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A Guide to IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
The user of this document is responsible for obtaining the latest copy prior to use. Obsolete copies may be archived and used for reference purposes only. The latest version of this document is located at: http://www-03.ibm.com/support/techdocs/atsmastr.nsf/WebIndex/WP101655
Revision History 1.0.0 – March 25, 2010 1.1.0 – May 17, 2010 1.2.0 – July 20, 2010 1.3.0 – September 28, 2010 1.4.0 – October 26, 2010
Initial Release Updated sections Introduction, How To Use This Guide, Input Connection Block for IBM UPS7500/10000, IBM System x Server Label Rating, IBM Storage Label Rating, IEC 309 Pin & Sleeve Plug Decode, and IEC 320 Connectors. Modified run times to be all in minutes. Added Some Background on Power Factor and UPS Sizing section. Added new rack mounted IBM UPS1500, IBM UPS2200, and IBM UPS3000, new line cords Update Helpful Links section. Updated Line Cords and Plugs section. Added new rack mounted IBM UPS6000. Add new IBM UPS1000/1500 tower models.
Contributors
Marc Hollingsworth [email protected] Manager, Global Accounts – Eaton http://www.eaton.com/ibm Ben Hilmus [email protected] World Wide Product Marketing Manager – IBM Systems x Preston Miller [email protected] Global Program Manager – American Power Conversion (APC) http://www.apc.com
Notices: This paper is intended to provide information regarding IBM
® System x™ Power Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS). It discusses findings
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE .............................................................................................................................................................. 6
IBM UPS QUICK VIEW .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
IBM UPS1000 TOWER NEW ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Optional Accessories ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 SELECTABLE LINE CORDS – IBM UPS1000 TOWER (230V) ................................................................................................................ 9 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS1000 TOWER (100/120V) ............................................................................................................... 10
Logical Layout – IBM UPS1000 Tower (100/120V)............................................................................................................ 10 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS1000 TOWER (230V) ....................................................................................................................... 11
Logical Layout – IBM UPS1000 Tower (230V) ................................................................................................................... 11 RUN TIME – IBM UPS1000 TOWER ............................................................................................................................................. 12
IBM UPS1500 TOWER NEW ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Optional Accessories ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 SELECTABLE LINE CORDS – IBM UPS1500 TOWER .......................................................................................................................... 14 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS1500 TOWER (120V) ....................................................................................................................... 15
Logical Layout – IBM UPS1500 Tower (120V) ................................................................................................................... 15 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS1500 TOWER (100V) ....................................................................................................................... 16
Logical Layout – IBM UPS1500 Tower (100V) ................................................................................................................... 16 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS1500 TOWER (230V) ....................................................................................................................... 17
Logical Layout – IBM UPS1500 Tower (230V) ................................................................................................................... 17 RUN TIME – IBM UPS1500 TOWER ............................................................................................................................................. 18
IBM UPS1000/1500 TOWER – OLD ..................................................................................................................................... 19
SELECTABLE LINE CORDS – UPS1000/1500THV ............................................................................................................................ 20 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS1000/1500 LOW VOLTAGE ............................................................................................................... 20
Logical Layout – IBM UPS1000 Low Voltage ..................................................................................................................... 20 Logical Layout – IBM UPS1500 Low Voltage ..................................................................................................................... 21
OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS1000/1500 HIGH VOLTAGE .............................................................................................................. 21 Logical Layout – IBM UPS1000 High Voltage .................................................................................................................... 21 Logical Layout – IBM UPS1500 High Voltage .................................................................................................................... 22
RUN TIME – IBM UPS1000/1500 .............................................................................................................................................. 22
IBM UPS1500 – RACK MOUNTED (RM) .............................................................................................................................. 23
Optional Accessories ......................................................................................................................................................... 23 SELECTABLE LINE CORDS – IBM UPS1500 RM .............................................................................................................................. 24 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS1500 RM 100/120V ...................................................................................................................... 24
Logical Layout – IBM UPS1500 RM 100/120V .................................................................................................................. 24 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS1500 RM 230V .............................................................................................................................. 25
Logical Layout – IBM UPS1500 RM 230V .......................................................................................................................... 25 RUN TIME – IBM UPS1500 RM ................................................................................................................................................. 25
IBM UPS2200 – RACK MOUNTED (RM) .............................................................................................................................. 26
Optional Accessories ......................................................................................................................................................... 26 SELECTABLE LINE CORDS – IBM UPS2200 RM .............................................................................................................................. 27 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS2200 RM 100/120V ...................................................................................................................... 28
Logical Layout – IBM UPS2200 RM 100/120V .................................................................................................................. 28 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS2200 RM 230V .............................................................................................................................. 29
Logical Layout – IBM UPS2200 RM 230V .......................................................................................................................... 29 RUN TIME – IBM UPS2200 RM – 100/120V .............................................................................................................................. 29 RUN TIME – IBM UPS2200 RM – 230V ...................................................................................................................................... 30
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
EBM CONNECTIONS – IBM UPS2200 RM .................................................................................................................................... 30
IBM UPS3000 – RACK MOUNTED (RM) .............................................................................................................................. 31
Optional Accessories ......................................................................................................................................................... 31 SELECTABLE LINE CORDS – IBM UPS3000 RM .............................................................................................................................. 32 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS3000 RM 100/120V ...................................................................................................................... 33
Logical Layout – IBM UPS3000 RM 100/120V .................................................................................................................. 33 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS3000 RM 200/208V ...................................................................................................................... 34
Logical Layout – IBM UPS3000 RM 200/208V .................................................................................................................. 34 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS3000 RM 230V .............................................................................................................................. 35
Logical Layout – IBM UPS3000 RM 230V .......................................................................................................................... 35 RUN TIME – IBM UPS3000 RM 100/120V ................................................................................................................................. 35 RUN TIME – IBM UPS3000 RM 200/208V ................................................................................................................................. 36 RUN TIME – IBM UPS3000 RM 230V ........................................................................................................................................ 36 EBM CONNECTIONS – IBM UPS3000 RM .................................................................................................................................... 36
IBM UPS5000 – RACK MOUNTED ....................................................................................................................................... 37
SELECTABLE LINE CORDS – IBM UPS5000 ..................................................................................................................................... 37 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS5000 ............................................................................................................................................. 38
Logical Layout – IBM UPS5000 .......................................................................................................................................... 38 RUN TIME – IBM UPS5000 ........................................................................................................................................................ 39 EBM CONNECTIONS – IBM UPS5000 .......................................................................................................................................... 39
IBM UPS6000 – RACK MOUNTED NEW .......................................................................................................................... 40
Logical Layout – IBM UPS6000 200/208V ......................................................................................................................... 41 OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS6000 230V .................................................................................................................................... 42
Logical Layout – IBM UPS6000 230V ................................................................................................................................ 42 RUN TIME – IBM UPS6000 ........................................................................................................................................................ 43 EBM CONNECTIONS – IBM UPS6000 .......................................................................................................................................... 43 INPUT CONNECTION BLOCK – IBM UPS6000 ................................................................................................................................. 44
IBM UPS7500/10000 – RACK MOUNTED ............................................................................................................................ 45
OUTLET DIAGRAM – IBM UPS7500/10000 ................................................................................................................................. 46 Logical Layout – IBM UPS7500/10000 .............................................................................................................................. 46
RUN TIME – IBM UPS7500/10000 ............................................................................................................................................ 47 EBM CONNECTIONS – IBM UPS7500/10000 .............................................................................................................................. 48 INPUT CONNECTION BLOCK – IBM UPS7500/10000 ..................................................................................................................... 49
International Connection Only .......................................................................................................................................... 49 North American Connection Only ...................................................................................................................................... 49
LINE CORDS AND PLUGS .................................................................................................................................................... 50
100-127V NEMA 5-15P (UNITED STATES) UPS1000/1500TLV .................................................................................................... 50 100/120V NEMA 5-15P (NORTH AMERICA & JAPAN) UPS1500 RM & TOWER ............................................................................... 50 100/120V NEMA 5-20P (NORTH AMERICA & JAPAN) UPS2200 RM ............................................................................................. 50 100/120V NEMA L5-30P (NORTH AMERICA & JAPAN) UPS3000 RM ............................................................................................ 51 200/208V NEMA L6-20P (NORTH AMERICA & JAPAN) UPS3000 RM ............................................................................................ 51 CEE7-VII (EUROPE) ................................................................................................................................................................... 52 DK2-5A (DENMARK) .................................................................................................................................................................. 52 SEV 1011-S24507 (SWITZERLAND) ............................................................................................................................................. 52 SI 32 (ISRAEL) ........................................................................................................................................................................... 53 CEI 23-16 (ITALY) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 53 SABS 164 (SOUTH AFRICA) ......................................................................................................................................................... 54 BS 1363/A (UK) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 54 AS/NZS 3112 (AUS/NZ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 55
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
REFERENCE MATERIAL ....................................................................................................................................................... 61
IBM BLADECENTER CHASSIS LABEL RATING .................................................................................................................................... 61 IBM STORAGE LABEL RATING ....................................................................................................................................................... 61 IBM SYSTEM X SERVER LABEL RATING ............................................................................................................................................ 62 IBM IDATAPLEX CHASSIS LABEL RATING ......................................................................................................................................... 63 IBM XSERIES SERVER LABEL RATING .............................................................................................................................................. 64 SOME BACKGROUND ON POWER FACTOR AND UPS SIZING ................................................................................................................ 65 IEC 309 PIN & SLEEVE PLUG DECODE ........................................................................................................................................... 67 INGRESS PROTECTION (IP) DECODE ............................................................................................................................................... 67 IEC 320 CONNECTORS ................................................................................................................................................................ 68 60A THREE PHASE DELTA POWER CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 68 32A THREE PHASE WYE POWER CALCULATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 69 UPS INSTALLATION MANUAL LINKS ............................................................................................................................................... 70 HELPFUL LINKS........................................................................................................................................................................... 71
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
Introduction The Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems covered in this guide are those that are currently marketed worldwide. The intent of this guide is to provide UPS information when needed when planning power for System x and BladeCenter solutions. This guide is best used in softcopy form since it contains hyperlinks for navigation. This document can still be used in hardcopy as reference only. You can obtain the latest copy of this document by sending an email to [email protected] or [email protected] (put “Latest UPS Guide” in the subject line). For more information about how to size and plan for UPS systems, see the “Background on Power Factor and UPS Sizing” section on page 65 of this document.
How to Use This Guide
In order to size a UPS properly, you need to know the total power requirements of what will be connected to the UPS. This information is available from the System x & BladeCenter Power Configurator:
http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/bladecenter/resources/powerconfig.html When the total supported power is know, and appropriately sized UPS can be selected. Once a UPS is selected the solution wiring needs to be figured out. UPS systems have outlet and group limits, much like PDUs and the solution needs to be wired so as to not exceed the outlet and/or group rating of the UPS. The IT appliances and UPS systems need to be wired according to system nameplate rating for compliance with local electrical codes and product support documentation. In cases where a UPS fits the electrical load of a solution, but the UPS does not have sufficient C13 outlets, DPI Universal Rack PDUs (P/N: 39Y8951 F/C: 5950) may be able to be used to offer additional C13 outlets. When wiring the solution using PDUs, the same restrictions apply in that the outlet and group limitations of the UPS and PDUs are not exceeded.
1 – “5-15” refers to NEMA 5-15 outlet 2 – “5-20” refers to NEMA 5-20 outlet 3 – “L5-20” refers to NEMA L5-20 outlet 4 – “L6-20” refers to NEMA L6-20 outlet 5 – “C13” refers to IEC320 C13 outlet
6 – “C19” refers to IEC320 C19 outlet 7 – Supported only in Japan 8 – Not supported in North America or Japan 9 – “L6-30” refers to NEMA L6-30 outlet
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
39Y7917 81Y2376 CEE7-VII Europe 39Y7918 81Y2382 DK2-5a Denmark 39Y7919 81Y2390 SEV 1011-S24507 Switzerland 39Y7920 81Y2381 SI 32 Israel 39Y7921 81Y2380 CEI 23-16 Italy 39Y7922 81Y2379 SABS 164 South Africa 39Y7923 81Y2377 BS 1363/A United Kingdom 39Y7924 81Y2383 AS/NZS 3112 Australia / New Zealand 39Y7925 81Y2385 KSC 8305 South Korea 39Y7927 81Y2386 IS6538 India 39Y7928 81Y2378 GB 2099.1 China 81Y2374 81Y2388 CNS 10917 (125V) Taiwan 81Y2375 81Y2389 CNS 10917 (250V) Taiwan 39Y7929 81Y2387 NBR 6147 Brazil 39Y7930 81Y2384 IRAM 2073 Argentina
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
39Y7917 81Y2376 CEE7-VII Europe 39Y7918 81Y2382 DK2-5a Denmark 39Y7919 81Y2390 SEV 1011-S24507 Switzerland 39Y7920 81Y2381 SI 32 Israel 39Y7921 81Y2380 CEI 23-16 Italy 39Y7922 81Y2379 SABS 164 South Africa 39Y7923 81Y2377 BS 1363/A United Kingdom 39Y7924 81Y2383 AS/NZS 3112 Australia / New Zealand 39Y7925 81Y2385 KSC 8305 South Korea 39Y7927 81Y2386 IS6538 India 39Y7928 81Y2378 GB 2099.1 China 81Y2374 81Y2388 CNS 10917 (125V) Taiwan 81Y2375 81Y2389 CNS 10917 (250V) Taiwan 39Y7929 81Y2387 NBR 6147 Brazil 39Y7930 81Y2384 IRAM 2073 Argentina
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
Line Cord Plug Type Country or Region 39Y7917 CEE7-VII Europe 39Y7918 DK2-5a Denmark 39Y7919 SEV 1011-S24507 Switzerland 39Y7920 SI 32 Israel 39Y7921 CEI 23-16 Italy 39Y7922 SABS 164 South Africa 39Y7923 BS 1363/A United Kingdom 39Y7924 AS/NZS 3112 Australia / New Zealand 39Y7925 KSC 8305 South Korea 39Y7927 IS6538 India 39Y7928 GB 2099.1 China 39Y7929 NBR 6147 Brazil 39Y7930 IRAM 2073 Argentina
Outlet Diagram – IBM UPS1000/1500 Low Voltage
OutletsInput Line Cord
15A Circuit Breaker
Battery Connector *
Logical Layout – IBM UPS1000 Low Voltage
Input Line
5-15
5-15
15A
15A
5-15
5-15
15A
15A
15A
Output = 7A Max 100-120V
Input = 10A 100-120V
Outlet TypeBreaker
Amperage
Outlet
Amperage
AC to DC
then
DC to AC
5-15
5-15
15A
15A
5-15
5-15
15A
15A
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
39Y7917 81Y2376 CEE7-VII Europe 39Y7918 81Y2382 DK2-5a Denmark 39Y7919 81Y2390 SEV 1011-S24507 Switzerland 39Y7920 81Y2381 SI 32 Israel 39Y7921 81Y2380 CEI 23-16 Italy 39Y7922 81Y2379 SABS 164 South Africa 39Y7923 81Y2377 BS 1363/A United Kingdom 39Y7924 81Y2383 AS/NZS 3112 Australia / New Zealand 39Y7925 81Y2385 KSC 8305 South Korea 39Y7927 81Y2386 IS6538 India 39Y7928 81Y2378 GB 2099.1 China 81Y2374 81Y2388 CNS 10917 (125V) Taiwan 81Y2375 81Y2389 CNS 10917 (250V) Taiwan 39Y7929 81Y2387 NBR 6147 Brazil 39Y7930 81Y2384 IRAM 2073 Argentina
Outlet Diagram – IBM UPS1500 RM 100/120V
Ground Screw RS-232
Connector
2 IEC 320 C13
(Load Segment 2)Remote emergency
power-off port
4 NEMA 5-15R
(Load Segment 1)USB
Detachable
Line CordOptional
NMC Bay
Logical Layout – IBM UPS1500 RM 100/120V
Input Line
5-15
5-15
15A
15A
5-15
5-15
15A
15A
Output = 10A Max @ 100-120V
C13
C13
10A
10A
Input = 13A Max @ 100-120V
Outlet Type
Outlet
Amperage
AC to DC
then
DC to AC
Note: Color Indicates Load Grouping
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
39Y7917 81Y2376 CEE7-VII Europe 39Y7918 81Y2382 DK2-5a Denmark 39Y7919 81Y2390 SEV 1011-S24507 Switzerland 39Y7920 81Y2381 SI 32 Israel 39Y7921 81Y2380 CEI 23-16 Italy 39Y7922 81Y2379 SABS 164 South Africa 39Y7923 81Y2377 BS 1363/A United Kingdom 39Y7924 81Y2383 AS/NZS 3112 Australia / New Zealand 39Y7925 81Y2385 KSC 8305 South Korea 39Y7927 81Y2386 IS6538 India 39Y7928 81Y2378 GB 2099.1 China
Line Cord Plug Type Country or Region 40K9766 CEE7-VII Europe 40K9767 BS 1363/A w/13A fuse UK 40K9768 CEI 23-16 Italy 40K9769 IEC 309-P+N+G Dmk/Swiss 40K9770 SABS 164 S Africa 40K9771 SI 32 Israel 40K9772 NEMA L6-20P North America & Japan 40K9773 AS/NZS 3112 Australia/NZ 40K9774 GB 2099.1 China 40K9776 IS 6538 India 40K9777 IRAM 2073 Argentina 59Y2747 CNS 10917 (250V) Taiwan 59Y2749 KSC 8305 Korea 69Y1989 NBR 14136 Brazil 81Y2391 SEV 1011 T23 Switzerland
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
IBM UPS5000 – Rack Mounted IBM UPS5000 Front IBM UPS5000 Back
IBM UPS5000 EBM Back
Model UPS5000XHV EBM
Part Number 24195KX 39Y8857
Feature Code Not applicable FC 5743
EBMs Supported 4 -
EPO Connection Yes -
Power Factor 0.9 -
UPS Type Double Conversion -
Input UPS5000XHV EBM
Line Cord Selectable -
Voltage 200-240V -
VA 5000 -
Max Current 30A -
Phase / Frequency 1ph / 50 or 60Hz. -
Output UPS5000XHV EBM
Watts 4500 -
Nominal voltage 200-240V -
Maximum Amperage 22.5A -
Receptacles 8 x IEC320 C13 2 x IEC320 C19
-
Selectable Line Cords – IBM UPS5000
Line Cord Plug Type Country or Region 40K9612 IEC 309 P+N+G International 40K9614 NEMA L6-30P North America 40K9617 AUS/NZ 3112 32A Australia / New Zealand 40K9618 KSC 8305 30A South Korea
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
Install a utility circuit breaker according to local electrical codes (see table below) for input wiring.
Wire functions Terminal position
Uninterruptible power supply wire function
Terminal wire size rating
1
Tightening torque
Input
1 Input ground 5.26 - 16 mm
2
(10-6 AWG) 2.49 Nm (22 inch-pounds)
2 L2 / Neutral In
3 L1 In
6000 VA, 200 V / 208 V models only: A 40 A 2-pole circuit breaker to provide short circuit and over current protection.
6000 VA, 230 V models only: A 32 A (for Europe) or 40 A (for North America) 2-pole circuit breaker to provide short circuit and over current protection. (For Europe) The breaker meets the IEC/EN 60934 standard and has a contact air gap of at least 3 mm.
Notes – Wire color code varies depending on location. Check with the local Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) for proper color code. AWG stands for American Wire Gauge
1 Use the following minimum wire size:
10 AWG for equipment grounding wire, 75°C copper wire minimum
8 AWG for input line and neutral wires, 75°C copper wire minimum
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
Install a utility circuit breaker according to local electrical codes (see table below) for input wiring.
System Input Voltage Nominal Current Full Load Typical
Breaker Size Typical
Wire Size
UPS7500 220/230/240V 1ph 38A 50A 10mm
2
380/400/415V 3ph Y 14A per ph online, 38A on L1 in bypass 50A 10mm2
UPS10000 220/230/240V 1ph 50A 63A 16mm
2
380/400/415V 3ph Y 18A per ph online, 50A on L1 in bypass 63A 16mm2
North American Connection Only
Single Phase Connection
NL3L2L1
3Ө
1Ө
200V
to
240V
Line to Line
1Ө
200V
208V
220V
230V
240V
When wiring in North America the “N” terminal lug can be treated as a “Hot Line” lug.
Install a utility circuit breaker according to local electrical codes (see table below) for input wiring.
System Input Voltage Nominal Current
Full Load Typical
Breaker Size Typical AWG
UPS7500 200 - 240V 1ph (2P+G)
38A 50A 6
UPS10000 50A 60A 6
Notes – Wire color code varies depending on location. Check with the local Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) for proper color code. AWG stands for American Wire Gauge
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
100-127V NEMA 5-15P (United States) UPS1000/1500TLV
Attached 6ft, 15A/120V, NEMA 5-15 Line Cord
Used with: 2130R3X - IBM UPS1000TLV 2130R5X - IBM UPS1500TLV
Male EndFemale End
100/120V NEMA 5-15P (North America & Japan) UPS1500 RM & Tower
Detachable 4.3m, 15A/100-120V, C13 to NEMA 5-15P Line Cord
Used with: 5396-1AX – UPS1000 Tower 120V (Line cord comes with UPS) 5396-1JX – UPS1000 Tower 100V (Line cord comes with UPS) 5396-2AX – UPS1500 Tower 120V (Line cord comes with UPS) 53951AX – UPS1500 RM 100/120V (Line cord comes with UPS)
Male EndFemale End
100/120V NEMA 5-20P (North America & Japan) UPS2200 RM
Detachable 4.3m, 20A/100-120V, NEMA 5-20P Line Cord
Used with: 5396-2JX – UPS1500 Tower 100V (Line cord comes with UPS) 53952AX – UPS2200 RM 100/120V (Line cord comes with UPS)
Male EndFemale End
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
P/N: 39Y7919 2.8m, 10A/230V, C13 to SEV 1011-S24507 (Switzerland) Line Cord P/N: 81Y2390 4.3m, 10A/230V, C13 to SEV 1011-S24507 (Switzerland) Line Cord
UPS systems typically have two ratings, KVA and Watts. In the past, there has been some confusion over how these numbers should be used for planning purposes. This guide will explain the difference between the two and how each is used in the planning process. To establish the basis of terminology used in this guide, here are some brief definitions.
Apparent Power (S) – The product of voltage and current in AC circuits. Apparent power includes capacitive or inductive elements and has units of Volt-Ampere or VA.
Real Power (P) – Energy delivered to do useful work (like powering a server). Real power does not include capacitive or inductive elements
Reactive Power (Q) – The peak power in a reactive load. Reactive power is the imaginary part of apparent power and has units of var.
Power Factor (pf) – The ratio between real and apparent power. Power factor ranges between zero and one and is unit less. Power factor can be leading (capacitive) or lagging (inductive).
The relationship between all of these is best understood graphically.
j im S
Re S
q
P
|S|
jQ
The x axis is the real part of the apparent power and the y axis represents the imaginary part of S. The apparent power by definition is the vector sum of the real and reactive power. Translating this to terms that most are familiar with, think of a freshly poured glass of beer. When the glass is full it is considered collectively as a beer and is equivalent to apparent power S. This collective beer is made up of liquid beer (real power P) and foam (reactive power Q). The liquid beer (real power P) is what is desired, but you must pay for the foam (reactive power Q) as well. The better the bartender (power supply vendor) the more liquid beer (real power P) and less foam (reactive power Q) you get. Back to the math, we introduce the concept of power factor. Power factor is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1 and can be calculated through the following relationship.
pf =Real Power
Apparent Power=
P
S
Power factor, more importantly power factor correction, is important because loads with low power factor require higher current than loads with a power factor closer to 1. When planning circuits, PDUs, and UPS systems, a higher power factor is desired to minimize the current draw on the infrastructure and maximize power distribution efficiency. Getting into a little more detail, pf=1 means that all energy supplied in the circuit is consumed by the load, which is purely resistive. As the power factor decreases (pf<1) the circuit is said to have become more reactive. A reactive circuit stores energy in the load for part of the AC cycle which is then returned to the source later in the cycle. At the opposite end, pf=0 means that the energy supplied at one point in the cycle is stored in the load and returned to the source at another point in the cycle. Today’s IT equipment, for the most part, employs some type of power factor correction. This means that the switching power supply units in the IT equipment are designed to appear as resistive devices to the electrical
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
infrastructure with a power factor (pf) of approximately one (pf=1). In reality, the power factor changes with the load on the IT equipment, but under nominal conditions of today’s modern IT equipment, the power factor is in the range of 0.96 to 0.99. When a UPS is rated, two numbers are typically given, KVA and Watts. The KVA and Watts represent the input apparent and real power respectively. Looking at the quotient of the input ratings gives the designed input power factor. The output of a UPS is restricted to the current limitation of the outlets of the UPS. This limitation can be defined as individual outlet limitations and/or group limitations. The total outlet current limitation of the UPS will be such that the capacity of the UPS will not be exceeded. Using the tables that accompany each UPS in this guide, one is able to calculate run time by knowing the approximate real-load and number of external battery module(s) (if applicable).
A Guide To IBM System x Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
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®
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