Human Life Tables Human Life Tables and Survivorship and Survivorship Curves Curves
Human Life Tables and Survivorship Curves. PURPOSE: Test hypotheses about human survivorship using: 1.Life tables 2. life expectancy 3.Survivorship curves.
Dec 27, 2015
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Human Life Tables Human Life Tables and Survivorship and Survivorship
CurvesCurves
PURPOSE:PURPOSE:
Test hypotheses about Test hypotheses about human survivorship using:human survivorship using:
1.1.Life tablesLife tables
2.2. life expectancylife expectancy3.3.Survivorship curvesSurvivorship curves
Hypotheses aboutHypotheses aboutMales and FemalesMales and Females
H1 Females have a greater life expectancy than males because of risky male behaviors and the toxic effects of testosterone.
prediction: the survivorship curve and the calculated life expectancy
for females is higher than that for males. H2 Females are more likely to die during the reproductive years
because of the risks associated with pregnancy. prediction: the calculated life expectancy for males during the
reproductive years is higher than that for females and the dx value is greater for females during the reproductive years.
Hypotheses aboutHypotheses aboutPublic HealthPublic Health
R.I.P.BRB
H3 Human life expectancy has increased with time due to advances in medicine, nutrition, and sanitation.
prediction: survivorship curves and calculated life expectancies are
higher for newer graveyards.
What are life tables?
• A life table contains age-specific survival and mortality rates in a population. It also contains fecundity and age distribution information.
• Life tables come in 2 varieties:– Cohort life table: Follows a group of
individuals born at the same time. – Static life table: Constructed by recording
the age at death of a large number of individuals. This is what we’ll be making.
x Dx
Nx
lx ax qx 1000lx log1000lx
0-5 1 4.00 250.00 1.00 0.98 0.02 1000.00 3.00
6-10 2 0.00 246.00 0.98 1.00 0.00 984.00 2.99
11-15 3 1.00 246.00 0.98 1.00 0.00 984.00 2.99
16-20 4 3.00 245.00 0.98 0.99 0.01 980.00 2.99
21-25 5 3.00 242.00 0.97 0.99 0.01 968.00 2.99
26-30 6 0.00 239.00 0.96 1.00 0.00 956.00 2.98
31-35 7 3.00 239.00 0.96 0.99 0.01 956.00 2.98
36-40 8 2.00 236.00 0.94 0.99 0.01 944.00 2.97
41-45 9 1.00 234.00 0.94 1.00 0.00 936.00 2.97
46-50 10 12.00 233.00 0.93 0.95 0.05 932.00 2.97
Example Life Table
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx ax
0-5 16-10 2 x11-15 3Etc.
X = a reference number we assigned to refer to the different classes
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx ax
0-5 1 x-16-10 2 x11-15 3Etc.
X = a reference number we assigned to refer to the different classes
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx ax
0-5 16-10 2 x11-15 3 x+1Etc.
X = a reference number we assigned to refer to the different classes
Life Tables
Age Class x dx
nx lx ax
0-5 1 66-10 2 211-15 3 0Etc.
dx= the number of individuals that die in the x age class.
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx
lx ax
0-5 1 6 How many?
6-10 2 211-15 3 0Etc. Etc.
nx= total number of individuals surviving to the x age class. nx0 (the first nx ) is always the sum of dx
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx
lx ax
0-5 1 6 1006-10 2 2 How many?
11-15 3 0Etc. Etc.
nx= total number of individuals surviving to the x age class. nx = nx-1- dx-1
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx
lx ax
0-5 1 6 1006-10 2 2 9411-15 3 0Etc. Etc.
nx= total number of individuals surviving to the x age class. nx = nx-1- dx-1
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx
lx ax
0-5 1 6 1006-10 2 2 9411-15 3 0 92Etc. Etc.
nx= total number of individuals surviving to the x age class. nx = nx-1- dx-1
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx
ax qx
0-5 1 6 100 ?
6-10 2 2 94 lx =
11-15 3 0 92Etc. Etc.(lx) Survivorship: Portion of population
that survived to the x age class
0n
nx
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx
ax qx
0-5 1 6 100 16-10 2 2 94 .94 lx =
11-15 3 0 92Etc. Etc.(lx) Survivorship: Portion of population
that survived to the x age class
0n
nx
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx
ax qx
0-5 1 6 100 16-10 2 2 94 .94 lx =
11-15 3 0 92 .92Etc. Etc.(lx) Survivorship: Portion of population
that survived to the x age class
0n
nx
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx ax
qx
0-5 1 6 100 16-10 2 2 94 .9411-15 3 0 92 .92 ax =
Etc. Etc.ax = Given you reach the x age class, what is the probability you live to the NEXT age class.
x
x
n
n 1
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx ax
qx
0-5 1 6 100 1 =94/100
6-10 2 2 94 .9411-15 3 0 92 .92 ax =
Etc. Etc.ax = Given you reach the x age class, what is the probability you live to the NEXT age class.
x
x
n
n 1
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx ax qx
0-5 1 6 100 1 .946-10 2 2 94 .9411-15 3 0 92 .92Etc. Etc.
qx = Given you reach the x age class, what is the probability you do NOT live to the NEXT age class.
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx ax qx
0-5 1 6 100 1 .946-10 2 2 94 .94 .9811-15 3 0 92 .92 Etc. Etc.
qx = Given you reach the x age class, what is the probability you do NOT live to the NEXT age class.
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx ax qx
0-5 1 6 100 1 .946-10 2 2 94 .94 .9811-15 3 0 92 .92 qx =
Etc. Etc.qx = Given you reach the x age class, what is the probability you do NOT live to the NEXT age class.
x
x
n
d
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx ax qx
0-5 1 6 100 1 0.946-10 2 2 94 0.94 0.9811-15 3 0 92 0.92Etc. Etc. ax + qx = 1
Life Tables
Age Class x dx nx lx ax qx
0-5 1 6 100 1 0.94 0.066-10 2 2 94 0.94 0.98 0.0211-15 3 0 92 0.92 Etc. Etc.Etc. Etc. ax + qx = 1
Make three: Males, Females, and Totals for your group’s data
Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy
The amount of time one is expected to live once age class x is reached or during a specified period of time.
How can we test whether health issues influence survivorship, or if there is a difference between males and females?
Survivorship curves:Survivorship curves:
R.I.P.BRB
●Make 2: your data (Male vs. Female)Make 2: your data (Male vs. Female)previous data (Old vs. New) previous data (Old vs. New)
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
11.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.81.9
22.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.82.9
33.13.2
0-5 11-15 21-25 31-35 41-45 51-55 61-65 71-75 81-85 91-95 101-105
1000 *
lo
gS
urv
ivo
sh
ip
Age Class
Pine Hill
Females
Male
Graph dx for males vs. females and old vs. new. What does this tell us?
Binomial testsBinomial tests
Male vs. female
Male vs. female childbearing
A lot of data… To leave today you need
1) Three life tables (male, female, all) using lab section’s data
2) Eight life expectancies3) Survivorship curve (M and F) (lab section data)4) Survivorship curve (Old and New) (Previous Data)5) dx graphs6) Binomial tests: male vs. female and male vs. female
childbearing (all five lab sections)
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