HUMAN GEOGRAPHY By Brett Lucas
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HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY
By Brett Lucas
MIGRATION
Migration
Push and pull factors
Types of migration
Determining destinations
Why do people migrate?
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Emigration and immigration
Change in residence.
Relative to origin and destination
Major International Migration
Patterns, Early 1990’s
Migration Basics
Long-distance change of residence and “activity
space”
Pull and push factors (discuss later)
International or internal
Voluntary or forced
Affects both receiving and sending places
Migration Basics
Pull & Push Factors
Pulls: economic opportunity, natural resources,
climate, freedom
Pushes: war or conflict, natural disaster, population
pressure
Political or economic trends
Changes in life cycle or career cycle
Pull & Push Factors
Pull & Push Factors
International Migration
3% of world population
Wide range of push and pull factors
Major cultural and political impacts
Remittances to home country
International Migration
Refugees: Sources and Destinations
Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.
Net Migration (per population)
Net migration per 1,000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other
developed countries also have relatively large numbers. Brown means more people are coming
in, dark blue means more people are leaving.
International Migration
International Migration
International Migration
International Migration
Obstacles to Migration
Immigration policies of host countries
U.S. quota laws
Temporary migration for work
Time-contract workers
Economic migrants or refugees?
Cultural problems living in other countries
U.S. attitudes to immigrants
Attitudes to guest workers
Guest Workers in Europe
Guest workers
emigrate
mainly from
Eastern Europe
and North
Africa to work
in the wealthier
countries of
Western
Europe
Emigration from China
Various ethnic Chinese
peoples have distinct
patterns of migration
to other Asian
countries
Migration of Vietnamese Boat People
Many Vietnamese
fled by sea as
refugees after the
war with the U.S.
ended in 1975
Later boat people
were often
considered economic
migrants
Migration to the U.S.
U.S. Immigration
Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain
Two Big Waves:
1840 - 1930: W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910
Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans
During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.)
1950 - Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans
Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Phillipines, Vietnam, and South Korea
Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted former illegals in 1990, 1991.
Aerial View of Ellis & Liberty Island
U.S. Immigration
Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic
neighborhoods often result of chain migration
Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York
Caribbean: Florida or New York
Chinese and Indians: New York & California
Other Asians: California
Migration from Asia to the U.S.
Migration in 2001 (just one year). The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come
from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
Migration from Latin America to the U.S.
Mexico has been the largest source of migrants to the U.S., but migrants have also come from
numerous other Latin American nations.
Undocumented Immigration: Mexico to Arizona
The complex route
of one group of
undocumented
migrants from a
small village north
of Mexico City to
Phoenix, Arizona
U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations
California is the destination of about 25% of all U.S. immigrants; another 25% go to
New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois
U.S. Immigration Policies
1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended)
1921 Quota Act - country by country quotas
1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas
1965 Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced,
in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East
and 120,000 for West
1978 Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000
1980 Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those
seeking political asylum
U.S. Immigration Policies
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of former illegals.
1990 Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000
1995, visas issued Preferentially:
480,000 - to relatives of people here
140,000 - to those with special skills and education
55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer. or Asia)
Current Total: 675,000
US Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1990-2050
Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal
Immigrants, 1998
Illegal Aliens in the United States by
Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)
Interregional Migration in the U.S.
Interregional Migration
U.S. population has been moving Westward and
Southward
Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most
dramatic examples of hardship
Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air
Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would
be impossible
Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in
Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications)
Interregional Migration
Interregional Migration
Internal Migration
Rural to urban
migration
Push: land or income
shortage
Pull: jobs
Historically goes with
industrialization
Population shift in
developing countries
Types of Migration
Voluntary Migration
The migrant makes the decision to move
Most migration is voluntary
Forced Migration
Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process
Slavery
About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867
In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States
Refugees
Military conscription
Children of migrants
Voluntary or Forced
Types of Migration
Circular migration
A type of temporary
migration
Associated with
agricultural work
The migrant follows the
harvest, moving from one
place to another
Very common in the US
Southwest and in
Western Europe (Eastern
European farm workers
Key Term: Forced Migration
Slaves Reaching British North America,
1601-1867 (in 1,000s)
Forced Migration
Where to?
Hierarchy of destination decision-making
Different scales mean different factors
Country
Region or city
Neighborhood
Where to?
Channelized migration: historical patterns matter
Great Migration (1890-1920)
500,000 African-Americans
Economic/social push
Economic pull
North to South and rural to urban
Voluntary African-American Migrations
Blacks moved to The Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago,
New York, Detroit) and California during labor
shortages.
Where to?
Return migration: back to place of origin
Up to 25% of all migrants
Unsuccessful trip, or the goal all along
Guestworkers: intended to be temporary
U.S. Immigration and the West
Unrestricted immigration till 1880s
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
National Origins Act of 1924
1934 restrictions on Filipinos
Bracero program of 1942-1964
Today, preference to families or skilled workers
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