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Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Dec 25, 2015

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Page 1: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Human Geography Models

Page 2: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Demographic Transition Model

Page 3: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage One

• Every country in the world has moved out of Stage 1 and into at least Stage 2

• High CBR’s and CDR’s: (Roughly around 35 to 40 per 1,000)

• Agricultural Revolution: (8000 B.C.E.): huge boost in population but remained in Stage 1 because of unpredictable harvests, wars, famine, and disease.

Page 4: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 2• CDR drops significantly: • Industrial Revolution: caused population to grow 10x

faster.• 1750 grew 500,000 1800 grew 5 million• Infrastructure improved: sewers installed; food and

water supply safeguarded from contamination.• CBR stays high. NIR very high because of gap

between CDR and CBR

Page 5: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.
Page 6: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 2• Europe and North America entered stage 2

around 1800• Most other countries (Africa, Asia, and Latin

America) around 1950

Medical Revolution: caused Africa, Asia, and Latin America to push into stage 2; Unlike Europe and North America. Medical technology invented in Europe and North America diffused to LDC’s.

Page 7: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 3

• CBR’s drop because of conscious decision to have fewer children.

• CDR continues to fall but at a slower rate than in stage 2. Population continues to grow but at slower rates.

• Growth of Cities

Page 8: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 3 • Europe and North America moved to Stage 3

during the first half of the 20th century• Latin America and Asia moved to stage 3 more

recently• Many African nations are still in stage 2

What were we thinking?

One and done son!

Page 9: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 4

• When CBR and CDR equal one another. • (Around 10 per 1,000) NIR equals zero. Zero

Population Growth: • CBR may be slightly higher than CDR because some

females die before they reproduce.• During ZPG Total Fertility Rates are more often

measured. When the TFR is 2.1 the population replaces itself and there is no growth (or decline)

Page 10: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Epidemiologic Transition Model

Why do we die?

Page 11: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 1: Epidemics and Natural Checks (pestilence and famine)

• Epidemics: The Black Plague (Bubonic Plague)• Natural Checks: animal and human attacks as

well as accidents. Famine

Page 12: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 2: Receding Pandemics• Pandemic: a disease that occurs over a wide

geographic area and affects a very high portion of the population.

• At first crowded cities and living conditions kept death rates high. Cholera spread easily through crowded urban centers.

• Why: improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine during the Industrial Revolution reduced spread of these diseases.

Page 13: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases

• Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging. Cardiovascular diseases (heart attacks) and cancer

• Vaccines are responsible for this decline.

Page 14: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases

• Medical advances prolong life by helping people with cardiovascular diseases and cancer to live longer.

• People are more aware of these diseases and practice better lifestyles to avoid them. Dieting and exercising.

Page 15: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 5: Evolution of Infectious Diseases

• Some say we are moving into a stage 5• Evolution: microbes constantly develop resistance

to drugs and new strands emerge.

•Improved Travel causes further spread; cars connect urban to rural. Airplanes connect countries

Page 16: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Gravity Model

• Migration• Large places attract more people• Closer places are of higher attraction• Therefore people will migrate to the next

largest city.• “migration between two places is directly

proportionate to population and inversely proportionate to distance”

Page 17: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration• Migrants travel short distance• Migrants who travel far tend to go to larger cities.• Rural residents are more likely to migrate than

urban.• Families less likely to migrate across national

borders.

Page 18: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Chain Migration

Page 19: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Language Trees

• Family (Indo European)–Branch (Germanic)

• Group (West Germanic)–Language (English)

»Dialect (Southern, New England, etc.)

1. Indo European2. Sino-Tibetan3. Niger-Congo

1. Mandarin Chinese2. Spanish3. English

Page 20: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Universalizing vs Ethnic Religion• Christianity• Buddhism• Islam

• Hinduism• Judaism

How do they tie into diffusion?

Largest?

Fastest Growing?

Page 21: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Theories of World Domination

Page 22: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Heartland Theory by MacKinder

• suggests that whoever owns Eastern Europe and Western Asia has the political power and capital to rule the world.

• Eastern Europe contained one of the richest agricultural regions, which could sustain a large population.

• Also, raw materials were available to build a military and industrial base.

• Hitler believed in this theory.

Page 23: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Heartland Theory

Page 24: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Rimland Theory by Spykman

• believes that forming alliances is necessary to keep the Heartland in check.• Heartland may control the land but the Rimland will

control the sea.• To the north of the Heartland is icebound ocean.• The Rimland would use the oceans to contain the

Heartland.

Page 25: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

• How do these theories tie into

the Economic/Industrialization Unit?

• How do these theories tie into the Agricultural Unit?

Page 26: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Domino Theory• when one country experiences rebellion or

political unrest, other countries around it will also experience turmoil as a result, leading to a domino effect.

• Developed by US in the 1960’s and 1970’s on communism.

Page 27: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Organic Theory of Colonialism

• the state is like a living entity that constantly needed to grow and thrive. States constantly need new territory to meet the demands of their ever-growing population.

~Friedrich Ratzel

Page 28: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

3 main reasons for colonizing

• GOD– Europeans spreading Christianity.– Persecuted religious minorities emigrate to

establish colonies• GLORY• GOLD

– El Dorado

Page 29: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Main Colonizers

• British- America (Settlement)• French- Canada (Settlement)• Spain- Latin America (Land )• Portuguese- Brazil (Sea)

• How do these tie into Language and Religion?• Diffusion?

Page 30: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Dependency Theory

• Many countries are poor today because of their colonization by European powers.

• Former colonies have not been able to heal from the imperial domination established by the colonizers.

• The continued economic dependence of new states on their former colonial masters is called neocolonialism

Page 31: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

World Systems by Wallerstein• Divides the world into three groups• Core: Economically developed• Periphery: Undeveloped economies• Semi-Periphery: developing economies

• Wallerstein argues that the Core can only exist by exploiting the peripheral countries. So we will never have 100% of the countries in the world fully developed.

Page 32: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Territorial Morphology

Examples

Page 33: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Compact

Page 34: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Prorupted

Page 35: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Elongated

Page 36: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Fragmented

Page 37: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Perforated

Page 38: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

First Agricultural Revolution

• AKA Neolithic Revolution• People began to discover how to bring the

food to them rather than chasing their food.• Leads to domestication of animals and the

development of civilizations.

Page 39: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

• Vegetative Planting:

removing part of a plant and putting it in the ground to grow a new plant.

• Seed Agriculture: planting seeds of existing plants to produce new plants.– Practice more often today

than V.P.

Page 40: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Second Agricultural Revolution• Used technology of Industrial Revolution to

increase production and distribution of products on farms.

• 1750-1900Occurred in MDC’s• Transportation advancements

were crucial in getting food to markets before they spoil

• Cause a reduction in the number of farmers

Page 41: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Third Agricultural Revolution

• AKA Green Revolution• Involves the use of biotechnology or genetic

engineering. • Increase in the use of chemical fertilizers.• Diffused to LDC’s in the 1970’s• More food to reduce starvation

Page 42: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Third Agricultural Revolution• Negative effects:• Higher-yielding crop strains are often more prone

to viruses and pest infestations.• Many of these new crops (rice and wheat) cannot

be grown in dryer African regions where hunger is a problem

• Created economic inequalities.• Health problems from chemicals• Overwork the land

Page 43: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Von Thunen’s Model of Agriculture Land Use

Peep this model class

Page 44: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Year 1826• Model suggests that certain crops are grown

in direct relation to their distance from the market.

• If the farmer grows products that don’t fit the model, the farmer will go bankrupt from the increased cost of production and transportation.

Page 45: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

• The central marketplace is surrounded by

agriculture rings.• Moving outward from the marketplace, the

farming activities change from intensive to more extensive.

Page 46: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

1. Market Gardening Activities and Dairy:

• heavy, bulky, products.Why:

– Spoil factor – Weight and mass raises

transportationcosts.

Page 47: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

2. Forestry:

• woodlots where trees are cut for resources.

Why: -weight increases transportation costs.

Page 48: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

3. Mixed Crop and Livestock

• Why: -land is cheaper, further from urban centers-livestock is transported to town only a couple times a year, reducing costs.

Page 49: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

4. Extensive Pastoral GrazingWhy:-price of land and amount of land needed.

Page 50: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Things Not Considered by Von Thunen

• - physical features of the land

• -assumes all land is the same quality

• -social customs and govt. policies influence what is grown.

Why you gotta poke holes in my Theory dog?

Page 51: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Von Thunen Model Today

• Refrigeration and food preservation• Improved transportation• Regional and global markets• Urbanization has eliminated many

“Forest” zones close to the market.

Page 52: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

• How does Von Thunen’s Model Tie

into Weber’s Least Coast Theory?

Market

Peas Carrots

Weight-Gaining Product (Canned Veggies)

Industrial Point

Market

Salt Potatoes

Industrial Point

Weight-Losing Product (Potatoes Chips)

Page 53: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

• What are the site factors that

Weber ignores?

Market

Peas Carrots

Weight-Gaining Product (Canned Veggies)

Industrial Point

Market

Salt Potatoes

Industrial Point

Weight-Losing Product (Potatoes Chips)

Page 54: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Human Development Index

• 0-1 (1 is the highest)• Life Expectancy• Literacy• Education• Standard of Living (GDP)

Page 55: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Economic Sectors

• Primary: basic activities: farming, extracting resources

• Secondary: manufacturing, processing • Tertiary: moving , selling, and trading the

products made in secondary industries. Also includes services; examples: banking, law, education, govt.

Page 56: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Economic Sectors

• Quaternery: collecting, processing, and manipulation of information.

• Quinery: high level management, scientific research, complex decision making.

Page 57: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Rostow’s Model of Development (AKA Take-off Model)

“Model” suggests today’s MDC’s passed through

these stages and that LDC’s will pass through these stages as they develop.

Page 58: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 1: Traditional Society: • Workforce: primary sector• Economy: Trade between farmers and their

agriculture products• Description: mostly subsistence farming

Page 59: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 2: Preconditions for takeoff (transitional phase):

• Workforce: shifting from primary to secondary sector

• Economy: investment in entrepreneurial activities (Things that will ultimately stimulate and increase productivity.) Transportation and infrastructure improve.

• Description: expendable income begins to rise allowing more people to invest.

Page 60: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 3: The Take Off• Workforce: a few industries successfully shifted

to secondary• Economy: more companies become involved in

manufacturing• Description: growth takes place near urban

centers but only in a few industries. These industries improve technology and increase productivity.

Page 61: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 4: The Drive to Maturity

• Description: same as “the take off” stage except the technology is now being diffused and integrated into all areas of the manufacturing sector

Page 62: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 5: The Age of Mass Consumption

• Workforce: shifting from secondary to tertiary sector

• Economy: producing consumer goods• Description: workers have become highly

skilled in their professions.• Productivity, earnings, and savings are at all-

time highs.

Page 63: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Comparing Urban Structures

Page 64: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

United States Cities• Central Business District: a downtown area

that serves as the commercial center • Agglomeration shown in Shopping malls.• Lowerclass found in center of cities and

upperclass on the outskirts (suburbs)

Page 65: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Eastern vs Western US• Eastern: narrow streets; public transportation

such as subways/trains

• Western: spread out; grid system; dependency on interstate highway system

Page 66: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

European Cities• Dendritic Patterns: cities were built for travel

on foot.• Preservation of old buildings• Skyscrapers built on the outskirts of cities due

to old pre-established center.• Green-Belts: pockets of land that are to be left

undeveloped.

Page 67: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Latin American Cities

• “Spine” of high-income residential areasSquatter Settlements develop along outskirts of cities.

Page 68: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Asian Cities• Economically advanced• Coastal cities built for trade• Specific zones for foreign companies• Densely populated = high skyscrapers

Hong Kong

Page 69: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

African Cities• Many are molded after their former colonial

owners.• Lack public transportation and infrastructure.• Dirty roads.• Huge unorganized

markets

Lagos, Nigeria

Page 70: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

• Central Place Theory: explains the size and

spacing of cities that specialize in selling goods and services – Threshold: the minimum number of

customers needed for a service or product to succeed.• depending on the service it is not just the

number of people but the type of people. – Range: the maximum distance that

people are willing to travel to purchase a product or service. • people tend to go to the nearest available

service

Page 71: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

• Low-Order Products: are bought frequently on

a regular basis people are not typically willing to travel long distances to gain these items/services

(gas, groceries, coffee)

• High Order Products: are bought less frequently and people are typically willing to travel longer distances to obtain these items/services. (luxury items, medical specialists, entertainment)

Page 72: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

The Gravity Model

• Gravity Model: the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

Page 73: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Rank-Size Rule:• a country’s nth largest settlement is 1/n the

population of the largest settlement.• This is said to be a characteristic of MDC’s.Example: Largest city =100,000 people

2nd: 50,000 (100,000 x ½)3rd: 33,333 (100,000 x 1/3)4th: 25,000 (100,000 x ¼)5th: 20,000 (100,000 x 1/5)

Page 74: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Primate City Rule• the largest settlement (Primate City) has

more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

London 7 million: Birmingham 1 millionParis 10 million: Marseilles 1.5 millionBuenos Aires 12 million : Rosario 1.2 millionMexico City 9 million: Guadalajara 2 million

Page 75: Human Geography Models. Demographic Transition Model.

Concentric Ring Model (Burgess)

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Bid Rent Curve• Rent and population density decline as you move

further away from the center of the city.• This aligns with the agriculture unit