Pavement Marking Manual Transport Services Division
Oct 22, 2014
Pavement Marking ManualTransport Services Division
Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure (DTEI)Pavement Marking ManualFirst Published : September 2004Version 3.0 : Issued for comment September 2010
This manual was developed by Traffic Regulation and Standards, Traffic and Access Standards Section,Road and Traffic Management Directorate, Transport Services Division.
It has been approved and authorised for use by DTEI staff and its authorised agents and other RoadAuthorities as defined by the Road Traffic Act, by :
Paul GelstonDirector, Road and Traffic Management
Stephen PascaleManager, Traffic and Access Standards
Steve ClarkUnit Manager, Traffic Regulation & Standards
Extracts may be reproduced providing the subject is kept in context and the source is acknowledged.Every effort has been made to supply complete and accurate information. This document is subject tocontinual revision and may change.
All printed copies are uncontrolled unless otherwise marked.
For information regarding the interpretation of this document please contact:Traffic and Access Standards Section,DTEITelephone: (08) 8343 2289Facsimile: (08) 8343 2630
Pavement Marking Manual
Pavement Marking Manual
Revisions
Revision to this document will be made from time to time. Revisions will only be published onthe DTEI Home page (http://www.dtei.sa.gov.au/standards/tass).
It will be the responsibility of the users of this document to ensure that the most current revisionis followed.
Version Month/Year Part/Section Description of Revision Approved By
Sept 2004 Removal of "Draft" status S.C
1.0 Sept 2005 Minor changes in section A, Major alterations in section B S.C
2.0 March 2007 Minor changes in section B, Section C added S.C
3.0 Dec 2010 All Issued for comment, changes and additions to Section B and C S.C
Pavement Marking Manual
INTRODUCTIONThis manual specifies the lines, patterns, symbols, letters andnumerals, pavement bars and markers used in or on roads, roadrelated areas and other places including kerbs, for the purpose ofregulating, guiding and warning road users, and provides guidelinesfor appropriate use.
TYPES OF MARKINGSThis Section describes the types of markings including paintsubstitutes, pavement bars, raised pavement markers and colouredand/or textured surfaces.
It details the actual dimensions and other specification attributes ofmarkings which need not be shown on traffic control and road designdrawings.
DESIGN GUIDEThis section describes the requirements for the correct and consistentuse of pavement markings in South Australia.
It is intended that the section provide specific diagrammatic examplesof the application of markings and where necessary explain to thedesigner the reasons why certain treatments are used. It alsoprovides references to the Code of Technical Requirements for theLegal Use of Traffic Control Device (The Code), Australian Standards,Austroads and Department for Transport Energy and Infrastucture(DTEI) Operational Instructions.
All road authorities including their consultants and contractors arerequired to conform to this manual.
A
B
C
Pavement Marking Manual
Table of Contents Page
PART A - INTRODUCTION1.0 Scope ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A-12.0 Legal Requirements ____________________________________________________________ A-13.0 General Attributes ______________________________________________________________ A-1
3.1 Purpose __________________________________________________________________ A-13.2 Removal of Markings ________________________________________________________ A-13.3 Limitations ________________________________________________________________ A-23.4 Reflectorisation ____________________________________________________________ A-23.5 Anti-Skid Treatments ________________________________________________________ A-23.6 Materials __________________________________________________________________ A-23.7 Colours____________________________________________________________________ A-23.8 Distinctive Pavement Colours ________________________________________________ A-23.9 Off Street Parking Areas ____________________________________________________ A-2
PART B - TYPES OF MARKINGS1.a Scope ________________________________________________________________________ B-11.b Installation Specifications ________________________________________________________ B-12.0 Types of Markings ______________________________________________________________ B-2
2.1 Longitudinal Lines __________________________________________________________ B-22.1.1 Dividing Lines__________________________________________________________ B-22.1.2 Barrier dividing Lines ____________________________________________________ B-22.1.3 Lane Lines ____________________________________________________________ B-22.1.4 Special Purpose Broken Lines ____________________________________________ B-22.1.5 Edgelines ____________________________________________________________ B-32.1.6 Continuity Lines ________________________________________________________ B-32.1.7 Turn Lines ____________________________________________________________ B-32.1.8 Outlines ______________________________________________________________ B-3
2.2 Transverse Lines ____________________________________________________________ B-32.2.1 Stop Lines ____________________________________________________________ B-32.2.2 Give Way Lines ________________________________________________________ B-42.2.3 Pedestrian Crosswalk Lines ______________________________________________ B-42.2.4 Pedestrian Holding Lines (Station Platforms Only) ____________________________ B-42.2.5 Pedestrian Kerb Ramp Access (Off Street) __________________________________ B-4
2.3 Parking Control Lines________________________________________________________ B-52.3.1 Parking Control Edgelines ________________________________________________ B-52.3.2 Parking Space Outline __________________________________________________ B-52.3.3 Shared Space or Area Markings __________________________________________ B-5
2.4 Diagonal Stripes and Chevron Marking ________________________________________ B-62.4.1 Diagonal Stripes Edge Treatments__________________________________________ B-62.4.2 Diagonal Stripes Dividing Treatments ______________________________________ B-62.4.3 Chevron Marking ______________________________________________________ B-6
2.5 Arrows ____________________________________________________________________ B-72.5.1 Arrows - Common Type __________________________________________________ B-72.5.2 Arrows - Special Type____________________________________________________ B-82.5.3 Arrows - Lane Change __________________________________________________ B-92.5.4 Arrows - Expressway Exit ________________________________________________ B-9
2.6 Messages and Symbols ______________________________________________________ B-102.6.1 Letters and Numbers ____________________________________________________ B-10
Pavement Marking Manual
2.6.2 Words ________________________________________________________________ B-102.6.3 Bicycle and Pedestrian Pavement Symbols __________________________________ B-142.6.4 International Symbol of Access ____________________________________________ B-17
2.6.4a Accessible Boarding Indicator Patch (station platforms only) ______________ B-172.6.4b Identification of Dedicated Parking Space for People With Disabilities ______ B-172.6.4.1 Station Platforms ________________________________________________ B-182.6.4.2 Dedicated Parking Space Identification & Delineation (angle Parking) ______ B-19
2.7 Railway Level Crossing Pavement Message ____________________________________ B-202.8 Railway Level Crossings Yellow Box Markings __________________________________ B-212.9 Zig Zag School Zone Markings ________________________________________________ B-222.10 Point to Point Safety Camera Markings ________________________________________ B-222.11 Road Hump Markings ______________________________________________________ B-22
2.11.1 On Street ____________________________________________________________ B-222.11.2 Off Street (Watts Profile Only) ____________________________________________ B-22
2.12 Pavement Bars ____________________________________________________________ B-232.13 Raised Pavement Markers __________________________________________________ B-24
2.13.1 Dividing and Barrier Lines (Separates Opposing Traffic Flows Only) ______________ B-242.13.2 Lane Lines __________________________________________________________ B-262.13.3 Edgelines ____________________________________________________________ B-262.13.4 Corner Islands ________________________________________________________ B-272.13.5 Freeway/Expressway Ramps ____________________________________________ B-282.13.6 Urban Arterial Road ____________________________________________________ B-302.13.7 Rural Multi-lane Road __________________________________________________ B-312.13.8 Rural Two-lane Two-way Road- __________________________________________ B-322.13.9 Rural Intersections ____________________________________________________ B-332.13.10 Overtaking Lane - Merge Area Deliniation Treatment- ________________________ B-35
2.14 Audio Tactile Line Markings (ATLM) __________________________________________ B-362.15 Distinctive Coloured Pavement Areas ________________________________________ B-362.16 Kerb Painting ______________________________________________________________ B-37
2.16.1 Medians ____________________________________________________________ B-372.16.2 Roundabouts ________________________________________________________ B-382.16.3 Other Raised Islands __________________________________________________ B-38
2.17 Barrier Line Installation ____________________________________________________ B-392.17.1 Intersections __________________________________________________________ B-392.17.2 Property Accesses ____________________________________________________ B-39
2.18 Longitudinal Line Style Transition ____________________________________________ B-392.18.1 Dividing Lines ________________________________________________________ B-392.18.2 Barrier Lines__________________________________________________________ B-402.18.3 Unbroken Edgelines or Outlines __________________________________________ B-402.18.4 Edgeline Mis-match ____________________________________________________ B-41
3.0 Traffic Control Drawings and Design Layouts ________________________________________ B-423.1 Longitudinal Lines __________________________________________________________ B-423.2 Transverse Lines ____________________________________________________________ B-423.3 Parking Control Lines________________________________________________________ B-42
3.3.1 Parking Control Edgelines ________________________________________________ B-423.3.2 Parking Space Outlines __________________________________________________ B-42
3.4 Diagonal Stripes and Chevron Markings ________________________________________ B-423.5 Arrows ____________________________________________________________________ B-423.6 Messages and Symbols ______________________________________________________ B-42
PART C - DESIGN GUIDE1.0 Scope ________________________________________________________________________ C-1
Pavement Marking Manual
2.0 General Treatments ______________________________________________________________ C-22.1 Dividing Lines ______________________________________________________________ C-22.2 Barrier Lines ______________________________________________________________ C-32.3 Diagonal Stripes and Chevron Markings ________________________________________ C-4
2.3.1 Corner Treatment ______________________________________________________ C-62.3.2 Flush Medians ________________________________________________________ C-62.3.3 Corner Islands ________________________________________________________ C-72.3.4 High Angle Treatment____________________________________________________ C-8
2.4 Diverge and Merge Taper Treatments __________________________________________ C-92.4.1 Diverge Taper Treatments ________________________________________________ C-92.4.2 Merge Taper Treatments (lane drop and acceleration lane situations) ______________ C-10
2.5 Raised Pavement Markers ____________________________________________________ C-102.5.1 Continuity Lines ________________________________________________________ C-112.5.2 Bicycle Lanes __________________________________________________________ C-11
2.6 Lane Line __________________________________________________________________ C-122.6.1 Roundabouts __________________________________________________________ C-132.6.2 Indented Bus Stops (partial or full)__________________________________________ C-162.6.3 Bicycle Lane Start and End ______________________________________________ C-17
2.7 Continuity Line ____________________________________________________________ C-182.7.1 Left and Right Turn Storage ______________________________________________ C-182.7.2 Left and Right Turn Acceleration Lanes______________________________________ C-182.7.3 Bicycle Lane Continuity Lines ____________________________________________ C-19
2.8 Outlines and Painted Kerbs __________________________________________________ C-202.9 Edgelines __________________________________________________________________ C-222.10 Parking Control Lines ______________________________________________________ C-222.11 Pavement Messages ________________________________________________________ C-22
2.11.1 Keep Clear __________________________________________________________ C-232.11.2 Speed Limits__________________________________________________________ C-242.11.3 Other Messages ______________________________________________________ C-24
2.12 Kerb Extensions Markings __________________________________________________ C-242.13 Standard Intersections (local roads) __________________________________________ C-262.14 Give Way and Stop Line Markings ____________________________________________ C-272.15 Changed Priority __________________________________________________________ C-282.16 Roundabouts ______________________________________________________________ C-29
2.16.1 Single Lane Roundabout ________________________________________________ C-292.16.2 Multi-lane T-intersection Roundabout ______________________________________ C-302.16.3 Bicycle Lane Approach to Single Lane Roundabout __________________________ C-30
2.17 Signalised Intersections ______________________________________________________ C-312.17.1 Pedestrian Crosswalk Lines______________________________________________ C-322.17.2 Stop Lines __________________________________________________________ C-332.17.3 Turn Lines____________________________________________________________ C-342.17.4 Pavement Arrows ______________________________________________________ C-35
2.17.4.1 Multiple Turn Lanes ____________________________________________ C-362.17.5 Lane Lines __________________________________________________________ C-392.17.6 Non-reflective Raised Pavement Markers __________________________________ C-40
2.18 Expressways ______________________________________________________________ C-412.18.1 Expressway Exit Lane Arrows ____________________________________________ C-41
2.19 Path Treatments____________________________________________________________ C-422.19.1 Destination Group Layout ______________________________________________ C-422.19.2 Connector Group Layout ________________________________________________ C-422.19.3 Shared Use Path T Intersection Layout ____________________________________ C-432.19.4 Shared Use Path Intersection Layout ______________________________________ C-44
Pavement Marking Manual
2.19.5 Shared Use Path T Intersection Offset Layout ______________________________ C-452.20 Pedestrian Treatments ______________________________________________________ C-46
2.20.1 Pedestrian Refuge ____________________________________________________ C-462.20.2 Emu Crossing ________________________________________________________ C-472.20.3 Koala Crossing________________________________________________________ C-482.20.4 Wombat Crossing______________________________________________________ C-492.20.5 Pedestrian Actuated Crossing ____________________________________________ C-50
2.21 School Zones______________________________________________________________ C-512.21.1 Zigzag Marking Position ________________________________________________ C-512.21.2 Basic School Zone ____________________________________________________ C-522.21.3 Curved Alignment______________________________________________________ C-522.21.4 At Intersections and Emu Crossing ________________________________________ C-532.21.5 Undivided Multi-lane Road ______________________________________________ C-532.21.6 Divided Multi-lane Road ________________________________________________ C-54
2.22 Bus Facilities ______________________________________________________________ C-542.22.1 Placing of Lane Messages ______________________________________________ C-552.22.2 Full-time/Part-time Bus Lane Treatment ____________________________________ C-572.22.3 Bus Lanes Approaching Signalised Intersections ____________________________ C-582.22.4 Parking Bays in Bus Lanes ______________________________________________ C-592.22.5 Bus Only ____________________________________________________________ C-59
2.23 Distinctive Coloured Bicycle Lanes __________________________________________ C-612.23.1 Left Turn Deceleration Lane (High Potential Conflict) __________________________ C-612.23.2 Left Turn Deceleration Lane (Potential Confict) ______________________________ C-622.23.3 Left Turn Acceleration Lane ______________________________________________ C-632.23.4 High Angle Left Turn Lane ______________________________________________ C-642.23.5 Minor Side Road Junction ______________________________________________ C-64
2.24 Floodways and Causeways __________________________________________________ C-653.0 Rural Treatments ________________________________________________________________ C-66
3.1 Divided Roads ______________________________________________________________ C-663.2 Multi-Lane Undivided Roads __________________________________________________ C-663.3 Dividing Lines on Rural Roads ________________________________________________ C-663.4 Barrier Lines on Rural Roads ________________________________________________ C-663.5 Lane Lines on Rural Roads __________________________________________________ C-673.6 Edgelines on Rural Roads ____________________________________________________ C-67
3.6.1 Narrow Rural Two-lane Two-way Road ______________________________________ C-683.6.2 Standard Rural Two-lane Two-way Road ____________________________________ C-693.6.3 Wide Sealed Shoulder Rural Two-lane Two-way Road __________________________ C-703.6.4 Multi-lane Divided Road__________________________________________________ C-71
3.7 Standard Rural Intersections __________________________________________________ C-723.8 Overtaking Lane Treatments __________________________________________________ C-73
3.8.1 Overtaking Lane - Diverge ______________________________________________ C-733.8.2 Lane Change Arrow Placements __________________________________________ C-74
3.9 Turnouts __________________________________________________________________ C-753.10 Rest Areas ________________________________________________________________ C-76
3.10.1 Roads With Edgelines __________________________________________________ C-763.10.2 Roads Without Edgelines________________________________________________ C-773.10.3 Full Acceleration / Deceleration Lane ______________________________________ C-783.10.4 Sealed Shoulders Only ________________________________________________ C-79
3.11 Structures and Obstructions ________________________________________________ C-80
Pavement Marking Manual A-1
Introduction
APART AIntroduction
1.0 Scope
This manual specifies the lines, patterns, symbols, letters and numerals, pavement bars andmarkers used in or on roads, road related areas and other places including kerbs, for thepurpose of regulating, guiding and warning road users, and provides guidelines forappropriate use.
2.0 Legal Requirements
An "Instrument of General Approval" has been issued by the Minister for Transport toCouncils and the Commissioner of Highways (and some other authorities) to use trafficcontrol devices which includes pavement markings. The conditions of this general approval,which are required by law under the Road Traffic Act are contained in Part 2 - Code ofTechnical Requirements for the Legal Use of Traffic Control Devices (The Code) which formspart of ‘The Legal and technical responsibilities for Traffic Control Devices’. One of theconditions of general approval is the requirement that the design, installation, alteration andremoval of pavement markings be in accordance with the Code.
This manual has been developed to conform with the Code and takes into consideration therelevant Australian Road Rules, Australian Standards, Austroads guidelines and Departmentfor Transport Energy and Infrastructure Operational Instructions.
Pavement markings not conforming to this Manual and the Code, such as innovative or non-standard treatments are not authorised to be used under the Instrument of General Approvalissued by the Minister. Authorisation for such treatments may only be given by the Manager,Traffic and Access Standards Section, Department for Transport Energy and Infrastructure(DTEI), acting as the Minister’s delegate.
3.0 General Attributes
3.1 Purpose
A system of clear, effective and consistently applied pavement markings is essential forthe proper regulations, warning and guidance of drivers, cyclists, pedestrians and otherroad users.
Pavement Markings may guide traffic or give advance warning or may imposerestrictions which are supported by the Road Traffic Act. They may act as asupplement to other traffic control devices or may be used alone to convey certainregulations, warnings and guidance.
It is therefore important to ensure that the use of the markings conforms with the legalrequirement mentioned above before they are approved, installed, altered or removedto avoid possible conflict or confusion, legal or otherwise.
3.2 Removal of Markings
Where traffic conditions are altered and the existing pavement markings no longerapply it is essential that those markings be removed or obliterated. It is important thatthe end result of removing markings does not leave an impression of the marking onthe road surface which may otherwise be interpreted as a marking in certain lightand/or weather conditions.
In rare cases, redundant pavement markings may be allowed to fade but only when these markings cannot be misinterpreted or otherwise create a confusing message to the road user which may create a safety hazard.
Pavement Marking ManualA-2
Introduction
3.3 Limitations
Pavement markings have the following limitations:
(a) They may not be clearly visible if the road is wet or dusty, for example near anedge of a median.
(b) They are subject to traffic wear and usually require frequent maintenance.(c) They can be obscured by traffic.(d) Their effect on skid resistance requires careful choice of materials and precludes
the use of large marked surface areas.(e) They cannot be applied to unsealed roads.
In spite of these limitations they have the advantage under favourable conditions ofconveying information to the driver without diverting attention from the road.
3.4 Reflectorisation
All longitudinal lines except zig zag markings shall be reflectorised.
3.5 Anti-Skid Treatment
An anti-skid treatment shall be applied to all markings other than longitudinal lines.
3.6 Materials
Road pavements may be marked with paint, thermoplastics, pre-cut sheeting, raisedpavement markers (retro-reflective, non reflective or illuminated) or pavement bars.
3.7 Colours
For all traffic control purposes pavement markings shall be white, yellow or blue. Yellowshall be used on pavement bars and to define tram only lanes and areas whereparking/stopping restrictions apply. Blue is used for disability access. Raised pavementmarkers may be white, red or yellow.
Black paint may be used in the gaps and around the edges of pavement markings toheighten contrast where a light coloured pavement does not allow adequate markingdefinition to be obtained. Where this is being considered advice should first be soughtfrom Manager, Traffic and Access Standards Section, DTEI.
In situations such as community events on closed roads light blue coloured pavementmarkings (known as honour lines) may be used to define pedestrian boundaries.These markings are not considered traffic control devices but should be removed afterthe event, to ensure road users are not confused by the markings.
3.8 Distinctive Pavement Colours
There is a trend by road authorities to use distinctive coloured pavements to highlightthe road surface in a visual, tactile or audible manner. Such treatments maysupplement traffic control devices (e.g. bus lanes, bicycle lanes and islands) or theymay be aesthetic devices to supplement streetscape designs (e.g. intersectionthreshold paving treatments). For commonly used distinctive coloured pavement areasused in South Australia, refer to Part 2.15.
3.9 Off Street Parking Areas
AS 2890.1 and AS 2890.6 are used in South Australia for off street car parkingpavement markings.
PART BTypes of Markings
1.a Scope
This Section describes the types of marking used including paint substitutes, pavement bars,raised pavement markers and coloured areas.
It details the actual dimensions and other specification attributes of markings which need not be shown on traffic control and road design drawings.
IMPORTANT :
All drawings are not to scale. The reader shall use the dimensions specified throughout themanual. Do not scale off drawings.
1.b Installation Specifications
DTEI shall and all other road authorities should require pavement marking to be installed in accordance with DTEI Master Specification for Road Works parts:
245 Supply of Materials for Pavement Markings
246 Application of Pavement Marking
247 Application of Audio Tactile Line Marking
Pavement Marking Manual B-1
Types of Markings
B
2.1 LONGITUDINAL LINES
2.1.1 Dividing lines (separates opposingtraffic flows only)
(a) Single broken (standard)
(b) Enhanced broken (multi-lane)
2.1.2 Barrier dividing lines (separatesopposing traffic flows only)
(a) Single continuous barrier
(b) Enhanced single continuous barrier
(c) Double one-way barrier
(d) Double two-way barrier
(e) Continuous (bicycle and shared paths off road)
2.1.3 Lane lines
(a) Standard broken
(b) Continuous
2.1.4 Special purpose broken lines
Pavement Marking ManualB-2
Types of Markings
3m 9m 3m 9m 3m 9m 3m
width(mm)
Colour
100 W
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2.0 TYPES OF MARKINGS
Linewidth(mm)
Colour
Where the road speed limit is <70 km/h and :- Double two-way barrier lines are justified then a single continuous barrier line shall be used, including approaches to
railway crossings and ferries. No gaps should be left for driveways or other accesses, only side roads.
Where the road speed limit is >80 km/h and :- Double two-way barrier lines are justified, then double two-way barrier lines shall be used. Gaps should be left in linemarking
for driveways, or other accesses and side roads.- Double one-way barrier lines are justified, then double one-way barrier lines shall continue across driveways and other
access but gaps shall be left for side roads.- Double two-way barrier lines are justified on the approaches to railway crossings and ferries, an enhanced single barrier line
shall be used. Gaps should not be left for driveways or other accesses, only side roads.
W80
Pavement Marking Manual B-3
Types of Markings
B
2.1.5 Edgelines
(a) Standard broken - two-lane two-wayroads or multi-lane roads with a sealedshoulder < 0.5m
(b) ** Standard continuous - All roads with sealed shoulders > 0.5m unlessPart B 2.1.5 (c) (below), applies.
(c) ** Enhanced continuous -- Southern Expressway- Dukes Highway- Sturt Highway- Pt Augusta - Pt Wakefield Rd
All dual carriageway roads with sealed shoulders > 0.5mk
esd Road• Pries Highway - Toll Gate to Dukes Highway Intersection • Southern ExresswaySturt Highway• Other roads as determine
2.1.6 Continuity lines
(a) Standard
(b) Enhanced (used in conjunction with 150mm edgelines)
2.1.7 Turn lines
2.1.8 Outlines
(a) Standard
(b) Enhanced (roads where 150mm edgelines are used, see Part B 2.1.5 (c)
2.2 TRANSVERSE LINES
2.2.1 Stop lines
(a) Standard (<70 km/h)
(b) Enhanced (>80 km/h)
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** Note: The application of Standard Continuous and Enhanced edgelines should beconsistent over the entire length of the road. There must not be short lengths of changein edgeline style less than 1km.
Should there be just a few kilometres of sealed shoulder >0.5 metres in the middle of aroute (between townships) with a sealed shoulder width <0.5 metres, the standardcontinuous edgeline must be applied to the length with the sealed shoulder >0.5 metreswith a transition to the existing standard broken edgeline as shown in Part B 2.18.4.
Pavement Marking ManualB-4
Types of Markings
450
W
600mm stripe and gap
600
W
600mm stripe and gap
150
W
600mm stripe and 300mm gap
*
*
W3m min6m max
600mm stripe and gap
kerb
kerb
Y100
*Equal, 600mm or less
Linewidth(mm)
Colour2.2.2 Give way lines
(a) Standard (<70 km/h)
(b) Enhanced (>80 km/h)
2.2.3 Pedestrian crosswalk lines
(a) Standard (pedestrian actuatedcrossings, intersection trafficsignals, koala and emu crossings)
(b) Wombat and Zebra crossings
2.2.4 Pedestrian holding lines (station platforms only)Refer to Part B 2.6.4.1 for layout of platform markings.
(a) Platform edge hazard line
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2.2.5 Pedestrian kerb ramp access (off street)
Access to kerb ramps between parking spaces may be marked with diagonal stripes to discourage drivers from impedingaccess to the ramp. Where marked they shall be white.
450mm
150mm
100mm
100mm
45%
Detail A
parking aisle
See Detail A
path / walkway
1.8m (preferred)
NOTE : For new works and large car parks, consideration should begiven to raised kerb extensions and/or formal pedestriancrossings eg wombat crossings.
Pavement Marking Manual B-5
Types of Markings
BY100
Y100
600mm stripe and 900mm gap
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900mm stripe and 600mm gap
Y100
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Linewidth(mm)
Colour2.3 PARKING CONTROL LINES
2.3.1 Parking control edgelines
(a) *No Stopping or Clearway at alltimes
(b) *Restricted parking other thanClearway
(c) Clearway, part time
2.3.2 Parking space outline
(a) All vehicles/*no restrictions(individual bays may be marked)
(b) *Restricted vehicle type and/or part-time restriction (individual baysmay be marked).
(3) **Parking for people with disabilities
* Restricted Parking: Parking restriction by time and/or by vehicle type
Y100
** Dedicated parking spaces for people with disabilities shall be outlinedon all sides excepting any side delineated by a kerb, barrier or wall.
2.3.3 Shared space or area markings
Within off street car parking areas, shared areas or spaces located adjacent to the longitudinal side only of dedicated angle parkingspaces for people with disabilities shall have a yellow outline and yellow diagonal stripes with a slip resistant surface.
Yellow diagonal stripes shall not be used in trafficked areas including walkways within or partly within a shared area, parking aisles orroadways.
NOTE: walkways within or partly within a shared area or space shall be marked with yellow 100mm wide unbroken longitudinal lines on both sides of the walkway excepting any side delineated by a kerb,barrier or wall (see Part B 2.6.4.2).
dedicated space
450mm
150mm
100mm
100mm
45%
Pavement Marking ManualB-6
Types of Markings
2.4 DIAGONAL STRIPES AND CHEVRON MARKINGS
Direction of travel
450
450
Outline/Edgeline
Direction of travel
100mm
1.0m
*1.0
m
**100mm100mm
X
Direction of travel
Outline/Edgeline
Direction of travel
100mm
1.0m
*1.0
m
**100mm100mm
450
X
Outline/Edgeline
Direction of travel
100mm
450
Edge of water table or seal
1.0m
*1.0
m
**100mm100mm
X
2.4.2 Diagonal stripes dividing treatment
2.4.3 Chevron markings
* 1st diagonal marking or chevron is placed where the width of the treatment is 1.0m.
2.4.1 Diagonal stripes edge treatment
** In rare cases wider outlines/edgelines may be specified on traffic control drawings.
X - Spacing may be modified to suit corner islands, flush medians and merges.For design details see Part C 2.3 and 2.12.
Pavement Marking Manual B-7
Types of Markings
B
2.5 ARROWS
X= 100Y
Centre of lane
Centre of lane
Centre of lane
2.5.1 Arrows - common types
Pavement Marking ManualB-8
Types of Markings
Centre of lane
Centre of lane
X= 100Y
Centre of lane(a) Double turn arrow
(b) U- turn arrow
(c) 45% turn arrow
(d) Through right left turn arrow
Centre of lane
Centre of lane
2.5.2 Arrows - special types
Pavement Marking Manual B-9
Types of Markings
B
900 650
2m
4m
2m
2m
4m
edge of lane
edge of lane
centre line of lane
150
edge of lane
edge of lane
centre line of lane
875
3.1m
2.7m
2m
4m
150
725
630200
200
1880
1000
1400
580
550
1310
780
600
780
880
860
780
1500
750060
edge of lane
edge of lane
centre line of lane
7802.5.3 Arrows - lane change
NOTE: Lane change arrows shall not be used in SAwithout the approval of Manager, Traffic and Access Standards Section, DTEI, other than at the termination of overtaking lanes and at the end of high speed multi-lane roads.
2.5.4 Arrows - expressway exit
Pavement Marking ManualB-10
Types of Markings
NOTES:The grid width (X) is constant at 100 mm, but the gridheight (Y) may vary as follows:
Y = Height of letter or numeral required (mm)40
However the word AHEAD may be made narrower(eg grid width reduced to 75mm) to fit into a lane.
2.6.2 Words
2.6.1 Letters and Numbers
Letters and numbers other than those shown in words (2.6.2) are available from Australian Standard 1742.2.
2.6 MESSAGES AND SYMBOLS
X Y
Pavement Marking Manual B-11
Types of Markings
B
YXNOTES:The grid width (X) is constant at 100 mm, but the grid height (Y) may vary as follows:Y = Height of letter or numeral required (mm)
40
Refer to Part C 2.11.1 for the placement of KEEP CLEAR messages.
2.6.2 Words (cont)
Pavement Marking ManualB-12
Types of Markings
YX
NOTES:The grid width (X) is constant at 100 mm, but the grid height (Y) may vary as follows:Y = Height of letter or numeral required (mm)
40
2.6.2 Words (cont)
Pavement Marking Manual B-13
Types of Markings
B
YX
NOTES:The grid width (X) is constant at 100 mm, but the grid height (Y) may vary as follows:Y = Height of letter or numeral required (mm)
40
2.6.2 Words (cont)
Pavement Marking ManualB-14
Types of Markings
2.6.3 Bicycle and pedestrian pavement symbols
X
X
Y
X
X
Cen
tre o
f lan
e
X
X
Cen
tre o
f lan
e
Pedestrian pavement symbol(path only)X=75mm
Bicycle pavement symbolRoad X=65mmPath X=28mm
Road Y=1800mmPath Y=800mm
Arrow pavement symbol(path only)X=100mm
Pavement Marking Manual B-15
Types of Markings
B
X
X
300mm
1220mm
2.6.3 Bicycle and pedestrian pavement symbols (cont)
X=30mmNo-Bicycles Pavement symbol for path use
Pavement Marking ManualB-16
Types of Markings
X
X
2.6.3 Bicycle and pedestrian pavement symbols (cont)
X=24mm
No-Skaters symbol for path use
Pavement Marking Manual B-17
Types of Markings
B
2.6.4 International symbol of access
2.6.4.a Accessible boarding indicator patch (station platforms only)
1000mm
786mm1000mm
160mm
2.6.4.b Identification of dedicated parking space for people with disabilities
1200mm max
1200mm max 800 - 1000mm
NOTE:The grid is for positional purposes
The colour used for the blue backgroundshall be “Ultramarine” (AS2700-B21)
Symbol shall be centrally locatedwithin the blue background
The colour used for the blue backgroundshall be “Ultramarine” (AS2700-B21)
Symbol shall be centrally locatedwithin the blue background
Pavement Marking ManualB-18
Types of Markings
2.6.4.1 Station platforms
Direction of train travel
100mm yellow line
100mm white line
100mm yellow line
100mm white line
600mm
600mm
Direction of train travel60
0mm
600m
m
PLATFORM AREA
PLATFORM AREA
Accessible Boarding Indicator Patch
Accessible Boarding Indicator Patch
Tactile ground surface indicators
Tactile ground surface indicators
Note : For design requirements specific to station platforms, contactDTEI Passenger Transport Services.
Pavement Marking Manual B-19
Types of Markings
B
2.6.4.2 Dedicated parking space identification & delineation (angle parking)
Each dedicated parking space for people with disabilities shall be identified by a whitesymbol of access on a blue background in the centre of the space between 500mm and600mm from its entry point.
kerb, barrier or wall
500 to600mm
other parking spaces
dedicated space
Parking aisle
2.4m 2.4m
Either :- end of parking module- dedicated space- other parking spaces
shared space
bollard
800mm 50+_
kerb, barrier or wall
500 to600mm
primary access path
other parking spaces
dedicated space
2.4m
Either :- end of parking module- dedicated space- other parking spaces
Tactile groundsurface indicators
Parking aisle
2.4m minimumwhen adjacent to a dedicatedparking space for people with disabilities.
Note : The primary access path or the shared space can be located on the left or right side of the dedicated space.
Pavement Marking ManualB-20
Types of Markings
2.7 RAILWAY LEVEL CROSSING PAVEMENT MESSAGE
5m
6m
7.5m
3m
Urban < 70km/h Rural > 80km/h( Message shall commence with the 'X' ) ( Message shall commence with the 'RAIL' )
Note :
1. Marking to commence 15m to 20m beyond the first warning sign, towards the railway level crossing.
2. When a new message scheme is required, the above example shall be used. When repainting original message, existing markings can be used.
2.5m
YX
YX
2.5m
The grid width (X) is constant at 100mm, but thegrid height (Y) may vary as follows:
Y = Height of letter (mm) 40
Pavement Marking Manual B-21
Types of Markings
B
2.8 RAILWAY LEVEL CROSSINGS YELLOW BOX MARKINGS
150mm yellow lines
0.5m gap
5.0m
min
imum
RAILWAY
TRACKS
150mm yellow lines
45%
2.0m
2.0m
Parallel to track
45%
150mm
NOTE:
When a new scheme is required, the above example shall be used.When repainting original box markings, existing lines can be used.
Refer to AS1742.7 for the warrants for box markings.
Pavement Marking ManualB-22
Types of Markings
2.11 ROAD HUMP MARKINGS
1000
See Detail A Nominal start of ramp
Nominal start of ramp
"Inverted Piano Key" marking
400mm
Kerbface
400mm
1000mm
200mm
200mm
Kerbface
Detail A (measurements are in mm)
500
200
200
200
500
500
200
200mm
200mm
1000mm
2.9 ZIGZAG SCHOOL ZONE MARKINGS
1.1m
6.0m
30.0m
150mm
NOTE:
ZIGZAG marking commences 30m in advance of School Zone Sign.
2.10 POINT TO POINT SAFETY CAMERA MARKINGS
Edgeline or lane line
400mm
100mm
400mm
Dividing line
100mm
400mm
Dire
ctio
n of
trav
el
Dire
ctio
n of
trav
el
Direction of travel
2.11.1 On street
2.11.2 Off street (Watts profile only)
500
See Detail B
Detail B (measurements are in mm)
500
200 200 200
500
300
200 Edge ofroad hump
Edge ofroad hump Edge of road
The transverse part of the pavement marking is placedon the original road in front of the road hump.
1200
road
hum
p
Pavement Marking Manual B-23
Types of Markings
B
2.12 PAVEMENT BARS
75mm
Outline or edgeline
75mm min
Single row Double row, triple row etc
90%
75mm
Outline or edgeline
90%
NOTE:Pavement bars shall not be used where *85th percentile approach speeds are greater than 75km/h. (The useof yellow RRPM’s is an alternative, refer to inset Part B 2.13.9).
Pavement bars shall always be placed at 900 to the direction of traffic.
90%
A
A
BB
90%
Where used to supplement diagonal markings or chevrons,pavement bars shall be placed centrally (longitudinally) between the markings
* 85th percentile speed (V85 km/h) - the speed at or below which 85% of vehicles are observed to travel under free-flowing conditions past a nominated point. A vehicle is considered to be operating under free-flowing conditions when the preceding vehicle has at least 4 s headway and there is no apparent attempt to overtake the vehicle ahead.
Pavement bars for lane control
Note : First two bars at 1.5m spacing, then at 3m spacing up to 45m and 6m spacing over 45m
750mm
3m
75mm
1.5m3m6m
Control of turning movements at intersections
Note :
75mm gap
1.5m
The 9m length using 4 bars at 3m spacing may be extended to 18m using 7 bars at 3m spacing.
3m 750mm
1.5m
400mm 750mm
9m10m taper
100mm
Pavement Marking ManualB-24
Types of Markings
2.13.1 Dividing and Barrier lines(separates opposing traffic flowsonly)
(a) Single broken (standard) unlit
(b) Single broken (standard) lit
(c) Enhanced broken (multi-lane)unlit
(d) Enhanced broken (multi-lane)lit
(e) Single continuous (standard)unlit
(f) Single continuous (standard)lit
2.13 RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS
4.5m
24m
4.5m
12m
24m
25mm min50mm max
12m
25mm min50mm max
1.5m
24m
1.5m
12m
SYMBOLS FOR RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS
Retroreflective raised pavement marker :Unidirectional - White
Marker Symbol
Line extension on symbol indicates direction of reflection.
Bidirectional - White
- Yellow
Lane lines, small* channelizing island outline,painted or raised - all sides.
COLOUR OF RETROREFLECTIVE RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS TO AUGMENT PAINTED LINES
Applications RRPM colour
Left hand edgeline, divided and 2-way roads.Left side of diverge outline, including expresswayexit nose, and approach end of large island.
White
Red
Yellow
Dividing lines, right hand edgeline (divided road),median island outline, painted or raised - all sides.Tram lane lines.Right side (when viewed in the direction of travel)of exit lane on diverge outline, includingexpressway exit nose, and approach end of largeisland.
* A small island should generally be regarded as one with no side longer than 12m including approach and departure markings.
Non-retroreflective raised pavement marker
- Yellow
- Red
Face of marker to be normal to direction of travel.
Pavement Marking Manual B-25
Types of Markings
B
4.5m
24m
25mm min50mm max
4.5m
12m
25mm min50mm max
24m
25mm min50mm max
12m
25mm min50mm max
(g) Enhanced continuous barrierunlit
(h) Enhanced continuous barrierlit
(i) Double one-way barrier unlit
(j) Double one-way barrier lit
(k) Double two-way barrier unlit
(l) Double two-way barrier lit
(m) Outline urban roads unlit
(n) Outline urban roads lit
(o) Enhanced outline rural roads freeways and expressway unlit
(p) Enhanced outline rural roadsfreeways and expressway lit
24m
25mm min50mm max
12m
25mm min50mm max
median or island kerb
24m 25mm min50mm max
median or island kerb
12m 25mm min50mm max
median or island kerb25mm min. 50mm max.
24m
* where sufficient width permits (also see Part B 2.13.5)
X*
12m
median or island kerb25mm min. 50mm max. X*
Pavement Marking ManualB-26
Types of Markings
24m
25mm min50mm max
12m
25mm min50mm max
2.13.2 Lane lines
(a) Broken unlit
(b) Broken lit
(c) Continuous unlit. Markersmay be on left or right of line.
(d) Continuous lit. Markers maybe on left or right of line.
2.13.3 Edgelines
(a) Standard broken
(b) Standard continuous unlit
(c) Standard continuous lit
(d) Enhanced continuous unlit
(e) Enhanced continuous lit
24m
24m
25mm min50mm max
12m
25mm min50mm max
24m
25mm min50mm max
12m
25mm min50mm max
Note: Direction of travel is left to right in above diagrams, with the exception of purposebuilt reversible roads, i.e. Southern Expressway, where markers are bi-directional.
Note: Direction of travel is left to right in above diagrams, with the exception of purpose builtreversible roads, i.e. Southern Expressway, where markers are bi-directional red - white.
NOTE: Edgelines in the merge taper on overtaking lanes varies from this specification (see Part B 2.13.10).
4.5m
24m
4.5m
12m
Pavement Marking Manual B-27
Types of Markings
B
2.13.4 Corner islands
Indicates direction of travel
In urban areas RRPMs on corner islands are to be white except where largeraised dividers are used (refer to Part B 2.13.6) or where red RRPMs have beenused on the edgelines on the approach or downstream from the corner island. In the latter cases, red RRPMs shall be used to 'continue' the line of RRPMs onthe drivers left hand side only.
NOTE :
On rural roads with continuous edgelines (standard or enhanced) red RRPMsshould be located on the other side of the corner island outline.
NOTE :
no RRPMSon bicycle lanes
minimum of 2 RRPMs on any one edge
RRPMs shall not beplaced within crosswalks
< 15m
> 15m <3m
<3m
>3m - <12m
>3m - <12m
>12m
>12m
2.13.4.1 Posted speed <80km/h
2.13.4.2 Posted speed >90km/h
Pavement Marking ManualB-28
Types of Markings
2.13.5 Freeway/Expressway ramps
(a) Preferred
Indicates direction of travel kerb oredge of seal
N*
6m
6m
N*
6m
6m
N*
N* = 12m lit or 24m unlit
kerb oredge of seal
N*
6m
6m
N*
6m
6m
N*
RRPMs should be placed on themedian traffic island or shoulderside where sufficient pavementwidth permits.
NOTE :
Pavement Marking Manual B-29
Types of Markings
B
2.13.5 Freeway/Expressway ramps (cont)
(b) Alternative
Indicates direction of travel
kerb oredge of seal
N*
6m
N*
6m 6m
6m
N*
N*
N* = 12m lit or 24m unlitN*
N*
6m
6m6m
6m
N*
N*
kerb oredge of seal
This treatment narrows the lanewidth and may not be consistantwith RRPM locations before andafter the ramp.
NOTE :
Pavement Marking ManualB-30
Types of Markings
2.13.6 Urban arterial road
Generally no RRPMs oncontinuity lines.
raised divider
for RRPMs on urban cornerislands see Part B 2.13.4.1
kerb
kerb
kerb
200m maximumbetween bicycle symbols.
red RRPMs on edgelinesin urban areas is optional.
Pavement Marking Manual B-31
Types of Markings
B
2.13.7 Rural multi-lane road
edge of seal
for RRPMs on rural cornerislands see Part B 2.13.4.2
sealed shoulder > 0.5m
X2
X
200
200
Pavement Marking ManualB-32
Types of Markings
2.13.8 Rural two-lane two-way road
Unsealed
Sealed
TP
TP
Unsealed
Sealed
TP
TP
RRPM's may be either side of dividing linebut must be consistently placed throughthe intersection.
(a) Unsealed Shoulder (b) Sealed Shoulder >0.5m
do not extend edgeline into side road. only extend edgeline into
side road where sealedside road extends > 50m
48m standard continuous
48m standard continuous
48m standard continuous
48m standard continuous
Pavement Marking Manual B-33
Types of Markings
B
2.13.9 Rural intersection
Note: Unlit road example.For lit roads RRPMspacing shall be 12m.
(a) Auxiliary Right Turn (AUR)
enhanced
(b) Auxiliary Left Turn (AUL)
Generally no RRPMs on continuity lines
(For maintenance purposes only.Not to be used for planning / design)
Pavement Marking ManualB-34
Types of Markings
2.13.9 Rural intersection (cont)
Start laying yellow RRPM'sbefore first diagonal markingthen every 24m.
(c) Channelised Right Turn (CHR and CHRS)
See Inset Bfor more detail
125mmfrom
1.5m
3m
1.5m
400mm
750mm
9m
650mm
Note :The 9m length using 4 sets of RRPM'sat 3m spacing may be extended to 18musing 7 sets of RRPM's at 3m spacing.
200 200
125
C CL Lto
CL
See Inset Afor more detail
Inset B
For s
tora
ge a
nd ta
per l
engt
hs re
fer t
o A
ustro
ads
Gui
de to
Roa
d D
esig
n P
art 4
A.
200
200
X2
X
Inset A
Pavement Marking Manual B-35
Types of Markings
BRRPM plan
edge
line
edge
line
24m
24m
12m
12m
12m
12m
12m
12m
12m
12m
12m
12m
12m
12m
12m
12m
12m
24m
24m
24m
24m
24m
24m
24m
24m
24m
24m
24m
24m
24m
24m
48m
48m
2.13.10 Overtaking lane - merge area deliniation treatment
Pavement Marking ManualB-36
Types of Markings
2.14 AUDIO TACTILE LINE MARKINGS (ATLM)
ATLM may consist of a thermoplastic pattern of transverse ribs or chequers to a specification. Such markings aredesigned to provide a significant audible and tactile warning in rural environments where driver fatigue has beenidentified as a problem. Refer to Operational Instruction 2.13 Audio Tactile Linemarking.
2.15 DISTINCTIVE COLOURED PAVEMENT AREAS
Only the following AS2700 colours shall be used:(a) Bus Only areas (not bus lanes) - Signal Red, R13.(b) Bicycle lanes - Emerald, G13.(c) Full time signalised pedestrian crossings (only) - Golden Yellow, Y14(d) Accessible boarding indicator patch and identification of dedicated parkng spaces for people with disabilities -
Ultramarine, B21 (refer to Part B 2.6.4).
The above coloured pavement areas shall be treated with skid resistant material to a minimum value 45 BPN (BritishPendulum Number).
Distinctive coloured pavements for areas other than those stated above shall be refered to Manager, Traffic and AccessStandards Section, DTEI for consideration.
Bicycle Lane line or kerb
Bicycle Lane line
No gap between greendistinctive pavement marking and continuity line
continuity lines
No gap between reddistinctive pavementmarking and lane line
continuity lines
Pavement Marking Manual B-37
Types of Markings
B
TP
TP
TP
TP
> 3.0m
TP
TP
To start of taper or 60m max.
TP
TP
TP
< 2.0m
TP
TP TP
TP
TP
TP
TP
< 2.0m
TP
> 2.0m
TP
TP
To start of taper or 60m max.
TP
TP
TP
2.16 KERB PAINTING
2.16.1 Medians
Isolated openings in median kerbs left for drainage purposes shall not be painted.
Pavement Marking ManualB-38
Types of Markings
6m
6m
TP
Dire
ctio
n of
trav
el
Direction of travel
Direction of travel
6m
TPTPTP
6m
TP TP
TP
TP
Direction of travel
Direction of travel
Directi
on of
trave
l
6m
6m
To start of taper or 60m max.
TP
TP
TP
TP
2.16.2 Roundabouts
Kerbs on roundabouts including stand alone splitter islands shall be fully painted. On roundabouts with provision forheavy vehicle movements i.e. with mountable or semi-mountable areas, the first 200mm of the mountable or semi-mountable area shall be painted white. The kerb of the central or main island in these circumstances shall not bepainted.
2.16.3 Other raised islands
Unless specified otherwise on traffic control drawings the approach ends of traffic islands shall be painted white for adistance of 6 metres. Exit ends of islands need not be painted.
Where approach end of islands have outlines with diagonal markings or chevrons, kerbs need not be painted.
Kerbs on islands with sides measuring less than or equal to 9 metres (between end tangent points) shall be fullypainted.
TP
TP
TP
TP
To start of taper or 60m max.
TP
Pavement Marking Manual B-39
Types of Markings
B
2.18 LONGITUDINAL LINE STYLE TRANSITIONS
2.18.1 Dividing lines
Broken (standard) to enhanced broken
Continuous to enhanced continuous
Enhanced continuous to standard outline
2.17 BARRIER LINE INSTALLATION
2.17.1 Intersections
Gaps shall be provided in double two way barrier lines and shall generally be 10m wide and centrally placed at theintersecting centre point of the side road.
Where barrier lines are required for vertical or horizontal alignment sight restrictions take precedence over standardrural two lane, two way road intersection treatments.
2.17.2 Property accesses
Gaps should not generally be provided in double two way barrier lines. Leaving a gap allows a driver to legally enterand leave the road as well as U-turns at a place where there may be a restricted sight distance due to horizontal orvertical curves. A gap may only be provided where a survey determines that sufficient sight distance is available tosafely allow all movements.
Where provided the gap shall generally be 5m. The gap may be increased at wider accesses or where the turningvehicle envelope would otherwise cross the double two way barrier lines.
Centre line 200mm
100mm
12m
Centre line100mm
200mm
Centre line 100mm
100mm
200mm
Pavement Marking ManualB-40
Types of Markings
Direction of travel
100mm
150mm
2.18.2 Barrier lines
Transition from ‘one direction’ to ‘bothdirections’ lines
2.18.3 Unbroken edgelines or outlines
Pavement Marking Manual B-41
Types of Markings
B
2.18.4 Edgeline mis-match
A mis-match of the edgeline road markings may result where a change of lane width occursafter sealing the road shoulders, resealing works or road reconstruction. Where this occurs,a transition of the edgeline between the new and existing markings shall be made asindicated in the diagram below.
transition edgelinea minimum of 24m
continuous edgelines
existing surface
obsolete RRPMsto be removed
post re-seal edgeline road markings
transition of edgeline
note : obsolete edgeline and RRPM's must be removed. Refer to Part A 3.2
work
of new work
obsolete edgelin to be removed
unsealedshoulder
Pavement Marking ManualB-42
Types of Markings
3.0 TRAFFIC CONTROL DRAWINGS AND DESIGN LAYOUTS
3.1 LONGITUDINAL LINES
Longitudinal lines shall be shown on all traffic control drawings. This includes edgelines andoutlines.
Dimensions to kerbs shall be to the kerb face. Dimensions to longitudinal lines (other than zigzag school zone markings ) shall be to the centre of the line. Dimensions of barrier lines shallbe to the centre of the combination of the two parallel lines.
3.2 TRANSVERSE LINES
Transverse lines shall be shown on all traffic control drawings. Dimensions shall be clearlyshown to either the leading or trailing face of all transverse lines, except pedestrian cross walklines. Pedestrian crosswalk lines shall be dimensioned to the centre of the line.
3.3 PARKING CONTROL LINES
3.3.1 Parking Control Edgelines
All parking control lines (where used) shall be shown on traffic control drawings. Parking control edge lines shall be marked in a consistent alignment parallel to and approximately 400mm from the kerb or edge of seal.
3.3.2 Parking Space Outlines
Parking space outlines shall be shown and dimensioned on traffic control drawings.
3.4 DIAGONAL STRIPES AND CHEVRON MARKINGS
Diagonal stripes and chevron marking shall be shown on traffic control drawings.
3.5 ARROWS
All arrows shall be shown on traffic control drawings and may be dimensioned longitudinally.Arrows shall be located centrally within the lane width as shown in Part B 2.5.
3.6 MESSAGES AND SYMBOLS
All messages and symbols shall be shown and the longitudinal spacing dimensionedlongitudinally on traffic control drawings.
Messages and symbols shall be located centrally within the lane such that a minimum of150mm gap is maintained between the edge of the message or symbol and the centre of anyadjacent longitudinal line or to the edge of seal. Spacing between letters to form commonlyused words are shown in Part B 2.6.2.
Bicycle symbols shall be located approximately 100mm from the bicycle lane line adjacent tothe traffic lane. Where the bicycle lane is less than 1.4 metres wide it will be necessary toreduce the width of the symbol. This will be achieved by masking part of the rear wheel topreserve the 100mm gap between the edge of the symbol and the centre of lane line.
Symbols on paths shall be located centrally within the designated area of travel i.e. between theleft edge of the path and the separation line. Examples for both symbols and messages onpaths is shown in Part C 2.19.
Pavement Marking Manual C-1
Design Guide
C
PART CDesign Guide
1.0 Scope
This section describes the requirements for the correct and consistent use of pavementmarkings on roads in South Australia
It is intended that the section provide specific diagrammatic examples (i.e. not to scale or proportion) of the application of markings and where necessary explain to the designer the reasons why certain treatments are used. It also provides references to : The Road Traffic Act Australian Road Rules (ARR) The Technical Requirements for the Legal Use of Traffic Control Devices (The Code) Australian Standards (AS) Austroads Guide to Traffic Management (GTM) Austroads Guide to Road Design (GRD) Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure (DTEI) Operational Instructions (OI)
All road authorities including their consultants and contractors are required to conform to this manual.
NOTE:Dimensioning Convention
Give Way, Stop lines and pavement messages are generally measuredfrom either the leading or trailing edge of the line or message.
x
lane lines
y
stop line
crosswalk line
All markings (longitudinal and transverse) are dimensioned centreto centre, except for Give Way, Stop lines and pavement messages.
trailing edge
leading edge
All drawings are not to scale. The reader shall use the dimensionsspecified throughout the manual. Do not scale off drawings.
Pavement Marking ManualC-2
Design Guide
References
ARR 132, 134AS1742.2 Section 5GTM Part 10OI 2.15OI 2.27OI 2.40
2.0 GENERAL TREATMENTS
General treatments are considered those that apply in all urban built up areas. These include local residential roads, collector roads, arterial roads and expressway type roads in or near cities and townships. They may include roads of any speed environment.
2.1 DIVIDING LINES
There is no traffic volume warrant for the provision of dividing lines on urban roads in SouthAustralia. It is important for designers to remember that the use of single continuous dividingline prohibits certain crossing movements, including U turns, but does not prohibit entering orleaving the road. U turns should generally not be restricted by the use a single continuous linesunless site distance is poor or special facilities have been provided to satisfy U turn demandwithin the section of road.
Any assessment for the need for dividing lines should take the following into consideration:
All ‘arterial’ roads shall be provided with dividing lines in urban areas, and shall beaugmented with RRPM’s.
All ‘collector’ roads should be provided with dividing lines.
Local roads may be provided with dividing lines. Installing dividing lines on narrow roadsmay have implications for parking.
Where provided between major intersections dividing lines should be broken, and shall bestandard width for two lane roads and enhanced for multi lane roads.
Where provided on minor or local roads at intersections, short sections of continuousdividing lines may be provided (see intersection examples in Part B 2.13.8, 2.13.9 and PartC 3.7).
Double barrier lines, i.e. multiple lines consisting of combinations of broken and continuouslines or double continuous lines, are not used on urban roads.
Broken dividing lines on arterial roads continue through minor road intersections.
On any road, a break is provided in continuous dividing lines through intersections (see Part B 2.13.9 for example).
Dividing lines are not normally necessary on minor road approaches to major roads. Howeverthere may be situations where such lines could provide additional guidance to road users.Such cases include :
- Wide side roads- Multi lane side roads- High volumes of right turn movements into and/or from minor road
Dividing lines should not be provided on minor road approaches where right turn and throughmovements are prevented or prohibited from the minor road.
Dividing lines should always be provided on minor road approaches that have give way or stoplines (also see Part C 2.12).
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-3
Design Guide
References
ARR 132, 134AS1742.2 Section 5AS1742.7 Section 3GTM Part 10OI 2.15OI 2.40OI 7.1
two-lanetwo-way road
two-lane two-way road with marked parking
multilane two-way road (with bicycle lanes)
multilane two-way road(two plus one with parking)
Indicates direction of travel
Ker
b
Kerb
P A
R K
I N
G
P A
R K
I N
G
P A
R K
I N
G
Ker
b
Ker
b
Kerb
Ker
b
2.2 BARRIER LINES
Double one way barrier lines are used at Railway Crossings and Ferries in both rural andurban areas where the speed limit is >80km/h to prohibit overtaking on the approached side.A single continuous barrier line should be used where the speed limit is <70km/h or as analternative to permit traffic to cross the line to enter or leave the road. Where singlecontinuous barrier line is used, it shall be standard width on roads <70km/h and enhancedon roads >80km/h.
Generally single continuous lines should be used instead of double barrier lines (one-way ortwo- way) in urban and low speed rural areas (also see Part B 2.1.2).
There is a temptation to use double barrier lines (double one-way or double two-way) tocontrol vehicle movements. However experience has shown that such treatments aregenerally too passive in nature. Where it is considered necessary to prohibit all crossingmovements (for road safety) then preference should be given to physical controls e.g. raisedmedians and islands, that are self regulating and do not rely on police enforcement to beeffective.
For further information on the use of barrier lines on rural roads refer to Part C 3.4.
Dividing lines
Indicates direction of travel
kerb or edge of seal
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Design Guide
References
ARR 88, 138 and 197AS1742.2 Section 5GRD Part 4A
2.3 DIAGONAL STRIPES AND CHEVRON MARKINGS
Diagonal stripes and chevron markings are used to augment and highlight pavementmarking treatments. They often have legal significance under the ARR. They take the formof chevrons when used to indicate that drivers, travelling in the same direction may passeither side of the treated area or as diagonal stripes where the treatments separateopposing traffic flows. Refer to Part B 2.4 for detailed layout of stripes.
Spacing between diagonal stripes at low speed turns is generally 6m. The spacing fordiagonal stripes and chevron markings is generally 6m on roads <70km/h, 12m on roads>80km/h and 24m or 48m on freeways/expressways.
Diagonal stripes shall be placed at 45 degrees to the direction of travel whether straight orcurved and shall be at 45 degrees to the centre line of the divergence where drivers travelon both sides of the markings.
While not exclusive, below are examples of diagonal treatments.
Traffic on either side Traffic to right side only(opposing direction)
Traffic on either side (same direction)
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C-5
Design Guide
References2.3.1 Corner Treatment
On curved alignments, where diagonal markings are not parallel, the spacing of themarkings shall be measured at the outline or edgeline.
*Nominal spacing between stripes is 6 metres but may be varied. For rural treatments thespacing may be increased depending on the radius of the curve. Where the section to bestriped is short it is preferable to provide stripes closer together (as close as 3 metres) toensure the stripes provide the desired effect of discouraging traffic from driving on the area.
o45
o45
Indicates direction of travel
kerb
6m*
kerb oredge of seal
The use of diagonal stripes is discouraged on left turn treatments,where the left turn driver has priority. Stripes are a passive treatmentand in this location are usually driven over regulary, requiring additionalmaintenance. They can also be a slip hazard with differential skidresistance between the painted area and the pavement.
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Design Guide
References
ARR 138
2.3.2 Flush medians
Flush medians may separate lanes dividing opposing traffic streams, while allowing accessto and from the road or entrance to a turning lane.
It should be noted that unlike raised medians, flush medians do not provide physical controlof traffic movements nor do they have the advantages of being clearly visible, especially atnight and in wet weather.
Spacing between median breaks
Diagonal marking variations for median breaks
* Generally spacing between diagonal markings should be 12m. Spacing may be varied between 10 - 15m to suit median lengths. Spacing must be consistent along entire length of each median section. Although it is preferable to provide at least 2 diagonal markings in short lengths, one marking may be used in cases of very short lengths.
*12m
30m
*15m
widest pointtaper point
*15m
widest point
widest point
>10 but <20
widest point
widestpoint
<10m
Indicates direction of travel
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C-7
Design Guide
References
ARR 62, 69 and 72 (4)
2.3.3 Corner islands
The use of very small corner islands (less than 3m sides) should be avoided. Such islandscause confusion to drivers regarding give way responsibilities when turning at intersections.
Chevrons and diagonal stripes may be used between the outline and the kerb of a raisedisland where better turning control is required. However they should only be augmentedwith diagonal stripes where the distance between the kerb and outline is greater than 1.0m.
Flush Corner Island
Corner Islands both flush and raised for left turning vehicles should be augmented withchevron markings for the guidance of both left turn and through vehicles. The treatmentalso clearly define the differences in the ARR between turning movement priorities atintersections.
Raised Corner Island
3m
3m
3m
3m 3m3m>1m
<1m
Indicates direction of travel
<3m
<3m
>3m - <12m
>3m - <12m1m
1m
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Design Guide
References2.3.4 High Angle treatment
Diagonal stripes adjacent to kerbs at left turn treatments may be placed to guide standarddesign vehicles through left turns.
Vehicles such as Semi-trailers are permitted to turn over diagonal stripes to complete turns.
Diagonal markings may be supplemented with pavement bars to promote lane compliance.
Special purpose lanes and corner island treatments, adjacent to motor vehicle through lanes.
kerb
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-9
Design Guide
References
GRD Part 3 Section 9OI 2.15OI 2.40
2.4 DIVERGE AND MERGE TAPER TREATMENTS
2.4.1 Diverge taper treatments
It is often necessary to move traffic laterally across a section of road without merging lanes.Examples include divergence of traffic lanes to avoid pedestrian refuges, on street parkingareas and at the start of median sections.
It is preferable to provide as long a divergence length as possible, especially where two ormore adjacent lanes must diverge. The following diverge calculation provides a minimumlength. However, experience has shown that greater lengths should be provided wheneverpossible. For example, extra taper length is important for pedestrian refuge situations toprovide additional protection for pedestrians and to avoid constant damage to signs andpedestrians hand rails.
A length of continuous barrier line should be provided in accordance with the table below onthe approach / exit to merge and diverge tapers.
Td = Diverge lengthV = Design speed or speed limit (km/h)y = Lateral movement (m)s = Rate of lateral movement diverge = 1m/sec
in the above case Td = 70 x 1.03.6 x 1.0 = 20m
Design(or 85th percentile operating) x
Speed (km/h)
< 60 12m70/80 24m> 80 36m
( x )see table below
2m
Td = Vy3.6s
y
kerb
kerb
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Design Guide
References
AS1742.2 Section 4
2.4.2 Merge taper treatments (lane drop and acceleration lane situations)
“Zip merge”, is the preferred merge treatment in urban areaswith a speed limit of less than 80km/h.This is a minimummerge taper length. However, experience has shown thatgreater lengths should be provided, to assist driversundertake the zip merge.
Tm = Merge lengthV = Design speed or speed limit *(km/h)y = Lateral movement (m)s = Rate of lateral movement
merge = 0.6m/sec
in this case Tm = 70 x 3.53.6 x 0.6 = 110m
Design Speedor Speed Limit (km/h)* x
< 60 36m< 80 48m
*whichever is higher
Zip merges are not to be used on roads with aspeed limit of 80 km/h or greater.
2.5 RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS
Broken and continuous lines may be augmented with retroreflective raised pavement markers(RRPMs).
Standard spacing is 12m on lit and 24m on unlit roads.
As a minimum on arterial roads, RRPMs shall be provided on all dividing lines in urban areasand should be provided in rural areas. RRPMs should also be provided on lane lines, specialpurpose lane lines and flush island outlines.
RRPMs enhance longitudinal lines to such an extent that they discourage crossingmovements. For this reason RRPMs shall not be used on continuity lines except incircumstances shown.
RRPMs may be used on collector and local roads if additional delineation treatment isconsidered necessary.
For the use of non-reflective pavement markers through intersections, refer to Part C 2.17.6.
lane widths 3.5m
median
note :no continuitylines
Tm = Vy3.6s
x
direction of travel
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Design Guide
References2.5.1.Continuity lines
Generally RRPMs are not required on continuity lines. However, in some rare cases they maybe required to provide guidance .eg
- On tapers where traffic is required to deviate from their path eg. trapped lane situation.- On long lengths of curvilinear continuity lines.
Note: - RRPMs shall not be used on continuity lines in merging situations.- Where used, spacing shall be generally the same as that applied to lane lines i.e. 24m
on unlit roads, 12m on lit roads.
2.5.2 Bicycle lanes
The provision of RRPMs can be hazardous to cyclist’s when placed adjacent bicycle lanelines. This is particularly the case for part-time bicycle lanes when cyclist’s are required to ridearound parked cars outside bicycle lane operating times. Therefore it is recommended thatRRPMs not be located adjacent to or near part-time bicycle lane lines. It may also beappropriate to not install RRPMs on full-time bicycle lanes in areas where cyclists are requiredto ride around buses and other vehicles legitimately stopped on the road.
12m
where RRPMs on continuity lines are used, it mustbe shown / indicated on the design drawings.
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Design Guide
References
ARR 146AS1742.2 Section 5
2.6 LANE LINES
Lane lines divide two or more lines of traffic travelling in the same direction and shall beprovided on roads where traffic is expected to travel in more than one lane.
Lanes in urban areas should not be marked on a road where it would result in lane widths ofless than 3.0m.
Where kerbside lanes are designed to be shared with cyclists, the minimum lane width shallbe 3.7m
Lane lines are normally standard broken. However, continuous lane lines may be requiredbetween exclusive through and exclusive turn lanes on approaches to intersections (see PartC 2.7). They may also be used to restrict lane changing mid-block.
Lane lines should be continued through minor road intersections.
At a lane drop, the lane line should cease before the taper commences. This distance isshown in the table in Part C 2.4.2.
For lane lines on the approach to signalised intersections see Part C 2.17.5.
For the use of continuity lines as lane lines (including the length of continuous line) seePart C 2.7.
continuity linessee Part C 2.7
lane dropsee Part C 2.4.2
length of unbroken lane line see Part C 2.7
5m
7.5m
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C-13
Design Guide
References
ARR Part 9AS1742.2 Section 5GTM Part 6GTM Part 10
2.6.1 Roundabouts
Lane lines on the approach to a multilane roundabout are positioned as they would be forother intersections. The lane lines within the circulating lanes and leading out of aroundabout, known as special purpose lines, provide added guidance through the curveswhile negotiating within and exiting the roundabout. Lane lines must be curved wherenecessary to ensure this guidance is further enhanced.
where drivers in the left lane wishingto continue in the circulating patharound the roundabout they arerequired to cross the exit line, it ispreferable that the exit line extend froma point within the circulating path andcontinue into the exit road.
starting position for exit line, see inset foreach exit line around the roundabout.
additional two exit linesshould be provided afterthe exit.
exit area
Inset
Exit line placement
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Design Guide
ReferencesMulti-lane roundabout with two single lane approachesand two single lane exits
Multi-lane roundabout with two lane approaches and twolane exits
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C
C-15
Design Guide
ReferencesMulti-lane roundabout with two approach lanes, one exitlane, and featuring an exclusive left turn lane
Multi-lane roundabout with two approach lanes, one exitlane, and featuring an exclusive right turn lane
Pavement Marking ManualC-16
Design Guide
References
ARR 195
kerb
med
ian
(or o
ther
div
idin
g tre
atm
ent)
car p
ark
car p
ark
bus
stop
20m
kerb
Standardcontinuous line
Standardcontinuous line
inde
nted
bus
sto
p
10m
bus stop sign
2.6.2 Indented bus stops (partial or full)
NOTE: For bus stop design requirements, refer to GD800page 3 of (www.dtei.sa.gov.au/standards/road_design_standards_and_guidelines)
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-17
Design Guide
References
AS1742.2 Section 9GRD Part 3GTMOI 9.2OI 9.3
2.6.3 Bicycle lanes start and end
start ofbicycle lane
end ofbicycle lane
y
30m
or d
(whi
chev
er is
gre
ater
)
formula for calculating diverging taper
d = v y 3.6
d = minimum length of taper (m)
v = design speed or speed limit (km/h)
y = lateral movement of vehicle, or width reduction (m)
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Design Guide
References2.7 CONTINUITY LINES
Continuity lines generally provide longitudinal ‘continuity’ to traffic along lengths of roadwhere lane lines or other longitudinal lines either cannot or should not be provided. They areused to substitute lane, dividing or edgelines where it is intended that the line be crossed.
Where they are used in lieu of a lane or dividing line it is important to remember that theymay continue to have the same legal effect in regard to traffic movements.
Examples of continuity lines include :
To provide continuity at very wide straight openings across side roads or other entry andexit points along a road or across those openings that are subject to significant vertical orhorizontal changes. Continuity lines should only be provided for such situations where it islikely that through traffic would otherwise loose continuity of travel (see Part C 2.5.1 forexample).
At the start and end of auxiliary and special purpose lanes to indicate the section of roadthat should be crossed to access or exit the auxiliary lane.
Across side roads and other sections of road to indicate the continuance of bicycle lanes.
Across median openings where the median is greater than 2 metres in width.
2.7.1 Left and right turn storage / deceleration lanes
2.7.2 Left and right turn acceleration lanes
NOTE: A single continuous line has regulatory importance in the ARRs. When a single continuous line is used, ARR permits vehicles to cross it to enter or leave the road or when passing a stationary obstruction (including a parked vehicle), but does not permit overtaking or u-turning.
x kerb or edge of bitumen
A
Indicates direction of travel
x
A
kerb or edge of bitumen
A x
<72m 0m (all continuity line)
72m - 120m 12m continuity line
120m - 180m 24m continuity line
>180m 36m continuity line
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C
C-19
Design Guide
References2.7.3 Bicycle lane continuity lines
kerb
turning vehicle envelope
Note:
1. Check turning vehicle envelope for standard design vehicle.
2. Bicycle lane continuity lines to extend across turning vehicle envelope.
3. Bicycle logo not to be placed within bicycle lane continuity lines.
kerb
PA
RK
ING
PA
RK
ING
kerb
kerb
Pavement Marking ManualC-20
Design Guide
References
6.0m min
<3.0m
<3.0m
6.0m min
<3.0m
>3.0m
Outlines and median kerb painting for auxiliary right turn lanes <3.0m
2.8 OUTLINES AND PAINTED KERBS
RRPMs generally need not be provided on outlines.
Raised median kerbs shall be outlined where the adjacent through lane width is 3.0m or greater in width.
Raised median kerbs shall be painted where the adjacent through lane width is less than3.0m.
Raised median kerbs in auxiliary right turn lanes shall not be outlined unless the right turnlane is greater than or equal to 3.0m in width.
Raised islands, other than raised medians and roundabouts shall be outlined unless theadjacent lane is a bicycle lane.
All roundabouts and splitter island kerbs shall be painted and may be outlined.
Outlines on raised islands and medians shall be standard continuous.
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C-21
Design Guide
ReferencesOutlines and median kerb painting for auxiliary right turn lanes >3.0m
6.0m min
<3.0m
>3.0m
6.0m min
>3.0m
>3.0m
>0.15m
Pavement Marking ManualC-22
Design Guide
References
ARR 169AS1742.11
2.9 EDGELINES
Kerbed roads in urban areas are generally not edgelined.
Unkerbed roads in urban areas shall be provided with edgelines and may be augmentedwith RRPMs.
2.10 PARKING CONTROL LINES
On street parking control lines are not dealt with in detail in this document. Where used,markings shall conform to the Australian Standard (AS 1742.11), except as indicated below.
Generally parking control markings, such as lines, T’s and L’s used to delineate parkingspaces are white.
Clearways, both part time and full time shall not be marked with edgelines.
Full time parking restriction lines i.e. unbroken yellow lines, may be used to designate NoStopping areas (with or without sign posting), but shall not be used to designate No Stoppingareas already covered in the Road Rules i.e. driveways, corners of road intersections, busstops, post boxes and fire hydrants.
If yellow parking control lines are used along a section of road, they shall not be markedthrough bus stops. The lines shall also not be marked 3m each side of a post box or 1meach side of a fire hydrant, or through designated taxi zones (taxi zones must be sign postedand may be delineated with parking space markings).
2.11 PAVEMENT MESSAGES (Including Symbols)
Pavement messages on roads shall be limited to the following :
BUS LANE BUS LANE AHEAD BUS ONLY
BUS ONLY AHEAD FERRY GIVE WAY
KEEP CLEAR LEFT TURN ONLY NO LEFT TURN
NO RIGHT TURN PED XING RAIL X (X RAIL)
RIGHT TURN ONLY SCHOOL SIGNALS AHEAD
STOP
Bicycle (symbol) Pavement Arrows Yellow Box Markings
Pavement messages for other road related areas shall be limited to the following:
Bicycle (symbol) Bicycle Prohibited (symbol)
Access (symbol) Path Arrows
Pedestrian (symbol) Skater Prohibited (symbol)
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C
C-23
Design Guide
References
ARR 96AS1742.2 Section5OI 2.23
2.11.1 Keep clear
The keep clear pavement message shall only be used in accordance with OperationalInstruction 2.23 KEEP CLEAR Pavement Markings
Keep clear pavement markings shall consist of the words “KEEP CLEAR” and :
Be positioned wholly within a single lane where possible.
Shall have 2.5m letter height with 2.5m spacing between words.
Shall have a letter style as shown in AS1742.2.
Where two or more lanes are to be marked with KEEP CLEAR, the message may bestaggered at wide side roads or driveways.
Single lane
Multi-lane (preferred)
150mm line, positioned to the limitsof the required keep clear area. e.g.in line with side road kerbs.
2.5m
2.5m
2.5m
2.5m
2.5m
2.5m
Note: a single message coveringtwo lanes may be adequate.The words may be spacedwider to suit.
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Design Guide
References2.11.2 Speed limits
Speed limit pavement messages shall not be used in South Australia.
2.11.3 Other messages
Where it is desired to use other pavement messages, the matter shall be referred to DTEIManager, Traffic and Access Standards Section.
2.12 KERB EXTENSION MARKINGS
Kerb extensions (formerly known as protuberances) are used to reduce road widths,especially in pedestrian crossing locations. They also provide traffic calming qualities to aroad by removing parking from the through traffic.
As the name suggests, kerb extensions should preferably consist of raised areas borderedby semi mountable median type kerbing. However, they may also consist of pavementmarkings designated by outline markings with diagonal stripes, and pavement bars and/orRRPMs.
Kerb extensions may also be used to physically control the movement of vehicles, such as atraffic divergence on a road section or to create a high angle entry to the main road.
Note: Diagonal stripes should be placed at 6m spacing on the divergencetaper section and then at 12m spacing for long parallel sections up to 200m. For sections longer then 200m where diagonal stripesare considered necessary they may be spaced at up to 24m in urbanareas and up to 48m in high speed rural areas.
taper length determined inaccordance with Part C 2.4
raised
kerb or edge of seal
maybe augmented with pavement bars between diagonal stripes ( see next example )
Pavement Marking Manual
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C-25
Design Guide
References
ARR 195
10m
20m
Busstop
0
10m
6m
Standardcontinuous line
may be supplementedwith pavement barsfor positive controlrefer to Part B 2.12
3m
3m
No painted kerb extension
Painted kerbextension
nominally 10m
Painted kerb extensions
Pavement Marking ManualC-26
Design Guide
References
ARR 170
2.13 STANDARD INTERSECTIONS (Local Roads)
Local or minor roads need not to be line marked. However, where they are, it is preferred toprovide a single dividing line to the extent of the limit of the No Stopping restriction from theintersection (only) on the road with priority.
The controlled road approaches i.e. the road under Give Way or Stop sign control must beprovided with a give way or stop line. The provision of a dividing line from the give way orstop line is preferred.
The dividing line would not normally extend beyond 10m from the kerb alignment of theintersecting road. This length of line matches the road rule which prohibits stopping within10m of an intersecting road.
Single lane
Multi-lane minor road exits, from major roads, where traffic may enter the side road frommore then one lane, lane lines should be provided. In these cases, the lane line shouldcommence 300mm from the prolongation of the main road kerb line. At least three linesegments are preferred.
For multi-lane minor roads approaching a major road, lane lines should cease with a full linesegment at 300mm back from the prolongation of the main road kerb line. Where a stop orgive way line exists, the full line segment should cease.
Where lane use discipline is a problem, pavement arrows should be provided.
Multi lane
10mminimum
kerb
dividing line
10mminimum
prolongation kerb line
300mm
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Design Guide
References2.14 GIVE WAY AND STOP LINE MARKINGS
width = 450mm (<80km/h)width = 600mm (>80km/h)
Note: Examples shown apply for both GIVE WAY and STOP locations.
300mmkerb
300mmkerb
300mmkerb300mmkerb
300mmkerb
nominally 10mkerb
typical no specialturn requirments
special turnrequirments x
placement of give way line may have to be further in advance of the roundabout to allowfor the wider swept path of some larger vehiclestravelling around the roundabout.
x =
Pavement Marking ManualC-28
Design Guide
References2.15 CHANGED PRIORITY
Changed priority junction
5m
7.5m
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C-29
Design Guide
References
The Code Section 6AS1742.2 Section 2AS1742.2 Section 5ARR part 9
2.16 ROUNDABOUTS
Give Way lines
All roundabouts shall be provided with give way lines at the point drivers are expected to‘hold’ to give way before entering the circulating lane(s). To determine the location of thegive way line it is important to consider sight distance to approaching vehicles from the rightwhile ensuring that the holding vehicle is not placed within the turning path of vehiclestravelling within the circulating lane(s), see Part C 2.14.
Special purpose and lane lines
Refer to Part C 2.6.1.
Note: Spiral lane line markings i.e. where additional lanes are created within a roundabout shall not be used in SA without the authorisation of DTEI, Manager Traffic and Access Standards.
Pavement arrows
Pavement arrows, while not used on single lane roundabouts, shall be used on anyapproach to the roundabout which has more then one lane.
Splitter islands
Splitter islands, raised or flush, shall be provided on each approach. A standard singlecontinuous barrier line should be marked on the approach to a splitter island.
Painted kerb and outlines
All roundabouts, splitter islands and kerb extension shall be painted and may be outlined.For semi-mountable central islands and sppitter islands refer to Part B 2.16.2.
kerbextension
2.16.1 Single lane roundabout
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Design Guide
References2.16.2 Multi-lane T-intersection roundabout
2.16.3 Bicycle lane approach to single lane roundabout
locate start of bicycle lane outside turning envelop
design vehicleturning template
locate end of bicycle lane outside turning envelop
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Design Guide
References2.17 SIGNALISED INTERSECTIONS
Signalised intersection treatment index
5 2
6
1
4
3
1 Pedestrian crosswalk lines (page C-32)
3 Turn lines (page C-34)
4 Pavement arrows (page C-35)
6 Non-reflective raised (page C-40)
2 Stop lines (page C-33) 5 Lane lines (page C-39)
pavement markers
Pavement Marking ManualC-32
Design Guide
References
OI 14.1
2.17.1 Pedestrian crosswalk lines
(a) Pedestrian
The signalised crossing should be at least 2m wide and delineated by two parallel lines.See Part B 2.2.3.
The line nearest the centre of the intersection should be not less then 0.6m (desirably 1m)clear of the cross street kerb line projection.
Crosswalks shall always be on a straight alignment between staged crossing points.
No other lines shall be placed between the crosswalk lines
(b) Shared Use
Shared use marked crossings may vary in width between 2.0m - 4.0m depending on thefacility width leading to the marked crossing.
(c) Scramble Pedestrian Crossings
Scramble pedestrian crossing markings are covered in Operational instruction 14.1.
0.6 - 1mline width 150mm,600mm stripe and300mm gap
kerb
1.2m min
generally crosswalks should be 2.4m (2m min)wide and should be parallel with cross walk lines.However, the width of crosswalk may be increasedwhere there are high pedestrian volumes.
Pavement Marking Manual C-33
Design Guide
CC
References2.17.2 Stop lines
(a) Stop line
Stop lines indicate to drivers the point behind which vehicles must stop during the redsignal phase, See Part B 2.2.1.
(b) Angled or stepped stop lines
The correct stopping position at an angled stop line is often difficult for drivers toaccurately determine when the angle of the line is less then 60 degrees to the directionof travel. Generally it is preferred to use shallow angle stop lines but this will sometimesdepend upon site suitability.
450 or 600mm
1.2mminimum
200mm
1m
1.5m
1.8m
1.1m
< 60%
Greater or equal to 60 degress to thedirection of travel, use angled stop line
> 60%
Less then 60 degress to the directionof travel, use stepped stop line
1.2m min
1.2m min
Pavement Marking ManualC-34
Design Guide
References
AS1742.14
2.17.3 Turn lines
Turn lines may be used within signalised intersections to indicate the proper course to befollowed by turning vehicles. They shall always be used within an intersection where thereis more than one turning lane for turns in a particular direction. They are not required whenthe path to be followed is obvious to drivers under all conditions.
Where opposing right-turn movements operate in the same phase, care must be taken withpositioning turn lines so that sufficient gap is left between opposing turning traffic.Austroads turning path templates or recognised equivalent should be used for turn lines. Itis suggested that a gap of 1.2 to 2.0m is provided between the turning vehicle envelopes.At major urban intersections with double right-turn lanes from opposite directions, it isnecessary to select the design vehicles for the turns, e.g. car and semi-trailer from bothdirections.
Turn lines should not be carried through pedestrian crosswalks but may continue after tocontinue guidance.
Turn lines location shall be determined using design turning envelope as a guide, howevereach location will be different depending on, for example, approach road angles, number ofturn lanes and/or phase sequence. Where multi-turn lanes exist adequate separation shallbe provided between each adjacent design turning envelope.
Turn lines can be designed and depicted using turn line design strings.
line width 100mm,600mm stripe and600mm gap
turn lines not to becarried through crosswalk
Pavement Marking Manual
Design Guide
C
C-35
C
References2.17.4 Pavement arrows
Intersection pavement arrows may be provided in lanes to indicate the direction in which adriver is legally obliged to travel through the intersection. They should only be used in lanesfrom which the movements differ from the road rules. e.g. The road rules allow drivers toturn left or travel through an intersection from the left lane. If these movements are to bepermitted within the intersection, the pavement arrow should not be provided. For simplicity,use of Intersection Pavement Arrows table (page C-38) shows the movements for whicharrows shall be provided.
Intersection pavement arrows shall not be used to indicate a turn where the turn isrestricted during certain hours of the day.
When used, a minimum of 3 arrows should be provided in a traffic lane on the approach totraffic signals. The arrow closest to the intersection shall be provided 6m from the stop lineor from the tangent point of the curve for a left turn lane. Subsequent arrows shouldnormally be provided at as close to 30m spacing as possible (tail to tail). However, toensure three arrows are provided, spacing may be reduced down to a minimum of 15m.The last arrow shall be provided at a point where the full lane width is developed. For veryshort lanes where three arrows cannot be provided (at 15m spacing) the number of arrowsmay be reduced.
15 - 30m
first arrow placed, at full lane width
6m
15 - 30m
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Design Guide
References2.17.4.1 Multiple turn lanes
Left and right turn lanes are reserved for turning traffic, treatments are generally similar.
6m
ONLY
BUS
TPrefer to Part C 2.7
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C
References2.17.4.1 Multiple turn lanes (cont)
T-Junction combinations of left/right arrows are required to allow the movementsintended.
1 row only
3 rows where lengthof lanes permit
3 rows where lengthof lanes permit
Pavement Marking ManualC-38
Design GuideD
escr
iptio
n of
requ
irem
ents
Two
lane
Thre
e la
neFo
ur la
ne
Lega
l man
oeuv
res
if la
ne u
nmar
ked
Lega
l man
oeuv
ers
if le
ft la
ne o
nly
mar
ked
Lega
l man
oeuv
res
if rig
ht la
ne o
nly
mar
ked
Mar
king
s fo
r tw
o ex
clus
ive
left
turn
lane
s
Mar
king
s fo
r tw
o ex
clus
ive
right
turn
lane
s
Mar
king
s fo
r sha
red
left
turn
and
thro
ugh
from
lane
adj
acen
t to
left
turn
lane
Mar
king
s fo
r sha
red
right
turn
and
thro
ugh
from
lane
adj
acen
t to
right
turn
lane
Mar
king
s fo
r sha
red
left
turn
and
thro
ugh
from
lane
adj
acen
t to
two
excl
usiv
e le
ft tu
rn la
ne
Mar
king
s fo
r sha
red
right
turn
and
thro
ugh
from
lane
adj
acen
t to
two
excl
usiv
e rig
ht tu
rn la
ne
Mar
king
s to
indi
cate
left
lane
pro
hibi
tion
Mar
king
s to
indi
cate
righ
t lan
e pr
ohib
ition
Not
es:
1 B
lack
sym
bols
indi
cate
arr
ows
to b
e m
arke
d.2
Gre
y sy
mbo
ls in
dica
te m
anoe
uvre
s w
hich
are
per
mitt
ed b
y re
gula
tions
but
whi
ch n
eed
not b
e m
arke
d.3
On
som
e in
ters
ectio
n ap
proa
ches
, it m
ay b
e ne
cess
ary
to c
ombi
ne tw
o or
mor
e of
the
mar
king
met
hods
sho
wn.
4 A
rrow
s fo
r all
mov
emen
ts s
hall
be m
arke
d on
mul
ti-la
ne s
ide
road
app
roac
hes
to s
igna
l con
trolle
d "T
" int
erse
ctio
ns a
nd o
n al
l mul
ti-la
ne a
ppro
ache
s to
roun
dabo
uts.
NO
T A
PP
LIC
AB
LE
NO
T A
PP
LIC
AB
LE
Use
of I
nter
sect
ion
Pave
men
t Arr
ows
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-39
Design Guide
C
References2.17.5 Lane lines
On the immediate approaches to traffic signals, the use of lane lines is essential wherethe approach width will accommodate two or more traffic streams.
On the approach lane lines should cease with a full line segment at the stop line. Thismay require a shorter gap segment, or a longer line segment.
On exits to intersections where pedestrian crosswalks exist, lane lines should start asclose as practicable (but not closer than 300mm) to the crosswalk.
For zip merges on the exit to intersections, refer to Part C 2.4.2.
For the use of continuity lines as lane lines, refer to Part C 2.7.
Pavement Marking ManualC-40
References
AS1742.2 Section 5
Design Guide
2.17.6 Non-reflective raised pavement markers
Vehicles my require guidance through intersections by the placement of Non-ReflectiveRaised Pavement Markers (NRPM) within the intersection for non-turning traffic.Treatment is normally applicable only to wide signalized intersections on multilane roads.NRPM must be placed such that they do not interfere with the alignment of the crossmovement lanes.
Typical situations are:
Lanes on opposite sides of the intersection offset by half a lane width or more.
Drivers required to steer a curved course through the intersection.
Highly skewed intersections where the travel distance within the intersection is excessive.
Features such as tram lines or adverse geometry which may make the course difficult to follow.
Typical situation
Location of guidance markers
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-41
Design Guide
C
References
AS1742.2 Section 3
2.18 EXPRESSWAYS
2.18.1 Expressway exit lane arrows
Expressway exit lane arrows shall only be used where multiple lanes exit onto a ramp.
mid - block left lanebecomes trap lane
entry ramp continues as trap lane to next exit
Pavement Marking ManualC-42
References
AS1742.9
Design Guide
7m
1.2m
1.2m
1m
1.2m
1m
3m
150mm
300mm
1m x 80mm wide dividing line with 7m spacing
pavement edge
150mm
2.19 PATH TREATMENTS
2.19.1 Destination group layout
7m
1.2m
1.2m
1m
1.2m
1m
2m
150mm
150mm
pavement edge
1m x 80mm wide dividing line with 7m spacing
2.19.2 Connector group layout
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-43
Design Guide
C
References2.19.3 Shared use paths, T intersection layout
5m
10m
5m
10m
50m
15m min
destination groupsee Part C 2.19.1for typical layout
connector groupsee Part C 2.19.2for typical layout
50m
15m min
12m x 80mm widesingle continuous line
1m x 7m gap x 80mm wide dividing line
symbol groups shouldbe spaced at not morethan 200m intervals
connector path eg. SMITH STREET
destination groupsee Part C 2.19.1for typical layout
connector groupsee Part C 2.19.2for typical layout
Pavement Marking ManualC-44
Design Guide
References2.19.4 Shared use paths, intersection layout
5m
10m
15m min
25m
connector path eg. SMITH STREET
5m
10m
connector path eg.JONES AVENUE
15m min
25m
15m min
symbol groups shouldbe spaced at not morethan 200m intervals
destination groupsee Part C 2.19.1for typical layout
connector groupsee Part C 2.19.2for typical layout
destination groupsee Part C 2.19.1for typical layout
connector groupsee Part C 2.19.2for typical layout
connector groupsee Part C 2.19.2for typical layout
connector groupsee Part C 2.19.2for typical layout
12m x 80mm widesingle continuous line
1m x 7m gap x 80mm wide dividing line
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-45
Design Guide
C
References2.19.5 Shared use paths, T intersection offset layout
5m
10m
50m
5m
10m
15m min
5m
50m
15m min
symbol groups shouldbe spaced at not morethen 200m intervals
connector path eg. SMITH STREET
connector path eg.JONES AVENUE
5m
destination groupsee Part C 2.19.1for typical layout
connector groupsee Part C 2.19.2for typical layout
destination groupsee Part C 2.19.1for typical layout
connector groupsee Part C 2.19.2for typical layout
connector groupsee Part C 2.19.2for typical layout
connector groupsee Part C 2.19.2for typical layout
12m x 80mm widesingle continuous line
1m x 7m gap x 80mm wide dividing line
12m x 80mm widesingle continuous line
Pavement Marking ManualC-46
Design Guide
References
AS1742.10
refer to Part C 2.4.1 forminimum diverge lengthand continuous barrier line.
2.20 PEDESTRIAN TREATMENTS
There are a number of distinctive facilities to assist the safe passage of pedestrians walkingadjacent to and across roads. The distinctive features including the legal effect for some ofthese facilities is created by the pavement markings.
These facilities are known as:Pedestrian refugeEmu crossingKoala crossingWombat crossingPedestrian actuated crossing
2.20.1 Pedestrian refuge
Refuges shall be outlined and the outline shall continue past the pedestrian opening.
Where pedestrian openings are provided through medians, outlines shall also continuepast the opening but only if that length of median is provided with an outline.
Where the pedestrian refuge divides opposing traffic movements unidirectional yellow RRPMs shall be provided at 6.0m spacings. White RRPMs shall be provided at the same spacing where the refuge separates traffic travelling in the same direction.
Pedestrian refuges are either short lengths of raised medians used on roads for the solepurpose of providing a staging area for pedestrians crossing the road or are long lengths ofmedian through which ‘cut outs’ or ‘walkthroughs’ may be provided.
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-47
Design Guide
C
References
The Code Section 7AS1742.10
2.20.2 Emu crossing
two-lane two-way road
two-lane two-way road (with kerb extensions)
6m 2.4m - 6m
6m
post and flag
single brokendividing line
kerb
kerb
standard stop line
post and flag
postpost
post post
6m 2.4m - 6m
6m
kerb
kerb
standard stop line
kerbextension
post and flag
single brokendividing line
post and flag
postpost
postpost
kerb extension
kerbextension
Pavement Marking ManualC-48
Design Guide
References
AS1742.10
6m 2.4m - 6m
6m
kerb
kerb
standard stop line
twin alternate yellow flashing signals
kerbextension
single brokendividing line
kerb extension
kerbextension
2.20.3 Koala crossing
two-lane two-way road
two-lane two-way road (with kerb extensions)
6m 2.4m - 6m
6mtwin alternate yellow flashing signals
kerb
kerb
standard stop linesingle brokendividing line
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-49
Design Guide
C
References2.20.4 Wombat crossing
6m minplatform
kerb
kerb
3m -
6m
3m - 6m
kerbextension
kerbextension
Pavement Marking ManualC-50
Design Guide
References2.20.5 Pedestrian actuated crossing
Undivided roads
two-lane two-way
four-lane two-way
6m2.4mmin *
6m single post withpedestrian push button
kerb
kerb
standard stop line
20m single continuous barrier line (optional)
* 5m preferred
kerb
kerb
standard stop line
6m2.4mmin *
6m
single post withpedestrian push button
20m single continuous barrier line (optional)
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-51
Design Guide
C
References
ARR 23The Code
2.21 SCHOOL ZONES
A zigzag marking is used to increase driver awareness of a school zone. It is placed inadvance of a School Zone sign, subject to site conditions.
Zigzag pavement markings shall be used at all School Zones.
Typically the trailing end of the zigzag marking is placed at the school zone sign with themarking commencing 30m in advance of the sign.
‘SCHOOL’ pavement messages may be used where visibility to the school zone (zigzagmarkings) is limited. These markings supplement School Zone warning sign(s).
Other markings, such as speed limits, coloured patches or symbols shall not be used.
The zigzag markings must be as shown in Part B 2.9, unless otherwise indicated in thefollowing examples.
2.21.1 Zigzag marking position
(a) Parking prohibited at all times.
(b) Adjacent indented parking lane and full time bicycle lane.
(c) Adjacent part time bicycle lane.
edgeline or edge of seal
dividing line orcentre of road
zigzag positioned centrally in lane
R3-SA58
kerb extensions may be presentto provide protected parking lane
bicycle lane (full time)
marked parking lane
zigzag positionedcentrally in lane
median or separation line
R3-SA58
R3-SA58
a part-time bicycle lane may be installed
zigzag positionedcentrally in lane
median or separation line
lane widtha (see below)
indicates direction of travel
R3-SA58
R3-SA58
Pavement Marking ManualC-52
Design Guide
References(d) Part time parking restriction.
2.21.2 Basic school zone
2.21.3 Curved alignment
lane width
a (see below)
dividing line orcentre of road
Width of lane Value of a
less than or equal to 4.0m 0.2m
between 4.0m to 6.0m 0.6m
greater than 6.0m 1.2m
R3-SA58
R3-SA58
R4-SA59R3-SA58
R4-SA59R3-SA58
R3-SA58R4-SA59
R3-SA58R4-SA59
R4-SA59
R3-SA58
R3-SA58
R4-SA59
R3-SA58
R4-SA59
1
2
R4-SA59
R3-SA58WG-SA106SCHOOL
indicates direction of travel
Notes :
1. ‘SCHOOL’ pavement message may be usedadjacent to a WG-SA106 School Zone signwhere sight distance to the zigzag markingmay be restricted.
2. Zigzag shall follow the curve of the road.
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-53
Design Guide
C
References2.21.4 At intersections and Emu crossings
2.21.5 Undivided multi-lane road
Notes :
1. Zigzag marking should be 30m long but may be reduced to aminimum of 21m.
2. Zigzag markings must not extend into an intersection. It must be clear of the prolongation of the kerb or edge of road by at least 1.0m.
3. Prolongation of kerb or edge of road.
3.0m min
1
2
1
1.0m min
23
30m
3 121m min
for Emu crossingsrefer to Part C 2.20.2
R3-SA58
R3-SA58
1.0m min
1
30m
1.0m min
2
3
R3-SA58
R4-SA58
R4-SA59R3-SA58
R3-SA58R4-SA59
R3-SA58
R3-SA58
Pavement Marking ManualC-54
Design Guide
References
2.22 BUS FACILITIES
Bus facilities on roads include part time Bus Lanes, full time Bus Lanes and Bus Only areas.All three are pavement marked differently.
General requirements
Preferred width 3.5 metres to 4.0 metres.
Widths less than 3.5 metres may be acceptable on Urban arterial roads with theagreement of Passenger Transport Services, DTEI.
At the start of a Bus Lane where road users are required to diverge to avoid entering thelane, a continuity line transition shall be provided.
Full time Bus Lanes shall have an continuous lane line.
Part time Bus Lanes shall have a special purpose broken lane line.
BUS LANE AHEAD pavement messages placed in advance of the continuity linetransition are preferred for both full and part time Bus Lanes.
BUS LANE pavement messages must be placed at the start of both full and part time BusLanes after intersection and at intervals not exceeding 200 metres.
BL pavement messages shall not be used.
Continuity line transitions lines shall be
- Not less than 35 metres where traffic is not required to merge with another lane of trafficto avoid entering the Bus lane.
- Full merging transition length where traffic is required to merge with another lane.
Pavement messages need not be in lateral alignment with Bus lane signs.
Bus Only Lanes and/or Area shall be treated with red pavement colouring. Red shall notbe used for any other purpose.
2.21.6 Divided multi-lane road
indicates direction of travel
R3-SA58
R3-SA58
R4-SA59
R4-SA59
R4-SA59
R4-SA59 R3-SA58
R3-SA58
>3m<3m
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-55
Design Guide
C
References2.22.1 Placing of lane messages
bus lane
2.5m 1.2m - 2.5m 2.5m 2.5m1.2m - 2.5m
2.5m 1.2m - 2.5m 2.5m
special purpose broken line
bus lane
2.5m 1.2m - 2.5m 2.5m
continuous lane line
2.5m 1.2m - 2.5m 2.5m
continuous lane line
Indicates direction of travel
Bus Lane Ahead
Part Time Bus Lane
Full Time Bus Lane
Bus Only
Pavement Marking ManualC-56
Design Guide
References
6.2m - 7.5m
35m
kerb
35m - 100m
continuity line
2.22.1 Placing of lane messages (cont)
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-57
Design Guide
C
References2.22.2 Full-time / Part-time bus lane treatment
Full-time bus lane
10m to50m
200m max
100m
6.2m to7.5m
35m
30m to100m
12.5m
Part-time bus lane
10m to50m
200m max
6.2m to7.5m
35m
30m to100m
12.5m
special purpose broken linecontinuous lane line
Pavement Marking ManualC-58
Design Guide
References2.22.3 Bus lanes approaching signalized intersections
Shared through and left turn lane for other traffic
10m to50m
100m max
Exlusive left turn lane for other traffic
10m to50m
Note:
1. Check turning vehicle envelope for standard design vehicle.
2. BUS LANE pavement message not to extend across turning vehicle envelope.
turning vehicle envelope
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-59
Design Guide
C
References
AS1742.12
GRD Part 3
2.22.4 Parking bays in Bus Lanes
Parking bays should not normally be marked in part-time bus lanes. However, when theyare required, they should be marked with “T” and “L” markings.
2.22 5 Bus Only
bus lane
Pavement Marking ManualC-60
Design Guide
References2.22.5 Bus Only (cont)
Pavement Marking Manual
C
C-61
Design Guide
C
References
OI 9.3
2.23 DISTINCTIVE COLOURED BICYCLE LANES
2.23.1 Left turn deceleration lane (high potential conflict)
Pavement Marking ManualC-62
Design Guide
References2.23.2 Left turn deceleration lane (potential conflict)
Pavement Marking Manual C-63
C
Design Guide
C
References2.23.3 Left turn acceleration lane
Pavement Marking ManualC-64
Design Guide
References2.23.4 High angle left turn lane
2.23.5 Minor side road junction
Pavement Marking Manual C-65
C
Design Guide
C
References2.24 FLOODWAYS AND CAUSEWAYS
Floodways and causeways are sections of road that are subject to flooding. When water isover the roadways delineation is reduced because the edgelines and particularly thestandard dividing line (3m line, 9m gap) is very difficult to see through the water. However, itis important not to unreasonably restrict traffic movement by providing an continuous dividingline.
To increase delineation qualities of the dividing line while still allowing the line to be crossed,a special purpose broken dividing line ( i.e. 9m line, 3m gap) shall be used across thesection of road regularly subject to flooding.
Floodway/causeway examples
edgeof seal
edge of seal
floodway / causeway
brokenedgelines
>5.5m
no narrowing of roadformation or seal width
edge of seal
floodway / causeway
edge of seal
brokenedgelines
>6.8m
narrowing of road formation and/or seal width
100mminimum
existing roadedgeline if provided
special purpose broken dividing line
special purposebroken dividing line
enhancedcontinuous edgelines
Pavement Marking ManualC-66
Design Guide
References
AS1742.2 Section 5
AS1742.7 Section 3OI 2.15
3.0 RURAL TREATMENTS
This section details the pavement marking differences between the general or urbantreatments and those in rural areas. In cases other than those listed below, treatments shouldbe the same for both built up urban and rural situations.
3.1 DIVIDED RURAL ROADS
Although most of the design details for treatments between intersections in this section relateto undivided roads, the same principles, with the exception of dividing lines, should be appliedfor divided roads.
3.2 MULTI-LANE UNDIVIDED RURAL ROADS
Multi-lane undivided roads shall not be used in high speed rural environments with theexception of specific treatments such as overtaking lanes, CHR and CHL intersectiontreatments.
3.3 DIVIDING LINES ON RURAL ROADS
Dividing lines shall be installed in accordance with AS1742.2 other than at isolatedintersections treatments. The use of single continuous barrier lines as dividing lines are notrecommended in high speed rural environments. Although such lines prohibit certain crossingmovements, including u-turns, they do not prohibit entering or leaving the road (see BarrierLines on Rural Roads).
Any assessment for the need for dividing lines needs to consider the following:
All rural ‘arterial’ roads shall be provided with dividing lines and should be augmented withRRPM’s.
All rural ‘collector’ roads should be provided with dividing lines.
Local rural roads may be provided with dividing lines. Installing dividing lines on narrowroads may have implications for parking.
Where provided between major rural intersections dividing lines should be broken, andshall be standard width for 2 lane roads and enhanced for multi lane roads.
Where provided on minor or local rural roads at intersections, short sections of singlecontinuous barrier line may be provided.
Dividing lines on rural arterial roads through minor road intersections are generally broken(see Part C 3.8 Standard Rural Intersections).
3.4 BARRIER LINES ON RURAL ROADS
A single continuous barrier line should be used through rural townships as an alternative todouble two-way barrier lines. This allows the line to be crossed by traffic entering or leavingthe road.
Barrier lines on high speed rural roads shall only consist of double lines, either ‘Double OneWay Barriers’ or ‘Double Two Way Barriers’ to create ‘No Overtaking Zones’ and shall berestricted to locations with either horizontal or vertical sight restrictions or both and only bedetermined in accordance with AS1742.2.
Double barrier lines, one way or two way, are not generally used in SA to prohibit overtakingat isolated locations unless there are sight restrictions which meet requirements for suchlines.
The only exceptions to the above requirement include:
Railway level crossings in accordance with Australian Standards Manual of Uniform TrafficControl Devices (AS1742).
Overtaking lanes in accordance with this document and Operational Instruction 2.15 Ferry approaches in accordance with Australian Standards Manual of Uniform Traffic
Control Devices.
Pavement Marking Manual C-67
C
Design Guide
C
References
AS1742.2 Section 4AS1742.2 Section 5GRD Part 3
3.5 LANE LINES ON RURAL ROADS
Lane lines i.e. lines dividing lanes of the same direction traffic, must be provided on roadswhere traffic is expected to travel in more than one line of traffic.
Lanes should not be marked on a rural road where it would result in lane widths of less than3.2 metres. Restricted access routes may require greater lane widths.
Lane lines are normally standard broken. However, unbroken lane lines may be usedbetween exclusive through and exclusive turn lanes on approaches to intersections.
Lane lines on rural roads should be continued through minor road intersections.
All multi lane divided rural roads shall be provided with enhanced edgelines and outlines.
Multi lane divided rural road
3.6 EDGELINES ON RURAL ROADS
Edgelines are provided on most rural arterial roads. They provide a clear definition of thelane and discourage traffic from travelling on shoulders.
They are particularly effective at night.
Edgelines shall be provided on all rural roads to ensure the desirable alne width does notexceed 3.5 metres.
Practices regarding lane and sealed shoulder widths including the issues relating topavement depth, should be considered before providing an edgeline.
Part C 3.6.1 and 3.6.2 show best practice in regard to installation of dividing lines andedgelines.
Part C 3.6.3 and 3.6.4 indicates a required treatment.
enhanced edgeline
sealed shoulder or breakdown lane
dividing strip
sealed shoulder or breakdown lane
(kerbed)(unkerbed)
enhanced edgeline
175mm
enhanced outline
Pavement Marking ManualC-68
Design Guide
References
AS1742.2 Section 4
3.6.1 Narrow rural two-lane two-way road (sealed width >5.5m, <6.8m)
> 5.5m
unse
aled
sho
ulde
r
unsealed shoulderedge of seal (no edgeline unlessAS1742.2 Cl 4.2.2.1 (b) applies)
Pavement Marking Manual C-69
C
Design Guide
C
References3.6.2 Standard rural two-lane two-way road (sealed width >6.8m)
> 6.4m
> 6.8m(seal width)
standard broken edgeline
unse
aled
sho
ulde
r
unsealed shoulder
edge of seal
minimum width 200mm
Pavement Marking ManualC-70
Design Guide
References3.6.3 Wide sealed shoulder rural two-lane two-way road (sealed shoulder width >0.5m )
> 6.6m
> 7.6m(seal width)
continuousedgeline*
> 0.5m
*on the following roads, the continuous edgeline shall be enhanced - Southern Expessway - Dukes Highway - Sturt Highway - Pt Augusta - Pt Wakefield Road
Pavement Marking Manual C-71
C
Design Guide
C
References3.6.4 Multi-lane divided road (sealed shoulder width >0.5m )
enhanced edgeline
> 0.5m> 0.5m > 0.5m> 0.5m
Indicates direction of travel
Pavement Marking ManualC-72
Design Guide
References3.7 STANDARD RURAL INTERSECTIONS
Standard two-lane two-way rural side road intersection
Standard two-lane two-way rural cross road intersection
sealed
48m standard continuous
<50m
unsealed
10m standard continuous
>50m
unsealed unsealed
48m standard continuous
10m standard continuous
>50m
10m standard continuous or to end of seal if less
<50m
Pavement Marking Manual C-73
C
Design Guide
C
References3.8 OVERTAKING LANE TREATMENTS
More details in Operational Instruction 2.15 Overtaking Lanes.
C
edge
line
edge
line
V A C
C
D=VW/3
W
km/h m m
<75 100 30
75-90 150 60
>90 250 100
85
3.8.1 Overtaking lane - diverge
Pavement Marking ManualC-74
References
Design Guide
3.8.2 Lane change arrow placements
A
V Akm/h m
<75 100
75-90 150
>90 250
85
.
.
A2
Tm = Vy
3.6s
Tm = Merge lengthV = Design speed (km/h) y = Lateral movement (m)
s = Rate of lateral movement
merge = 0.6m/sec
W4-9C
W8-15C
G9-73B
Pavement Marking Manual C-75
C
References
GRD Part 6
Design Guide
3.9 TURNOUTS
Turnouts are short sections of sealed shoulder of a suitable width to provide a stopping areafor slow vehicles to allow faster vehicles to pass.Pavement markings consist of a continuity line past the turnout in line with the normaledgeline.
Slow vehicle turnout
standard broken edgeline
edge of bitumen
continuity line
edge of bitumen
standard broken edgeline
Pavement Marking ManualC-76
References
OI 20.3
Design Guide
3.10 REST AREAS
Rest areas may be lay bys, truck (only) parking bays, information bays, and points of interestsites.
3.10.1 Roads with edgelines
acceleration lane
sealed shoulder only (typically >3.0m)
edge of existing seal
continuity line
continuity line
brokenedgelines
sealed shoulder only
length of continuity line for both accelerationand deceleration (if provided) see Part C 2.7
unsealed area
Pavement Marking Manual C-77
C
References
Design Guide
3.10.2 Roads without edgelines
narrow sealed shouldermay exist after opening
continuity line
continuity line
deceleration lane
edge of existing seal
unsealed area
Pavement Marking ManualC-78
References
Design Guide
3.10.3 Full acceleration / deceleration lane
acceleration lane
>3.5m
deceleration lane
150m min
(30mtaper)
edege of seal
Pavement Marking Manual C-79
C
References
Design Guide
3.10.4 Sealed shoulders only
acceleration lane
deceleration lane
100m min
(30mtaper)
edege of seal
Pavement Marking ManualC-80
References
Design Guide
3.11 STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS
Includes narrow bridges and grids etc.
All bridges and other road narrowings shall be edgelined.
Barrier lines to be provided only in accordance with no overtaking zone sight distancerequirements and only on roads greater than 5.5m width.
Edgeline to be standard broken or to match existing edgeline where provided.
Special purpose broken lines to be used for dividing lines on floodways and causeways only (see Part C 2.24).
30m
narrowing of formation width only
brokenedgelines
>5.5m
no narrowing of roadformation or seal width
30m
narrowing of formation width only
brokenedgelines
<5.5m
no narrowing of roadformation or seal width
(no edgelines) (no edgelines)
Pavement Marking Manual C-81
C
References
Design Guide
Grid example
brokenedgelines
>6.8m
narrowing of road formation and/or seal width
100mminimum
existing roadedgeline if provided
narrowing ofsealed width
grid
(edgelined)
DOCUMENT CONTENT FEEDBACK NOTE: Photocopy, complete and return Internal Mail Post Manager, Traffic Regulation & Standards Unit Traffic & Access Standards Section Level 5 77 Grenfell Street Adelaide
Manager, Traffic Regulation & Standards Unit Traffic & Access Standards Section Road and Traffic Management Directorate Transport Services Division GPO Box 1533 Adelaide SA 5001
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