

• Navy was able to Navy was able to sink the fleetsink the fleet

• On land, the goal On land, the goal of the Army was to of the Army was to take military take military installations above installations above Santiago…Santiago…including San Juan including San Juan Heights and El Heights and El CaneyCaney

Page 27: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

The Rough RidersThe Rough Riders

• Led by former Led by former Secretary of Secretary of Navy Theodore Navy Theodore Roosevelt, this Roosevelt, this rag tag Calvary rag tag Calvary unit led the unit led the charge up San charge up San Juan HillJuan Hill

• Or did they?Or did they?

They actually attacked Kettle Hill!

Page 28: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Buffalo SoldiersBuffalo Soldiers

• 2,000 African American 2,000 African American soldiers comprised of soldiers comprised of Regular Army regiments, Regular Army regiments, the 9th and 10th Cavalry the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th and 25th and the 24th and 25th Infantry. Infantry.

• Joined the Rough Riders for Joined the Rough Riders for the battle of San Juan and the battle of San Juan and Kettle HillsKettle Hills

Page 29: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

The End of the WarThe End of the WarAugust 12, 1898August 12, 1898

(114 days!)(114 days!)• Treaty of Paris, Treaty of Paris,

Dec. 1898Dec. 1898• Cuba gained Cuba gained

IndependenceIndependence

• US received Puerto US received Puerto Rico and GuamRico and Guam

• Spain sold the Spain sold the Philippines to the US Philippines to the US for 20 millionfor 20 million

• US became a US became a colonial Power…new colonial Power…new problems and problems and responsibilities.responsibilities.

Page 30: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Welcome Back!Welcome Back!

• Bell Ringer….What Bell Ringer….What are the outcomes are the outcomes of the Treaty of of the Treaty of Paris!Paris!

• Quiz tomorrow!Quiz tomorrow!

• Agenda and Agenda and Objective: Through Objective: Through notes and notes and discussion students discussion students will identify will identify Roosevelt’s Foreign Roosevelt’s Foreign policy.policy.

Page 31: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Issues with Cuba in the Issues with Cuba in the aftermath of War…aftermath of War…

• At the start of War, At the start of War, US issues US issues Teller Teller AmendmentAmendment

• Gave US the right to Gave US the right to intervene to intervene to maintain stable maintain stable government; Cuba government; Cuba was not allowed was not allowed foreign agreements; foreign agreements; US controlled US controlled Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay

• Promised Cuban Promised Cuban independence after independence after warwar

• With the country on With the country on the verge of the verge of economic/political economic/political collapse Congress collapse Congress passes passes Platt Platt AmendmentAmendment

Page 32: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Issues with the Philippines Issues with the Philippines in the aftermath of War…in the aftermath of War…

• US felt the right to US felt the right to take control of the take control of the Islands; Filipinos Islands; Filipinos thought differentlythought differently

• Three year rebellion Three year rebellion led by led by AguinaldoAguinaldo; ; ends with 200,000 ends with 200,000 dead; 7,000 US dead; 7,000 US soldierssoldiers

• Becomes a republic Becomes a republic in 1946in 1946

Page 33: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Problems with Puerto Rico Problems with Puerto Rico after the War…after the War…

• Became a US Became a US possession after possession after the war. US saw it the war. US saw it as a Colony.as a Colony.

• In 1900 In 1900 Foraker ActForaker Act is passed. Gave PR is passed. Gave PR a form of self-a form of self-governmentgovernment

• However, were However, were citizens of PR but citizens of PR but not the United not the United States.States.

• Led to Led to Jones ActJones Act of of 19171917

• Became a Became a commonwealth in commonwealth in 19521952

Page 34: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

United States ImperialismUnited States Imperialism

Part IIPart II1900-19141900-1914

Kathleen KrallKathleen KrallSpring Grove Area High SchoolSpring Grove Area High School

Page 35: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Focus of US foreign policy Focus of US foreign policy shifts to Central America after shifts to Central America after the Warthe War• Was premised by Was premised by

the Monroe the Monroe Doctrine of 1823Doctrine of 1823

• That US would stay That US would stay out of Europe and out of Europe and would oppose would oppose European European intervention in the intervention in the Western Western HemisphereHemisphere

Page 36: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

US was also interested in US was also interested in expanding in the Far Eastexpanding in the Far East

• Interested in Interested in ChinaChina

• American American merchants merchants feared they feared they would be left out would be left out of trade marketsof trade markets

• A weak country A weak country who was carved who was carved up into up into “spheres “spheres of influence” of influence” by by EuropeEurope

Page 37: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

In response, Secretary of In response, Secretary of State John Hay authored the State John Hay authored the “open door policy”“open door policy”

Sent Diplomatic notes to Russia,

France, Germany, Britain, and Japan asking them for equal trading

rights and transportation

facilities in China

Page 38: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

However, many Chinese did However, many Chinese did not want Westerns in China…not want Westerns in China…

• In 1900 a secret In 1900 a secret society known as society known as the “Boxers” tried the “Boxers” tried to overthrow the to overthrow the imperial imperial government and government and expel foreignersexpel foreigners

• Did not succeedDid not succeed

“…destroy the foreigner!"

Page 39: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Meanwhile back in the Meanwhile back in the Western Hemisphere…Western Hemisphere…

Page 40: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Foreign Policy Of Theodore Foreign Policy Of Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt

• Extended the Extended the Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine into what was into what was known as the known as the “Roosevelt “Roosevelt Corollary”Corollary”

The United States has the chief

responsibility for adjudicating any conflicts between Europe and Latin America…became known as the “Big

Stick Policy.”The first test to the

Corollary occurred in the Venezuelan Crisis of 1902

Page 41: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

• When TR became When TR became President he President he wanted to…wanted to…

• To do this the US To do this the US agreed to the agreed to the Hay-PauncefoteHay-Pauncefote Treaty with the Treaty with the FrenchFrench

• Build a Canal Build a Canal across Central across Central AmericaAmerica

• Keep Europe out of Keep Europe out of Latin American Latin American affairs.affairs.

Granted the US the sole right to build and control a canal. Was to remain free and

open to ships from all nations.

Why would a Canal be important?

Page 42: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

But where should the Canal But where should the Canal be Built?be Built?

• First place First place considered was considered was Nicaragua. Was Nicaragua. Was free of disease free of disease and only had and only had about 50 miles to about 50 miles to dig…dig…

• However in 1902 However in 1902 a volcano a volcano exploded on the exploded on the island of island of Martinique. US Martinique. US believed to be believed to be unsafeunsafe

Page 43: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Option number two…Option number two…PanamaPanama

Page 44: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

However Panama was However Panama was controlled by Columbia…controlled by Columbia…• Knowing that Knowing that

Panama was Panama was unhappy under unhappy under Columbian rule, a Columbian rule, a revolution was revolution was staged with the help staged with the help of the French Canal of the French Canal agent agent Philippe Philippe Bunau-VarillaBunau-Varilla

• the new Foreign the new Foreign Minister Minister Bunau-Bunau-VarillaVarilla!!

• Roosevelt Roosevelt supported the supported the revolution, sending revolution, sending navy to ensure navy to ensure victoryvictory

• US quickly US quickly recognized Panama recognized Panama and negotiated a and negotiated a treaty with…treaty with…

“I took the Canal”

Page 45: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Building the Canal…Building the Canal…

• Had to deal with Had to deal with disease. Over disease. Over 5,600 workers died5,600 workers died

• Army Physician, Army Physician, William GorgasWilliam Gorgas was was able to wipe out able to wipe out yellow fever by yellow fever by draining local draining local water areaswater areas

Page 46: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

More than 43,000 laborers worked on the Canal. Were divided into Gold and Silver

Star Workers

Most work was done with pick ax, shovel, and

dynamite. Work ended in 1914 with the cost of 352

million

Page 47: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Traveling through the canal takes

approximately 10-12 hours

The water route from New York to San

Francisco was 8,000 miles shorter Allowed Navy to move quicker

“The land divided, the world united”

On December 31, 1999 the canal was returned to the government of Panama

Page 48: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Latin America and William Latin America and William Howard TaftHoward Taft

• Turned away from Turned away from “big stick” “big stick” diplomacy and diplomacy and supported “Dollar supported “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

• Urged American Urged American banks and banks and businesses to invest businesses to invest in Latin Americain Latin America

Page 49: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Woodrow Wilson and Latin Woodrow Wilson and Latin AmericaAmerica

• Was weary of dollar Was weary of dollar diplomacydiplomacy

• Believed that heavy Believed that heavy investment would investment would actually harm weak actually harm weak nationsnations

• Feared that Feared that investors would investors would take all profits and take all profits and influence local influence local governmentsgovernments

Page 50: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

One area of concern for Wilson was Mexico…

Page 51: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

• Ruled by dictator Ruled by dictator Porfilio Diaz who Porfilio Diaz who was a friend of the was a friend of the United StatesUnited States

• However Madero However Madero was executed, was executed, allowing Victoriano allowing Victoriano Huerta to proclaim Huerta to proclaim himself ruler of himself ruler of MexicoMexico

• In the revolution In the revolution of 1911, Diaz was of 1911, Diaz was overthrown by overthrown by Francisco MaderoFrancisco Madero

Page 52: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Shift in American Foreign Shift in American Foreign Policy!!Policy!!

• Wilson refused to recognize new Wilson refused to recognize new government set up by Huerta…government set up by Huerta…

• Government now must be based on Government now must be based on free electionsfree elections before US will before US will recognize…recognize…

• In response, Heurta arrested In response, Heurta arrested Americans in Mexico. US sent Navy Americans in Mexico. US sent Navy to port city of Vera Cruz…to port city of Vera Cruz…

Page 53: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

• The United States The United States supported two supported two local local revolutionaries to revolutionaries to help overthrow help overthrow Heurta…Heurta…

• Venustiano Venustiano CarranzaCarranza

• And Pancho VillaAnd Pancho Villa

Page 54: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

Huerta was eventually overthrown in 1916 with

the United States supporting Carranza…

Villa was determined to gain control by attacking

a train in Northern Mexico, killing 12

Americans

Wilson threatened by

sending troops. Villa went on a

killing spree across the Rio

Grande killing 3 soldiers and a

boy

US troops were never able to find

Villa. Ends up being

assassinated in 1923.

But Wilson had other worries…

Page 55: Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914 Introduction…

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I