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IDEF3 IDEF3 Process Modeling
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IDEF3IDEF3Process Modeling

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Importance of ProcessImportance of Process

It is not the products, but the processes that create products, bring companies long-term success.

Process: Ordered sequence of events.

Business Process: Ordered sequence events involving people, materials, energy, and equipment that is designed to achieve a defined business outcome.

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Motivation for Process ModelingMotivation for Process Modeling

“Underlying the operations of every company--working like its spine-- is its Value Delivery System. A company’s performance is the direct result of how effectively this system is structured and managed.”

— George Stalk, Jr. & Thomas M. Hout

From BPR Literature

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What is a Process Model?What is a Process Model?

“Simply put, the Process Model is the way that the work is divided in a value delivery system.”

— James B. Swartz

A representation of a process and its related components presented in a time-dependent fashion.

It also represents the decision logic that exists within the system.

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Benefits of Process ModelingBenefits of Process Modeling

Document current processes for standardization. Provide guidelines for new process members to

reduce the learning curve. Capture and analyze AS-IS processes. Design / redesign process for TO-BE scenarios. Test the design of a new process before

committing to an expensive development project.

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What is IDEF3?What is IDEF3?

The Process Description Capture Method. The Object State Transition Description Method. Supports descriptions at any desired level of detail

through Decompositions. Employs the concepts of Scenarios to simplify the

structure of complex process flow descriptions. Supports the capture of multiple viewpoints.

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Flow Charting Process Modeling

Conveys process logic in an ambiguous manner

Does not provide information about the objects in a process

Conveys process logic with unambiguous syntax

Can capture varying levels of abstraction from multiple viewpoints

Embellishes the process with objects and simulation data

Varying levels of abstraction cannot be captured

Flow Charting vs. Process ModelingFlow Charting vs. Process Modeling

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A Generic Process Modeling Tool ...A Generic Process Modeling Tool ...

Automates the IDEF3 method. Complies with the method standards. Provides background quality checking and

advisory support. Utilizes SmartDraw capability.

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IDEF3 OverviewIDEF3 Overview

Section 1: Basic Elements of theProcess Diagram

Section 2: Documenting the ProcessFlow

Section 3: Enhancing the ProcessDescription

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Basic Elements Basic Elements of the Process of the Process

DiagramDiagramProcesses

Links

Junctions

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Function Action Process

Activity ActOperation

Event Scenario Decision

ProcedureRepresented by

Verb-based Label

Node # IDEF Ref #

ProcessesProcesses

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LinksLinks

Purpose Describe temporal, logical, conventional, or natural

constraints between processes

Types of Links Simple Precedence Object Flow Relation

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You have to turn on the computer before you can login.

Precedence LinkPrecedence Link

Express simple temporal precedence between instances of one process type and another.

Each instance of the source process will complete before the paired instance of the destination process can begin.

1 2

Turn on computer

Login

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There is an object (Part) that is common to both processes.

Paint Part

1 2

Dry Part

Object Flow LinkObject Flow Link

Indicates the participation of an object in two process instances.

Has the same temporal semantics as a precedence link.

Lack of an Object Flow link does not preclude the existence of an object participation between two processes.

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Commonly used relational (dashed) link relations: Before Meets Starts Triggers

During Overlaps Causes

After Finishes Enables

(a)1 1

22

Relational LinkRelational Link

Activity B

2

Activity A

1

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2

Fan-in junction

4

3 5

61

Fan-out junction

J1 J2

JunctionsJunctions

IDEF3 junctions show convergence or divergence of multiple process flows and their timing.

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17MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems DevelopmentDelen

Asynchronous And — All preceding (or following) actions must complete (or start).

& & Synchronous And — All preceding (or following) actions must complete (or start) simultaneously.

Asynchronous Or — One or more of the preceding (or following) will complete (or start).

Synchronous Or — One or more of the preceding (or following) will complete (or start) simultaneously.

OO

XExclusive Or — Exactly one of the preceding (or following) will complete (or start).

JunctionsJunctions

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Receivepurchaserequisition

Approverequest

9.1

Denyrequest

Partiallyapprove

Reworkpurchaserequest

7/1

Goto/Receivepurchaserequisition

Enter intocomputer

Place theorder

Assign aP.O.#

15.1

Fill P.O.

XJ4

&J7

&J8

7.1 8.1

11.1 12.1

13.1

14.1

10.1

Junctions ExampleJunctions Example

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Taxonomy of JunctionsTaxonomy of Junctions

Junctions

Fan-in Fan-out

XOR (X) AND (&) OR (O)

Synchronous AsynchronousX

&

O

&

O

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Junction Type Meaning

All succeeding process paths will eventually start, andall processes on each path will eventually happen.

All succeeding process paths will start together,and all processes on each path will eventually happen.

One or more of the following process paths will eventually start, and all of the processes on these paths will happen.

There will be a synchronized initiation of one or more process paths.

Exactly one of the following process paths will be initiated, and only the processes on that path will happen.

— Asynchronous “AND”

— Synchronous “AND”

— Asynchronous “OR”

— Synchronous “OR”

— “XOR”

O

X

O

&

&

Junction SemanticsJunction Semantics

Fan-out (Divergence)

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Junction Type Meaning

All preceding processes must complete.

All preceding processes will complete simultaneously.

One or more of the preceding processes will complete.

One or more of the preceding processes will completesimultaneously.

Exactly one of the preceding processes will complete.

— Asynchronous “AND”

— Synchronous “AND”

— Asynchronous “OR”

— Synchronous “OR”

— “XOR”

O

X

O

&

&

Fan-in (Convergence)

Junction SemanticsJunction Semantics

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Process Function Process

Activity Operation

Action Event

Junctions

Links

Asynchronous

Synchronous

Precedence Link

Relational Link

Object Flow Link

Verb-based label

Process # IDEF Ref #

Junctiontype

Junctiontype

ReviewReview

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Documenting the Documenting the Process FlowProcess Flow

Process Elaboration

Objects

Referents

Other Documentation

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Process ElaborationProcess Elaboration

Elaboration FormProcess Label:Process Reference Number:

Objects:

Facts:

Constraints:

Description:

Process Label

Process #

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Elaboration DocumentationElaboration Documentation

Refers To

Each UOB has an elaboration form that provides the defining characterization of the real-world process

Elaboration Form

UOB Name

Objects

Facts

Constraints

Description

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Object Types Instances of Object Types

Entity Location Resource Queue Transport

Paint/Part Paint Booth Operator Part Queue Conveyor

Paint Part

Objects Linked to a ProcessObjects Linked to a Process

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ReferentsReferents

Referents draw the reader’s attention to an important point or note.

Referents are often used to: Point to other model elements without showing an

explicit process flow. Indicate a “Go-To” location in complex process flows. Specify constraints on junctions. Provide links to Object State Transition Networks.

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. . . simply point the reader to some other aspect of the model that needs to be considered.

&

1

2 3

4

5 J1 J2

&

Object: Pur. Req.

Scenario / Ordering Contracted parts

Object /Contracted Parts

Receive request for purchase

Prepare and dispatch purchase order

Negotiate price with vendor

Receive request for purchase

Identify Supplier

ReferentsReferents

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Other DocumentationOther Documentation

Glossary Textual descriptions of the process elements.

Sources Source material used in the construction of the process

description.

Notes Annotations resulting from the model review process.

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Enhancing the Enhancing the Process Process

DescriptionsDescriptionsScenario

Scenario Objectives

Decompositions

Object State Transmission Networks

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ScenariosScenarios

Scenarios are the organizing structure for IDEF3 descriptions. A scenario represents a commonly occurring situation. Business events that we are specifically planning for. e.g., “core” or “primary” process under investigation.

Different views can be different scenarios.

A base scenario is always needed.

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“Painting a part in the company paint shop.”

Paintpart

1 2 3X

Drypart

Testcoverage

Go-To/Paint part

1/1

4

Route tonext stop

Paint Shop ExamplePaint Shop Example

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Scenario ObjectivesScenario Objectives

Viewpoint Determines what can be seen and from what

perspective.

Purpose Establishes the goal of the communication intended by

the description. Defines why the description is being developed, and

specifies how it will be used.

Context Establishes the subject of a description. Establishes the subject as a part of a larger whole. Creates a boundary within the environment.

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Syntactically, a decomposition is just another IDEF3 process flow diagram.

DecompositionDecomposition

Purpose Decreases complexity of a diagram. Enables the capture of descriptions at varying levels of

abstraction. Provides the ability to model the same process from

different knowledge sources or different points of view.

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DecompositionDecomposition

Decompositions allow you to break the process into pieces which are stand-alone processes.

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DecompositionDecomposition

Types Objective view: Multiple view decompositions may be

consolidated into an objective view--the view perceived by a neutral observer. There can be only one objective view.

Role view: The view of a process as understood by, or from the perspective of, one individual, role type, or functional organization. There may be more than one role view of a process.

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Top-level Scenario: AS-IS Order Process

Customer Places Order

1.1

Supplier Processes

Order

2.1

Del. Svc. Transports Materials

3.1

Customer Rec./Dis. Materials

4.1

Purchase Order ExamplePurchase Order Example

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Decomposition: Customer Places Order

5.1

Sys. Cross Ref. Part # w/Order

Details

6.1 7.1

Open Channel/Send File to Target

Printer

8.1

Operator Enters Item Description

System Generates

Pick Ticket File

Customer Places Order

1.1

Supplier Processes

Order

2.1

Del. Svc. Transports Materials

3.1

Customer Rec./Dis. Materials

4.1

Purchase Order ExamplePurchase Order Example

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Numbering

7

Receivepurchaserequisition

8.1

Approverequest

9

Denyrequest

11

Approvepartially

XJ4

Give forapproval

8

Completeproposal

Prepare proposal

Evaluaterequest

8.1.44 8.1.45 8.1. 46 8.1.47

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Analyzing Objects & Object StatesAnalyzing Objects & Object States

Objects and their related processes can be studied in an object-centered view by using the Object State Transition Network (OSTN).

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Object State

Transition Arc

Referents

ObjectStateLabel

Asynchronous SynchronousReferent Referent

Locator

Referent Type/ID

Locator

Referent Type/ID

The IDEF3 OSTN LanguageThe IDEF3 OSTN Language

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The IDEF3 OSTN LanguageThe IDEF3 OSTN Language

Transition ArcsTransition Arcs

Object State

EntryConditions

StateDescription

ExitConditions

In the ObjectIn the ObjectState ElaborationState Elaboration

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Allows construction of an object-centered viewAllows construction of an object-centered view Summarizes allowable transitions of an object in the domainSummarizes allowable transitions of an object in the domain Used to document data life cyclesUsed to document data life cycles Cuts across the process flow diagramsCuts across the process flow diagrams Characterizes dynamic behavior of objectsCharacterizes dynamic behavior of objects

UOBReferent

ObjectState II

ObjectState IV

ObjectState III

ObjectState I

ScenarioReferent

OSTNReferent

OSTN DiagramOSTN Diagram

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ScenarioReferent

UOBDry part

2

Solidpaint on

part

Paintcovered bynew layer

UOB/Testcoverage

3

UOB/Testcoverage

3

1

Liquidpaint inmachine

Paint covered by

polish

Paint Shop Scenario: Paint OSTN Paint Shop Scenario: Paint OSTN (Focus Object: Paint)(Focus Object: Paint)

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IDEF3 ModelsIDEF3 Models

Reading

Building

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Reading IDEF3 ModelsReading IDEF3 Models

Study the context, purpose, and viewpoint to understand the scope of the model.

Read process flow diagrams from left to right, starting with the leftmost process(es). Reading a diagram in this manner is called

“performing a walkthrough.”

Examine carefully the description and elaboration form of each element.

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IDEF3 Model Development ProcessIDEF3 Model Development Process

Establish and refine CV&P - validate Collect information and artifacts - validate Identify candidate Scenarios - validate Identify candidate UOBs - validate Specify elaboration per UOB - validate Construct process flow diagrams - validate Develop OSTN diagram for flow objects - validate Refine from OSTN to Flow model - validate Apply results - validate Maintain

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Establish and refine CV&PEstablish and refine CV&P

What are the boundaries What is in and out Essentially define the top level scenario

What is visible and what is not What are the completion criteria

What decisions need to be made

Won’t get it right the first time Will refine during the course of doing the model

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Collect Information and ArtifactsCollect Information and Artifacts

Identify sources and expert reviewers Identify stakeholders Interview

All relevant levels in the organization Listen carefully Take detailed notes Collect as much as you can

Organize the collected material Go through the Author-Reader-Review cycle

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The Author-Reader-Review CycleThe Author-Reader-Review Cycle

Kit

Kit withReviewer

Comments

Kit with Commentsand AuthorResponse

Model Author

Library Coordinator

Expert Reviewer

1.

2.

3.

The team:• source experts• reviewers• modelers• method/modeling experts• team and project managers• librarian/model coordinator

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Identify candidate objectsIdentify candidate objects

Pick out object references Name coining is a key activity

Definite descriptors need to be converted to names Use nouns or noun phrases

Organize the lists By kind By part-of relations

Validate with reviewer cycle

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Group Objects into HierarchiesGroup Objects into Hierarchies

Solidify name references Harmonize terminology Construct new names for the super-kinds or

compositions May guide modeler in identification of missing

functions

Validate with experts

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Define UOB elaborationDefine UOB elaboration

Associate objects with UOB Identify roles that objects play relative to a UOB

flow entity [operated upon] resource objects [affects flow entities or each other] information object [may be a kind of resource]

Identify facts: observed relations between objects Identify constraints: relations that must hold for this

UOB to occur Check object association on the next level of detail Check object relevance on the same level

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Construct DiagramsConstruct Diagrams

Build what diagrams you can from the composition relationships

Look for inconsistent or incomplete statements Analyze to find the key missing relations Complete the story as best as you can from the

source material Validate with experts

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Refine upwards and downwardsRefine upwards and downwards

Arrange diagrams in hierarchy Check consistency of interfaces Is the boundary clearly defined?

Refine upwards

Do the leaf nodes contain information required to address the modeling purpose? Refine downwards

Validate with experts

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Building IDEF3 ModelsBuilding IDEF3 Models

Do not follow an XOR fan-out junction with an AND fan-in junction.

Avoid multiple leftmost processes in a diagram: their interpretation is ambiguous. Use a fan-out junction preceding the multiple leftmost processes

to clarify the process flow.

When possible, avoid nested fan-out junctions to simplify diagrams.

A fan-out junction immediately following a fan-in junction can indicate a missing process in the diagram.

Some practical guidelines—

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ConclusionConclusion

IDEF3 documents current processes for standardization and provides guidelines for new process members to reduce the learning curve.

IDEF3 provides a mechanism to capture the temporal sequence of a process, the decision logic effecting the process, and the state transitions of objects within the process.

IDEF3 serves as a tool to analyze existing processes and design and test new processes before committing to expensive changes.

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IDEF0 vs. IDEF3 IDEF0 vs. IDEF3

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When To Do IDEFØ Before IDEF3When To Do IDEFØ Before IDEF3

When definite precedence or flow logic does not appear in the description

When the interviewee tells you what she does, not how she does it

When there are no clear separations between the activities being described

When policy rather than procedure is being described

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When To Do IDEF3 Before IDEFØWhen To Do IDEF3 Before IDEFØ

When the descriptions are very procedural or detailed in nature

Where logical or precedence sequences form a major portion of the acquired description

When the domain expert describes the timing and/or logic of a process

When the domain expert focuses on objects and their flow or participation in the environment

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PPROROSSIMIM Windows Windows

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Window TypesWindow Types

PROSIM provides three window types in which to view process models and one for viewing object states. Each window provides a different perspective on the model.

Process Flow Nodelist Window Process Diagram Window Process/Object Matrix Window Object State Transition Network (OSTN) Window

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Process Flow Nodelist WindowProcess Flow Nodelist Window

The Process Flow Nodelist Window shows the entire hierarchy of scenarios in the active project, also indicating the decomposition diagrams within each scenario and the processes in each diagram.

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Process Flow Nodelist WindowProcess Flow Nodelist Window

Drag and drop elements in the nodelist to copy a scenario to create a new decomposition to move the contents of one diagram to another to rearrange processes

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Process Diagram WindowProcess Diagram Window

The Process Diagram Window shows individual models using the standard IDEF3 graphic display.

It provides a process-centered perspective of the system being modeled.

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Process/Object Matrix WindowProcess/Object Matrix Window

The P/O Matrix Window shows all the processes in the model and all objects associated with those processes.

The matrix cells indicate associations between processes and objects. Cells also show each object’s simulation type.

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OSTN WindowOSTN Window

The OSTN Window illustrates graphically how objects change during a process flow.

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Presenting the Presenting the ModelModel

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External Customer

Presentation FeaturesPresentation Features

In Custom Display mode, you can replace elements with custom bitmaps and control the color of the elements.

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External Customer

Presentation FeaturesPresentation Features

In Presentation Display mode, you can drag elements into specific Swim Lanes represented by different color-codes.

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Importing & Importing & Exporting ModelsExporting Models

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Model ManagementModel Management

PROSIM’s import and export capabilities allow you to exchange and convert between different IDEF model types.

Importing—Import models from other KBSI tools as well as text files you create.

Exporting—Export an entire project or a single model.

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Importing Activity ModelsImporting Activity Models

When PROSIM imports activity models, PROSIM partially reconstructs the imported models. Elements are placed into the pools where you can begin distributing them to models in your project. Activities—converted to processes and placed into the

Process Pool. Concepts—converted to objects and placed into the Object

Pool. Inputs > Entities Outputs > Entities Controls > Logicals Mechanisms > Resources

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ExportingExporting

Entire projects Individual diagrams Pools Simulation models

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Simulation Simulation Modeling in Modeling in

PPROROSSIMIM

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What is Simulation?What is Simulation?

Process models represent process-centered views of the modeled system and incorporate logical assumptions about how the system works.

In simulation models, this process-centered view becomes an object-centered view, allowing the modeler to numerically evaluate the performance of the model at discrete points of time.

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Process times and resource rules are a function of processes and determine the amount of time required for a process to complete and how resources are used in a single activation. These data map to WITNESS as cycle time and labor.

You can also define the cost of resources and entity changes that occur in the process.

Processes & SimulationProcesses & Simulation

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Simulation information for objects represents how the object participates in the process.

For entities, you can define: How the entity arrives in

the process The number of entities

arriving The inter-arrival time of

entity batches

Objects & SimulationObjects & Simulation

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Simulation information for junctions represents how junctions produce or combine entities (AND junctions) or how junctions route entities through the process flow (XOR junctions).

For XOR junctions, you can define how the junction logically passes entities to the next element in the process flow. When you select a logic type, you can then detail the type for the junction occurrence.

Junctions & SimulationJunctions & Simulation

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Exporting a PROSIM Exporting a PROSIM Simulation Model into Simulation Model into

WITNESSWITNESS STEPS: Complete validation of PROSIM

Simulation Model.

Generate Simulation Model Code.

Remember where you saved your file.

Access Simulation Model File through the WITNESS “Read Commands” option under the “File” Menu.

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Running a Simulation Running a Simulation ModelModel

Several options are available for running a Simulation Model:

(1) Click on “Run” and again on “Run” to run the Simulation Model. There are other options available for stopping the model (Stop) and for returning the model to the start point (Begin). You can also use the ICONs at the bottom left portion of the WITNESS Screen.

(2) Click on this ICON to run the Simulation Model.

(3) Click on this ICON to stop the Simulation Model.

(4) Click on this ICON to “rewind” the model (return it to the start point).

(1)

(2)(3)

(4)

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Process Modeling Process Modeling to Project to Project PlanningPlanning

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PROJECTLINK allows you to translate your process models into a scheduling chart format and to create process models from existing schedules.

Export a *.txt file from PROSIM

Import an *.mpx file into your project

management software

Save your work in an *.mpx format

Import a *.txt file into PROSIM

PPROROSSIMIM & P & PROJECTROJECTLLINKINK

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Assignment #2Assignment #2

Develop a IDEF3 process model of a system of your choice.Develop a IDEF3 process model of a system of your choice. Make sure toMake sure to

DefineDefine Context, Purpose, and Viewpoint Context, Purpose, and Viewpoint IncludeInclude at least 2 Levels of at least 2 Levels of DecompositionsDecompositions UseUse at least two different types of junctions (XOR, OR, AND) at least two different types of junctions (XOR, OR, AND) UseUse at least two referents at least two referents

Use ProSim to generate and print the diagrams. If you wish, you Use ProSim to generate and print the diagrams. If you wish, you may also use other drawing tools (Visio, PowerPoint drawing may also use other drawing tools (Visio, PowerPoint drawing tools, etc.)tools, etc.)

Assignments should be typed, and should have a cover page including Assignments should be typed, and should have a cover page including your name, date, and assignment number. your name, date, and assignment number.