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Human Geography of Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica:
Migration and Conquest
China and India influenced Southeast Asia, while Pacific islanders remainedisolated. Eventually, European colonization greatly altered the entire region.
Thatbyinnyu Temple in Bagan, Myanmar.
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SECTION 1 Southeast Asia
SECTION 2 Oceania
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SECTION 3 Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica
Human Geography of Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica:
Migration and Conquest
Unit Atlas: PoliticalUnit Atlas: Physical
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Southeast Asia • Influenced by China and India, Southeast
Asia developed many vibrant, complex cultures.
• European colonialism left a legacy that continues to affect the region’s politics and economics.
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A Long History of Diversity
Nations in the Region • Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar - also the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
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Continued . . .
Early History • China rules northern Vietnam from 111 B.C. to A.D.
393 • India’s Hinduism, Buddhism influence regional
religion, art • Early Southeast Asian states don’t have set borders
- mandalas—rings of state power around centralcourt
- Khmer Empire—Cambodian mandala that lastsfrom 800s to 1400s
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Powerful States • From 1300 to 1800 five powerful states exist in
Southeast Asia- in today’s Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Java,
Malay Peninsula- similar to mandalas, but larger and more complex
• Burmese, Vietnamese, Thai, Javanese national identities develop
• Urbanization takes place, large cities grow- Malay Peninsula’s Malacca has 100,000 people
in early 1500s
continued A Long History of Diversity
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Colonialism and Its Aftermath
European Control • States trade with Arabian, Indian merchants; Islam
grows in islands • In 1509, Europeans mostly seek money, not colonies • Europe controls area’s trade, money goes to Europe• By 1900, all of region, except Siam (Thailand), is
colonized • Colonies forced to farm commodities: rubber, sugar,
rice, tea, coffee • Nationalism unites allies against rulers
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Continued . . .
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Independence • Japan seeks “Asia for Asians,” occupies, exploits
region during WWII • After war, states seek independence • Indochina—French colonial Cambodia, Laos,
North, South Vietnam- Vietnamese defeat French in 1954, win
independence for all Indochina • U.S. becomes involved in Vietnam War
(1957-1975)- tries to stop Communist control of South Vietnam- U.S. leaves in 1973, South Vietnam surrenders in
1975- Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos become Communist
continued Colonialism and Its Aftermath
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An Uneven Economy
Traditional Economies • Agriculture is region’s main income source; rice is
chief food crop- Myanmar is heavily forested; produces teak wood
• Lack of industry- Vietnam War destroyed factories, roads- war refugees left region, reduced work force- political turmoil in Cambodia, Myanmar blocks
growth • Vietnam builds industry, seeks foreign investment
and trade
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Continued . . .
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Industry and Finance • Some countries have more highly developed
economies- Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand- form economic alliance ASEAN—Association of
Southeast Asian Nations- other four Southeast Asian countries join ASEAN
after 1994 • Nations don’t industrialize until 1960s
- industries: agriculture, textile, clothing, electronic products
- Singapore is a finance center
continued An Uneven Economy
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A Rich Mosaic of Culture
Religious Diversity • Includes Buddhism; Catholicism (Philippines); Islam
(Indonesia)- other religions are Hinduism and traditional, local
beliefs
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Rich Artistic Legacy • Buddhism, Hinduism influence region’s sculpture,
architecture- Cambodia’s ancient temple complex of Angkor
Wat - Thailand’s Buddhist temples show modern
religious architecture • Thailand, Indonesia have traditional costumed story
dances
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Changing Lifestyles
The Villages • Wood houses on stilts protect against floods • In Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Buddhist temple is
center of village life • Traditional clothing includes longyi—long, wrapped
skirt of Myanmar
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The Cities • Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Singapore are modern
business cities • Housing shortage forces migrants into slums
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Section 2
Oceania • Settled in ancient times by migrating
Southeast Asians, Oceania developed three cultural regions.
• Contact with Europeans and Americans disrupted the islanders’ traditional ways of life.
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A History of the Islands
Nations in the Region • All, except Nauru, are island groups
- Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia
- Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa- Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
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Continued . . .
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First Islanders • Prehistoric people come from mainland by land
bridges, rafts, canoes- use voyaging canoes to travel as far as Hawaii,
Madagascar • Three geographic, cultural regions:
- Micronesia—“tiny islands”- Melanesia—“black islands”- Polynesia—“many islands”
continued A History of the Islands
Continued . . .
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Contact with the West • Europeans explore Pacific in 1500s • Missionaries try to convert islanders to Christianity in
1800s • Traders seek coconut oil; sailors hunt whales
- settlers grow coconuts, coffee, pineapples, sugar on plantations
• Westerners replace traditions; local societies decline- Europe, U.S. turn islands into territories,
possessions
continued A History of the Islands
Continued . . .
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Recent History • Fierce WWII battles fought in Pacific between Allies
and Japan- after war, U.S. and others use islands to test
nuclear weapons • Many islands have gradually moved toward self-rule
- 12 nations have become independent since 1962- foreigners still rule the other islands
continued A History of the Islands
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A Traditional Economy
Agriculture • In most economies, people work at subsistence
activities- a family produces the food, clothing, shelter it
needs • High islands’ soil supports crops
- bananas, sugar, cocoa, coffee, copra—driedcoconut meat
• Fishing is major source of income
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Other Economic Activities • Nauru, Papua New Guinea have mining activities • Tourism threatens environment, traditional lives
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Culture of the Islands
Language and Religion • Very linguistically diverse region includes 1,100
languages- Papua New Guineans speak 823 languages
• Christianity is most widespread religion due to missionaries- some islanders practice traditional religions
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The Arts • Arts and crafts are sometimes sold to tourists
- baskets and mats woven from palm leaves,carved wooden masks
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Island Life
Traditional Life • Polynesian villages were led by chiefs; societies
were warlike- fishing, farming economies - taro—starchy root that makes poi—a major crop
• Micronesians were more peaceful, lived in extended family groups- fishing villages on coasts; farming, hunting,
gathering inland
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Continued . . .
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Recent Change • Few cities, but they’re growing
- people move for education, jobs- fast growth means shantytowns, bad sanitation- urban dwellers giving up traditional ways
• Modern communication links island groups, connects Oceania to world
continued Island Life
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Section 3
Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica • Both Australia and New Zealand were
colonized by Europeans and still have a strong European heritage.
• Because of its harsh climate Antarctica has no permanent settlements.
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History: Distant European Outposts
The Original Inhabitants • Aboriginal people migrate to Australia from Asia
40,000 years ago- hunter-gatherers with complex religious beliefs,
social structures • New Zealand settled by Maori—migrated from
Polynesia 1,000 years ago
Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica
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Continued . . .
Early Explorers • European explorers arrive in 1600s, 1700s
- Captain James Cook explores New Zealand(1769), Australia (1770)
• Antarctica is discovered in 1820
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European Settlement • In 1788 Britain colonizes Australia
- Sydney founded as a penal colony—a place to send prisoners
• Hunters, whalers from U.S., Europe, Australia colonize New Zealand
• British fight Australian Aborigines; spread European diseases
• With 1840 Treaty of Waitangi Britain controls New Zealand
• Gold discoveries in Australia (1851), New Zealand (1861) draw people
continued History: Distant European Outposts
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Modern Nations
Rights and Land Claims • Australian colonies become independent in 1901,
New Zealand in 1907 • In 1893, New Zealand is first country to give women
the vote • In both countries, native people have less education,
more poverty
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Issues • Australian movement to leave British Commonwealth
is defeated in 1999 • 1959 Antarctica treaty preserves unsettled continent
for research- 18 countries have scientific research stations, 7
claim territory Interactive
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Economy: Meat, Wool, and Butter
Agriculture • New Zealand sells butter, cheese, meat, wool
- in 1998, had 15 times more sheep and cattle than people
- crops include vegetables, fruit • Australia’s sheep ranching makes it the world’s
largest wool exporter
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Continued . . .
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Mining • Australia has diamonds, lead, zinc, opals
- also bauxite, coal, copper, gold, iron ore • Deposits are far from cities so mining operations are
costly- Australian companies forced to turn to foreign
investors- these investors control 1/2 of Australia’s mining
industry
continued Economy: Meat, Wool, and Butter
Continued . . .
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Manufacturing and Service • Australia doesn’t rely heavily on manufacturing • Major industry in Australia, New Zealand is
food-product processing- New Zealand also produces wood, paper products
• 60% of Australia’s jobs are in service industries
continued Economy: Meat, Wool, and Butter
The Economic Future • Both nations want to develop economies less
dependent on agriculture- difficult to compete with Asia’s cheaper labor
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Distinctive Cultures
Australia’s Culture • Most Australians are of British descent
- but many immigrate from places like Greece, Italy, Southeast Asia
- over 20% are foreign born; 1% are Aboriginal • Christianity is major religion; most people speak
English • Ancient Aborigines painted human, animal figures on
rock walls • Australian arts include painters like Russell
Drysdale, novelists
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Continued . . .
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New Zealand’s Culture • Mostly British, European descent; pakehas is Maori
term for whites- 15% of people are descended from Maori
• British, Maori cultural mix—English, Maori are official languages- Christianity is main religion
• Maori art includes woodcarving, poetic legends • Creative figures include authors Janet Frame, Ngaio
Marsh- filmmakers Jane Campion, Peter Jackson
continued Distinctive Cultures
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Modern Life
City and Country • Both countries highly urbanized: 85% of people live
in cities, towns- Australia’s large cities have pollution, traffic
problems- New Zealand’s cities are quiet, uncrowded,
pollution-free • In both countries, ranchers live far from cities
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Recreation • Tennis, rugby, soccer, Australian rules football are
popular- New Zealand has skiing, mountain climbing
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