Immigration 1880 - 1920. Old Immigrants 1800 - 1880 10 million Came from Northern and Western Europe U.K. Netherlands, German States, Sweden, Norway Protestant.

ImmigrationImmigration

1880 - 1920

Old Immigrants 1800 - 1880Old Immigrants 1800 - 1880• 10 million

• Came from Northern and Western Europe

• U.K. Netherlands, German States, Sweden, Norway

• Protestant Christians

• Came to U.S. = to have a voice in government, escape political turmoil, for religious freedom

• Irish came to escape poverty and starvation

Old Immigrants contOld Immigrants cont

• Chinese arrive in 1840 - 1850, 25,000 seeking gold

• Later build railroads, found employment as farmers, miners, domestic servants

New Immigrants 1880 - 1910New Immigrants 1880 - 1910

• 18 million• Came from Southern and Eastern Europe• Czech, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Polish,

Russian, Slovak• Roman Catholics, Orthodox Christians, Jews,

Arab, Armenian• Majority came to seek religious freedom• Some came because of poverty, and economic

opportunities

Trip to AmericaTrip to America

• 1st approved by ships captain

• Had to have $30 cash

• Paperwork stating they were never in prison, poorhouse, or mental institution

• Medical Exam

• Most traveled in steerage

Ellis IslandEllis Island

• Located: New York harbor• 20% of people entering Island were

detained and questioned further.• 2% of those entering were sent home• Sent away because of crimes, health,

literacy, or money• From 1892-1924; 17 million people

passed through Ellis Island

Angel IslandAngel Island

• Located: In San Francisco Bay

• Not as nice as Ellis Island and rules were more strict, conditions were less sanitary, and people less friendly

• 1910-1940; 50,000 immigrants entered the U.S.

Sticking togetherSticking together

• Immigrants flock to communities where their culture is represented

• Settled for low paying jobs

• Form churches

• Benevolent societies created to helped immigrants obtain jobs, health care, or education.

Nativists Nativists

• Nativism: overt favoritism toward native-born Americans.

• They want them to go back because they take jobs from native born Americans

Nativists continuedNativists continued

• Restriction League: Stated people from British, German and Scandinavia were acceptable.

• Stated people from Slav, Latin, and Asia were unacceptable.

• Stated that Protestant was the superior religion and Roman Catholic and Jewish people were corrupting America.

Nativists organizeNativists organize

• Denis Kearney in 1870 starts the Workingmen’s Party

• Unemployed workers organize to not allow Chinese immigrants to work in California

• California state constitution in 1879 prohibited Chinese from holding a state job

• And Chinese could be banned from communities and districts

Hatred of ForeignersHatred of Foreigners

• Anti-Asian Sentiment formed because they would work for lower wages.

• Chinese Exclusion Act: Act banned entry to all Chinese except students, teacher and merchants, tourists, and government officials. 1882 starts and ends in 1942.

Japanese limitationsJapanese limitations

• Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japanese agreed to limit immigration of unskilled workers to the U.S. in exchange for the repeal of the below Act.

• San Francisco Segregation Act: all Japanese students were put in their own schools.

New TestsNew Tests

• 1917 Congress passes a literacy test act.

• All immigrants must pass a literacy test before entering the U.S.

Being AcceptedBeing Accepted

• Americanization movement: Citizens and government want immigrants to learn English, American History, Government, Cooking, and Social Etiquette.

New Make-up of U.S.New Make-up of U.S.

• Melting Pot: a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and cultures.

• Many Immigrants did not want to give up their cultures to fit in.

Change in CitiesChange in Cities• Elisha

Otis - Builds the safety elevator

Urban ProblemUrban Problem

• Tenements: multifamily urban dwellings.

• Mass Transit: trains, street cars; cities could not keep them repaired.

• Safe drinking water was a problem

• Few buildings had indoor plumbing.

• Bad Sanitation

• High Crime

• Fires

ReformReform

• Social Gospel Movement: salvation through service to the poor.

• Formed settlement houses; or homes for the poor.

• Run by middle-class college educated women.

Jane AddamsJane Addams

• Hull House 1889 in Chicago.

• 1910; 400 settlement houses were across the country.

Political MachinePolitical Machine

• Organized group that controlled the activities of a political party.

• Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for financial and political support.

City Boss

Ward Boss

Local Prescient Workers

=Control of Political CandidateOr Political Party

Immigrant Voters Fuel the Political Machine

Political Machine

Political Machine PartsPolitical Machine Parts

• Top Level = City boss was at the top; controlled the activities of the political party in a city.

• Middle Level = Ward boss gain votes by providing services.

• Bottom Level = local precinct workers and captains who tried to gain voters support on a city block or neighborhood and reported to a ward boss.

Parts continuedParts continued

• 3 levels worked together to elect their candidates “Political Candidate” and guarantee the success of their machine.

• Bosses could gain money and power.

• Immigrants were granted help with citizenship in exchange for votes.

Ways to use the machineWays to use the machine

• Graft = illegal use of political influence for personal gain

• Workers would bill the city for more than the actual cost of the job and the leaders would get a kick back.

Boss TweedBoss Tweed

• William M. Tweed

• Head of Political Machine named Tammany Hall, New York City

• Democratic party

Tweed ScandalTweed Scandal

• Build New York Courthouse for $13 million but it only cost $3 million.

• Tweed and his men got the other $10 million

• Bribed Politicians, Judges, Police, and Citizens

Thomas NastThomas Nast

• A political cartoonist for Harpers Weekly newspaper broke the story of Tweeds corruption.

Tweed ScandalTweed Scandal

• Tweed offered Nast $5 million not to publish the corrupting material.

• Offered $500,000 to stop printing political cartoons against him.

• 1871 Tweed is charged with 120 counts of fraud and extortion.

• Sentenced to 12 years, got out in 1.• Sentenced to a second but escaped.• Captured in Spain in 1878 and died in jail.

Job AllocationJob Allocation

• Patronage: giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected.

• Civil Service: jobs should go to the most qualified person.

• Pendleton Civil Service Act: a commission is set up to give out federal jobs to those who are best qualified.

Grant Scandals Grant Scandals

• Crédit Mobilier construction company set up by Union Pacific Railroad

• It was to build part of the Transcontinental R&R

• They charged $23 Mil more than necessary

• Gave stock to members of congress and the Vice Pres Schuyler Colfax

Presidential Reform

Presidential Reform

• Rutherford B. Hayes went though New York and fired corrupt customhouse workers.

• Executive order issued stating government employees could not manage political parties or campaigns.

• Roscoe Conkling a New York Senator hated this and organized his group the Stalwarts to help find a new president in 1880.

Presidential Reform Cont.Presidential Reform Cont.• James A. Garfield is the

Republican nominee and Chester A. Arthur is his Vice Pres, a Conkling supporter.

• July 2 1881 President Garfield is shot by Charles Guiteau, and dies September 19th.

• Chester A. Arthur changes and starts to Reform.

Populist PartyPopulist Party

• Party for the People

• Called for income tax

• Bank Regulation

• Government ownership of the R&R and telegraph companies

• Free unlimited coinage of silver

• Bimetallism = use of gold and silver to back paper money.

Farmers Farmers

• Farmers prices for crops were falling

• Farmers barrow money to buy new equipment to plant more

• Prices drop further because of over production

• Farmers also pay large rates to R&R to ship goods

• Causing farmers to not pay back loans

National GrangeNational Grange

• Farmers organize to help each other

• 1st organization was the Order of Patrons of Husbandry or National Grange

• Oliver Hudson Kelly in 1867

• Fought against R&R high rates

Farmers AllianceFarmers Alliance

• Lobbied for banking reform and regulation of R&R rates

• Helped farmers buy equipment

• Helped farmers sell goods at market

• Wanted government to print more money “ thought more money would inflate the price of goods”

LawsLaws

• Munn v. Illinois = state legislatures did have the right to regulate businesses that involved the public interest

• Wabash v. Illinois = federal government had power to regulate R&R traffic moving across state boundaries

• Interstate Commerce Act 1887 made railroad rates fair for all customers also created the ICC to enforce the laws

Panic of 1893Panic of 1893

• R&R companies failed

• Investors pull out of stock market and businesses collapsed

• 3 million people lost jobs

• Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 = required U.S. to pay for silver with paper money redeemable in either gold or silver. New silver is found making silver worthless

Election of 1896Election of 1896

• William Jennings Bryan = Dem/Populist

• William McKinley = Rep

• Bryan wanted unlimited coinage of silver to put more money in circulation.

• McKinley wanted only paper money backed by gold.

Election of 1896Election of 1896

• William McKinley wins

• The Gold Standard would allow only as much money in circulation as gold in the treasury to back it up

• Reduced the number of paper dollars in circulation

SegregationSegregation

• Poll Tax = Pay to vote and pass a literacy test• Grandfather Clause = men could vote if their

father or grandfather had been eligible to vote before Jan 1, 1867.

• Jim Crow Laws = laws to enforce segregation in the south which created separate facilities for blacks and whites.

• Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 = Native American citizenship

Segregation Segregation

• Plessy v. Ferguson = “separate but equal” is legal

• Racial etiquette = blacks were supposed to know their place and defer to whites in every encounter.

• Lynching = racial hanging or murder

• Debt peonage = workers were tied to their jobs until they could pay off their debts.

Black LeadersBlack Leaders

• Booker T. Washington

• Created Tuskegee Institute in Alabama = technical school

• Thought blacks would prosper through farming and vocational skills

Black LeadersBlack Leaders• W.E.B. Du Bois • Created NAACP• Harvard trained• Niagara Movement =

protested discrimination• Though blacks should be

well educated• Blacks should be uplifted

by their most educated leaders