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Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan
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Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Dec 26, 2015

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Page 1: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Hypoxia AHF 2203Puan Rosdalila Roslan

Page 2: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Atmosphere

Page 3: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Gases of the atmosphere

Nitrogen78%

Oxygen20.9%

1.1% ARGON, CO2, NEON,HELIUM,

KRYPTON,XENONHYDROGEN,

AMMONIA

Page 4: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Standard Pressure/Temp With The Increase Of Altitude

Altitude (ft) Pressure (mm/Hg) Temperature (o C)

0 760 15.0

18,000 380 -5.3

34,000 190 -62.3

48,000 95 -67.3

63,000 47 -67.04

Page 5: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Overview

Page 6: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Definition

Hypoxia means "reduced oxygen" or "not enough oxygen“. Most concern is with getting enough oxygen to the brain. Any reduction in mental function while flying can result in life-threatening errors.

Page 7: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Causes

Hypoxia can be caused by several factors including:

a) insufficient supply of oxygen, b) inadequate transportation of oxygen, or c) the inability of the body tissues to use

oxygen.

Page 8: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Forms of Hypoxia

hypoxic hypoxia

hypemic hypoxia

stagnant hypoxia

histotoxic hypoxia

Page 9: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Page 10: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

•Hypoxic hypoxia is a result of insufficient oxygen available to the lungs.

•Although the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is constant, but pressure decreases proportionately as atmospheric pressure decreases. This situation leads to only fewer molecules available at the pressure required for them to pass between the membranes in the respiratory system.

Page 11: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Reduced pO2 in the lungs(high

altitude)

Body tissue

Red blood cells

Hypoxic HypoxiaA

deficiency in

Alveolar oxygen

exchange

Page 12: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Hypemic Hypoxia

Page 13: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

•This occurs when the blood is not able to take up and transport a sufficient amount of oxygen to the cells in the body.

•Hypemic means "not enough blood." This type of hypoxia is a result of oxygen deficiency in the blood, rather than a lack of inhaled oxygen, and can be caused by a variety of factors.

Page 14: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

An oxygen deficiency

due to reduction

in the oxygen

carrying capacity of the blood

+

+

+

+

++

+

++

+

+

+

+ ++

Hypemic Hypoxia

Low-

Haem

oglobin

Page 15: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Stagnant Hypoxia

Page 16: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

•Stagnant hypoxia results when the oxygen-rich blood in the lungs isn't moving, for one reason or another, to the tissues that need it.

•An arm or leg going to sleep because the blood flow has accidentally been shut off is one form of stagnant hypoxia.

•This kind of hypoxia can also result from shock, the heart failing to pump blood effectively, or a constricted artery.

Page 17: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Causes:

•During flight, stagnant hypoxia can occur when pulling excessive positive Gs.

•Cold temperatures also can reduce circulation and decrease the blood supplied.

Page 18: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Reduced bloodflow

Blood movingslowly

Adequateoxygen

Red blood cells not

replenishing tissue needs fast enough

Stagnant Hypoxia

G-

Forc

es

Page 19: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Page 20: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

•The inability of the cells to effectively use oxygen is defined as histotoxic hypoxia.

•In this case, plenty of oxygen is being transported to the cells that need it, but they are unable to make use of it.

Page 21: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Causes:

•This impairment of cellular respiration can be caused by alcohol and other drugs, such as narcotics and poisons.

•Research has shown that drinking one ounce of alcohol can equate to about an additional 2,000 feet of physiological altitude.

Page 22: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Red blood cells retain oxygen

Inability of the

cell to accept or use oxygen

Poisoned tissue

Adequateoxygen

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Alcohol

Page 23: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Symptoms

Page 24: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

The common symptoms of hypoxia:

• Cyanosis (blue fingernails and lips) • Headache • Decreased reaction time • Impaired judgment • Euphoria • Visual impairment • Drowsiness • Light-headed or dizzy sensation • Tingling in fingers and toes • Numbness

As altitude increases above 10,000 feet, the symptoms of hypoxia increase in severity, and the time of useful consciousness rapidly decreases.

Page 25: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Symptomology & Altitude Frequency of Occurrence

5,000 ft 10,000 ft 15,000 ft 18,000 ftBlurred vision Hyperventilation Belligerence Cyanosis

Tunnel vision Impaired task management

Euphoria Confusion

Decreased night vision

Air hunger Sleepiness Poor judgment

Apprehension Slow thinking Muscle coordination

Fatigue

Headache

Dizziness

Numbness / Tingling

Page 26: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

Preventions

Page 27: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

•Avoid alcohol and smoking•Healthy Diet•Good physical condition•Lower altitudes•Avoid temperature extremes•Slower Climb rates

Page 28: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

•Immediately use supplemental oxygen▫System on, Mask on, breathe normally

•Check operation of oxygen equipment▫Don’t wait for problems

•Make emergency descent if oxygen is not available

Page 29: Hypoxia AHF 2203 Puan Rosdalila Roslan. Gases of the atmosphere.

•Part 91.211 Supplemental Oxygen