Immunology 1st Lecture

7/30/2019 Immunology 1st Lecture

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Francis Ian L. Salaver, RMT

BMLS 3C-D-E

Immunology and Serology


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INTRODUCTION TO

IMMUNOLOGY


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IMMUNOLOGY AND THE IMMUNE

SYSTEM* Immunology

* Study of the components and function of the immunesystem

* Immune System

* Molecules, cells, tissues and organs which provide non-specific and specific protection against

* Microorganisms* Microbial toxins

* Tumor cells

* Crucial to human survival


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THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND

IMMUNITY* Immune response

* Innate/non-specific/natural

* Adaptive (specific)

* Primary

* Secondary

* Immunity

* State of non-specific and specific protection

* Acquisition of Immunity* Natural

* Artificial


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Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity


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The immune system

Immune system

Anatomic barriers (Skin,mucous

membranes)

Physological barriers (temperature,

pH)

Phagocytic Barriers (cells that eat

invaders)

Inflammatory barriers (redness,

swelling, heat and pain)

Antigen specificity

Diversity

Immunological memory

Self/nonself recognition

Innate (non-specific) immunity Adaptive (specific) immunity


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NATURALLY ACQUIRED

IMMUNITY* Active

* Antigens enter body naturally with response of

* Innate and adaptive immune systems* Provides long term protection

* Passive

* Antibodies pass from mother to

* Fetus across placenta

* Infant in breast milk

* Provides immediate short term protection


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ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED

IMMUNITY* Active

* Antigens enter body through vaccination with response of

* Innate and adaptive immune systems

* Provides long term protection

* Passive

* Antibodies from immune individuals injected into body

* Referred to as

* Immune serum globulins (ISG)

* Immune globulins (IG)

* Gamma globulins

* Provides immediate short term protection


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PRINCIPAL FUNCTION OF THE

IMMUNE SYSTEM

* To protect humans from pathogenic microorganisms

* Pathogenic microorganisms (Pathogens)

* Microorganisms capable of causing infection and/or

disease


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ORIGIN OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE

SYSTEM* Derived from common progenitor cell in bone marrow

* Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

* Progenitor Stem Cells

* Erythroid lineage

* Erythrocytes and Megakaryocytes

* Myeloid lineage

* Monocyte/macrophage, dendritic cells, PMNs, mast cells

* Lymphoid lineage

* Small and large lymphocytes


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CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE

IMMUNITY* Myeloid Lineage

* Neutrophil

* Principal phagocytic cell of innate immunity

* Referred to as Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

* Nuclei are multilobed (2 to 5)

* First cell to migrate towards the site of infection

* 6-7 hours = PUS


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* Eosinophil

* Principal defender against parasites

* Bilobed

* Acid-loving


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Charcot Leyden Crystals


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* Basophil

* Bilobed

* Alkaline-loving

* Mast cells in tissues

* Has receptors for Fc portion* Of IgE


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Basophils and Mast cells


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IMMUNITY* Myeloid lineage

* Monocytes

* Leukocytes with bean shaped or brain-likeconvoluted nuclei

* Circulate in blood with half life of 8 hours

* Precursors of tissue macrophages

* Macrophages

* Mononuclear phagocytic cells in tissue

* Derive from blood monocytes


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IMMUNITY

* Myeloid lineage

* Monocytes

* 2nd cell to migrate to site of infection

* Has higher phagocytic activity than neutrophils

* APC


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IMMUNITY* Lymphoid Lineage

* Large lymphocytes (large granular lymphocytes)

* Natural killer (NK) cells (CD16, CD56)

* Innate immunity to viruses and other intracellular pathogens

* Participate in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

(ADCC)

* Small lymphocytes

* B cells (CD19)

* T cells (CD3, CD4 or CD8)

* Adaptive immunity

* Lymphocytes refers to small lymphocytes


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T cells

* CD8 cytotoxic T cells

* Enter bloodstream and travel to infection site

* Kill cells infected with viruses and other intracellular

microorganisms

* CD4 TH1 helper T cells

* Enter blood stream and travel to infection site

* Help activate macrophages

* CD4 TH2 helper T cells

* Work within secondary lymphoid tissues

* Help activate B cells


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Stages of lymphocyte activation

Nave lymphocytes

Mature lymphocytes that have not previously encountered

antigen; function -- antigen recognition

Preferential migration to peripheral lymphoid organs (lymphnodes), the sites where immune responses start

Effector lymphocytes Activated lymphocytes capable of performing the functions

required to eliminate microbes (effector functions)

Effector T lymphocytes: cytokine secretion (helper cells),killing of infected cells (CTLs)

B lymphocytes: antibody-secreting cells (e.g. plasma cells)

Memory lymphocytes

Long-lived, functionally silent cells; mount rapid responses

to antigen challenge (recall, or secondary, responses)


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THE CLUSTER OF

DIFFERENTIATION (CD)

* A protocol for identification and investigation of cell

surface molecules

* CD number assigned on basis of 1 cell surface molecule


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THE CLUSTER OF

DIFFERENTIATION (CD)* CD markers on leukocytes

Granulocyte CD45+, CD15+Monocyte CD45+, CD14+

T lymphocyte CD45+, CD3+

T helper lymphocyte CD45+, CD3+, CD4+

T cytotoxic lymphocyte CD45+, CD3+, CD8+B lymphocyte CD45+, CD19+

Natural killer cell CD45+, CD16+, CD56+, CD3-


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COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT WITH

DIFFERENTIAL (CBC WITH DIFF)References Ranges

Erythrocytes (RBC) 4.0 to 5.4 M/uL

Thrombocytes (Platelets) 150 to 400 K/uL

Leukocytes (WBC) 4.8 to 10.8 K/uL

Neutrophils 40 to 74 %

Band neutrophils 0 to 9

Eosinophils 0 to 6

Basophils 0 to 1

Lymphocytes 15 to 47

Monocytes 0 to 12


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LYMPHOCYTES, LYMPHOID TISSUES

AND ORGANS

* Lymphocytes originate in bone marrow

* Lymphoid tissues and organs

* Primary

* Development and maturation of lymphocytes

* Bone Marrow (B cells) and thymus gland (T cells)

* Secondary

* Mature lymphocytes meet pathogens

* Spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes, Peyers

patches, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)


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THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

* Lymph

* Fluid and cells in lymphatic vessels

* Lymphatic vessels* Collect and return interstitial fluid to blood

* Transport immune cells throughout body

* Transport lipid from intestine to blood

* Lymph nodes* Kidney shaped organs at intervals along lymphatic vessels

* Other secondary lymphatic tissues and organs


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LYMPHOCYTES AND THE SPLEEN

* Spleen

* Lymphoid organ in upper left abdomen

* Functions

* Remove damaged or old erythrocytes* Activation of lymphocytes from blood borne pathogens

* Architecture of Spleen

* Red pulp

* Erythrocytes removed

* White pulp

* Lymphocytes stimulated


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SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUES

ASSOCIATED WITH MUCOUS

MEMBRANES* Primary portals of entry for pathogens

* Respiratory tract

* Gastrointestinal tract

* Secondary lymphoid tissues

* Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

* Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)

* Tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyers patches

* Pathogens are directly transferred across mucosa byM cells


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Immunology 1st Lecture

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