Hse principles and practises [compatibility mode]

HSE

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTISESPRINCIPLES AND PRACTISES

PREPARED BY:

ALI IRFAN KHAWAJA, COUNTRY DIRECTOR, STAREGISTER PAKISTAN

QMS, FSMS, EMS and OHSAS Lead AuditorCIPM (AAPM), Certified Trainer (PRM/AAPM), IQF Approved Six Sigma Trainer,

NPO Approved Trainer, PMQA Assessor,linkedin: http://pk.linkedin.com/pub/ali-irfan/8/399/a40 email: [email protected] / [email protected]

HEALTH AND SAFETY FOUNDATION FOUNDATION

STAREGISTER PAKISTAN

Health, Safety & Environment

WHAT IS HSE

� H Health (Occupational)� Prevention of occupational sickness

� S Safety� Prevention of Accidents / Injuries

� E Environment� E Environment� Protection of Environment

� Every minute there are:

� 2 Occupational Fatalities

� 475 Occupational Injuries

� 300 Occupational Diseases


Health, Safety & Environment

WHY HSE

� Legislative Requirements

� Competitive Business Environment

� Image Building

� Reduction in Downtime

� Importance of HSE Certification

� Financial Losses from Business Interruptions


HIDDEN COSTS OF ACCIDENTS

� Accident Investigation

� Payments for non productive time (injured persons)

� Payments for non productive time (witnesses, First-aiders investors, clearing up etc.)

� Replacement labour (probably less effective)

� Training for replacement labour

� Business interruption/disruption

� Loss of reputation

� Damage repair

� Replacement plant

� Compensation payments

� Legal costs and fees

� Insurance


BENEFITS OF GOOD HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICE

� Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedures

� Improved production

� Improved staff morale� Improved staff morale

� Improved company reputation

� Reduced accidents

� Reduced ill health

� Reduced damage to equipment

� Reduced absenteeism

� Reduced staff turnover


Successful Management systems

1. Policy: health and safety aims of the organization, healthand safety objectives and management commitment

2. Organizing: clear roles and responsibilities, competence,commitment and control, co-operation,communication

3. Planning and Implementation: identify hazards, assessrisks, and decide how risks can be eliminated orrisks, and decide how risks can be eliminated orcontrolled. sets standards against which performancecan be mean surd

4. Measuring performance: used as a means of determiningthe extent to which health and safety policy andobjectives are being implemented and should be bothreactive and proactive

5. Reviewing: analyzing data gathered through monitoringto see whether performance is adequate

6. Audit: Systematic critical examination of each stage of anorganization’s management systems and procedures

HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY SAFETY POLICY


PURPOSE OF A SAFETY POLICY

� Set out the employer’s/management commitment to safety

� Set out the organization and arrangements for controlling

work related hazardswork related hazards

� Protect people from injury and occupation ill health

� Comply with legal requirements and avoid prosecution

� Manage health and safety on a cost-effective

� Basis


TYPES OF TARGETS

� Reduced/zero accidents

� Zero prosecutions

� Reduced sickness absence

Reduction in compensation claims� Reduction in compensation claims

� Improve reporting of near misses

� Improve reporting of minor accidents

� Improve audit scores


INEFECTIVE SAFETY POLI CIES

a. No commitment or leadership

b. No annual objectives

c. Health and safety not given enough priority

d. Insufficient resources providedd. Insufficient resources provided

e. Personnel do not understand the aims

f. Too much emphasis on employee responsibility

g. No measurement of performance

h. Management unaware of their role

i. No training of management in their responsibilities

PROMOTING A

POSITIVE HEALTH AND POSITIVE HEALTH AND

SAFETY CULTURE


INDICATORS OF POSITIVE OR

NEGATIVE CULTURE

� Attitude

� Morale � Morale

� Accidents

� Absenteeism/sickness rate

� Staff turnover

� Complaints about working condition


FACTORS THAT CAN CAUSE THE CULTURE TO DECLINE

� Lack of effective communication

� Perception of growing blame culture

� Lack of leadership and commitment� Lack of leadership and commitment

� Lack of monitoring

� Failure to implement remedial action


HOW SAFETY CULTURE CAN BE IMPROVED

� Senior management commitment

� Ownership of health and safety at every level

� Effective communication and consultation

� Training for all levels of employee� Training for all levels of employee

� Shared perception of risks

BENEFITS A POSITIVE CULTURE

� Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedures

� Improves production

� Improved staff morale


PRACTICAL MEASURES TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND SAFETY

� Involve employees in risk assessments, accidentinvestigations,

� The development of safety systems and procedures,

� Encouraging hazard-spotting and the reporting of defects,

� Setting up suggestion schemes,

� Organizing training courses and information programs,

� Supporting active involvement in safety committee meetings,

� Accompanied by employees on safety tours & inspections,

� Giving employees responsibilities for mentoring youngworkers.


PERSONAL FACTORS CAUSING GREATER RISK OF HARM

� Poor attitude to work

� Low motivation

� Physical capabilities

� Poor perception of risk


WHAT MOTIVATES PEOPLE

� Incentives

� Recognition

� Job satisfaction

� Personal achievement

Team spirit� Team spirit

� Peer approval

� Realistic goals

� Committed management/involvement in decisions

� Safe environment

� Threat of discipline


EMPLOYERS CAN MOTIVATE THEIR WORKFORCE BY:

� The recognition of good health & safety performance

� Disciplining employees who choose to ignore safe working

procedures

Involving employees in carrying out risk assessments etc.� Involving employees in carrying out risk assessments etc.

� Demonstrating a high level of management commitment;

� Ensuring a good working environment

� Providing training & ensuring good communication

� Setting a good example

� Realistic goals


WHY PEOPLE FAIL TO COMPLY WITH SAFETY PROCEDURES

� Lack of motivation

� Unrealistic working procedures

� Lack of management commitment

Over-familiarization� Over-familiarization

� Repetitive work leading to boredom

� Peer group pressure

� Inadequate supervision

� Fatigue and stress

� Lack of information, training and consultation

� Job insecurity


HUMAN ERROR CAUSES:

� Slips

� Lapses of attention

� Mistaken actions� Mistaken actions

� Misperceptions

� Mistaken priorities

� Willfulness

� Inadequate information

� Violations


REDUCING HUMAN ERROR:

� Skilled competent workers

� Well motivated employees

� Clear roles and lines of responsibility

� Adequate levels of supervisions

� Drug and alcohol prevention policies

� Good environmental condition e.g. lighting, noise etc.

� Avoiding monotonous work

� Breaks to avoid fatigue


WHY HAZARDS ARE UNDERESTIMATED

� Over familiarity and complacency

� Lack of instruction, information and training

� Lack of experience

� The fact that some hazards may be invisible and/or intangible

Sensory impairment� Sensory impairment

� Involvement in routine, repetitive tasks can lead to lack of attention

� Hazard:

� Something with the potential to cause harm

� Risk:

� Likelihood that harms will occur and the severity of the harm

Risk Assessment


HAZARD

Something with the potential to cause harm

RISK

Likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the harm


RotatingRotating MachineryMachinery Forklift TrucksForklift Trucks Working at Height

EXAMPLES OF HAZARDS

Traffic ChemicalsRaised ObjectRaised Object


WHAT IS A CONSEQUENCE

� An event or chain of events that result from the release of a hazard

� Resulting from loss of control of the hazard


EXAMPLES OF CONSEQUENCE

Minor Injury Legal ActionLost Time

Fire

Fall in Share Price

Death Explosion

Serious Injury


WHAT IS RISK?

Risk has two parts

SNGPL

The likelihood that a

hazard will affect usThe severity of its

consequences if it does


SUITABLITY OF RISK ASSESSMENT

� Be proportionate to the level of risk

� Ensure that all aspects of work activity are covered

� Take account of the way the work is organized

� Identify the significant hazards and risks

� Evaluate the risks

� Identify control measures

� Enable priorities to be set

� Residual risk low


COMPETENCE OF RISK ASSESSOR

� Experience and training in risk assessment techniques

� Knowledge of process or activity

� Technical knowledge of the plant or equipment� Technical knowledge of the plant or equipment

� Good communication and report writing skills

� Ability to interpret legislation and guidance

� Possess right attitude

� Knows limitation


FIVE STEPS TO RISK ASSESSMENT

� Identify the hazards

� Decide who might be harmed and how

� Evaluate the risks and the existing precautions� Evaluate the risks and the existing precautions

� Records the findings

� Review the assessment and revise if necessary


IDENTIFYING HAZARDS

� Task observation

� Accident, ill-health or near miss data

� Workplace inspections

� Job safety analysis

� Legal standards


HIERARCHY OF CONTROL

� Eliminate

� Reduce

� Isolate

� Control

� PPE

� Discipline


WHEN ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE REVIEWED

� After an accident/incident

� New equipment

� Changes to equipment, plant, process� Changes to equipment, plant, process

� Changes in personnel

� Changes in legislation

� Result of monitoring or audit

� Action by enforcing authority

� New information becomes available


WHY YOUNG PERSONS AT RISK

� Lack of experience and/or training

� Body not fully developed

� More likely to take risks� More likely to take risks

� Respond to peer group pressure

� Be over enthusiastic


RISKS TO DISABLED WORKERS

� Reduced mobility for access and egress

� Ability to access welfare facilities

� Reduced sensory ability e.g. speech, hearing or eyesight � Reduced sensory ability e.g. speech, hearing or eyesight

� Reduced ability to lift, carry or move objects

� Ergonomic hazards


TECHNIQUES OF HAZARD

IDENTIFICATION

� HAZID

� HAZOP

� ‘What If’ Analysis

� Structured Brainstorming� Structured Brainstorming

� Hazard Identification & Checklists

� FMEA


� A HAZID study is carried out by a team of competent engineers from a mixture of disciplines and is led by a person, the HAZID Leader who is experienced in the HAZID technique.

� Hazard Checklists for the areas to be considered are used to assist the process. Where it is agreed that a hazard exists, it

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION (HAZID)

Hazard Checklists for the areas to be considered are used to assist the process. Where it is agreed that a hazard exists, it is considered and all possible means of either eliminating it or controlling the risk and/or the necessity for further study are noted on a HAZID worksheet.

� Actions are assigned to either discipline groups or individuals to ensure the mitigating control, or further study is completed.


HAZID

� Effect driven

� internal or external cause

� potential for any number of simultaneous failures

� Lateral thought process

� able to identify low likelihood events

� major hazard screening

� pre-supposes that a failure could occur

� Solution Orientated


HAZID PROCESS

Assemble workshop team

Use Risk Assessment Matrix to assess risk

Record all hazards, sources

Assess MAHsin detail

Use Hazard Hazard ChecklistChecklist to identify potential HSE hazards

Record consequences &

Identify all Major Accident Hazards (MAHs)

Identify risk Identify any hazards, sources & scenarios

Hazard Register

consequences & worst-case potential risk

Identify risk control and mitigation

Record risk control and mitigation

Identify any remedial actions

Rank all remedial actions and assign to relevant person


HAZOP PROCESS

Select line/node

Assess consequence of deviation

Identify controls & safeguards to prevent or mitigate consequence

Select guideword and deviation

Is deviation possible?

Identify any remedial actions

Record all consequences

Report:Management summaryTeam membersHAZOP Record SheetsHAZOP Action SheetsMarked-up P&IDs

Record all controls & safeguards

Rank all remedial actions and assign to relevant person


HAZOP PROCESS

�� Four main questions asked:Four main questions asked:

�� What is the intention of system being examined?What is the intention of system being examined?

�� Is there potential to deviate from this intention?Is there potential to deviate from this intention?

�� What are the causes of the deviationWhat are the causes of the deviationWhat are the causes of the deviationWhat are the causes of the deviation

�� What are the consequences of the deviationWhat are the consequences of the deviation

�� Use Use guidewordsguidewords to ensure all process parameters to ensure all process parameters

and deviations are systematically examinedand deviations are systematically examined


HAZOP–Basic Guideword Matrix

NoNo More/HighMore/High Low/LessLow/Less ReverseReverse

FlowFlow XX XX XX XX

PressurePressure XX XX

TemperatureTemperature XX XX

� Composition

� Contamination/impurities

� Viscosity

� Relief/vent

� Maintenance

� Instrumentation/Control

� Sampling

� Corrosion/erosion

� Service failure

� Etc.

LevelLevel XX XX

Other common HAZOP guidewords include:


Systematic and structured review of HSE risks for an operation,activity or project.

Utilises a checklist approach.

Systematic and structured review of system Design.

Utilises a guideword /Deviation approach.

HAZOPHAZID

HAZID vs. HAZOPHAZID vs. HAZOP

They are complimentary approachescomplimentary approaches

approach.Assesses risk associated with hazards identified.

Does not require Process & Instrumentation Diagrams

Does not typically assessrisk

Requires Process & Instrumentation Diagrams

HAZOPHAZID


RISK ANALYSIS

A process consisting of three components:

� risk assessment

� risk management

risk communication� risk communication


TYPES OF HAZARDS

1) Ergonomic Hazards

2) Mechanical Hazards

3) Toxic Hazards

Explosion Hazards 4) Explosion Hazards

5) Electrical Hazards

6) Chemical Hazards


TYPES OF HAZARDS

7) Fire Hazards

8) Pneumatic Hazards

9) Falling Hazards

10) Noise Hazards

11) Vibration Hazards

12) Biological Hazards

13) Radiation Hazards


RISK ASSESSMENT

� Risk Analysis

Hazard Identification

Risk Estimation

� Risk Evaluation


RISK ASSESSMENT

The process of establishing information regarding acceptable levels of a

risk and/or levels of risk for an individual, group, society, or the

environment.

(OR)

Overall process of estimating the magnitude of risk and deciding Overall process of estimating the magnitude of risk and deciding

whether or not the risk is tolerable.

Before undertaking any task, always identify the hazards and assess

the risks. Then implement the measures required to remove or

minimise the risk before starting work.


FORMAL RISK ASSESSMENT

� Identification

Risks categorized as affecting Confidentiality, Integrity, or

availability

� Prioritization

Risks are prioritized by their impact, and probability


FORMAL RISK ASSESSMENT

� Controls

Controls are identified and recommended based on the risks

identified. Controls are prioritized based on cost, priority, and

capability to implement.capability to implement.

� Report

A report is prepared by the facilitator and approved by the team.


OVERALL RATING OF RISK

The overall risk is determined as per below mentioned formula:

Risk = Likelihood X Effect on health

R = L x H � R = L x H

Risk rating 9 and above should be considered un-tolerable risk

and needs to be controlled.



� A casual definition of Risk is

Risk = P * S

Where P is the probability of occurrence & S is the severity of an event

� Risk = ¦{ hazard, exposure, safeguard}



This will help us in answering:

-- How likely is an event to occur?

-- What likely are the effect (consequences)?

Risk = frequency * consequence


EXAMPLE

If we can’t take away the Hazard we shall have to reduce the riski.e. Reduce the frequency and/or reduce the consequence

For this we need to firstEstimate the frequency and/or estimate the consequenceEstimate the frequency and/or estimate the consequence

EXAMPLE: 1 Risk on a Cricket FieldSohaib Akhtar is the bowler : He is the HazardYou are the batsman : You are at riskFrequency = 6 times per over. Consequence = bruises!

Risk = 6 X bruises!

Risk reduction : Limit bounces to 2 per hr. Wear more padsRisk = 2 X small bruises!


PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES

CHANGE ANALYSIS

� This technique emphasizes change to correct the problem.

� Examination of deviations from the norm are scrutinized.

� Consider all problems to result from some unanticipated change. � Consider all problems to result from some unanticipated change.

� Analyze the changes to determine its cause.


RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS

Identify

Routine

Slips, trips, falls

Hazardous substances

RISKS

JudgementStandard Competences

Identify Hazards and Effects

Assess Risk

Coarse Screening

Further Screening

Significant

Major

Plant and machinery

Noise

Spills

Fires and explosions

Major integrity failures

ProceduresResponsibilitiesPerformance Measurement

Detailed Analysis


RECORD THE FINDINGSSite / Area / Department:

Activity

#

SiteOperation

/Activity

Equipment

Hazard

Y/N

Safety &

Health

Hazard

Potential Health &

Safety ImpactL H R

Potential

Causes of

Hazards

Current Control

Preventive

Measure

Suggested

PRINCIPLES OF

CONTROLCONTROL


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION

� Avoid the risk e.g. eliminate the hazard or task

� Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided

� Combat risks at source� Combat risks at source

� Adapt the work to the individual

� Adapt to technical progress

� Replace the dangerous by the less dangerous

� Develop a coherent prevention policy

� Give collective measures priority over individual measure


PERMIT-TO-WORK

A formal written procedure requiring written conformation that

certain actions have been carried out to eliminate or control

risks before a specific high risk activity is carried out.


OPERTION OF PERMIT-TO-WORK

� Identify the task (where and when)

� Identify the hazards

� List the precautions to eliminate or reduce the hazards

� Additional precautions� Additional precautions

� Time limits

� Issue by competent person

� Receipt by person in charge of work

� Completion

� Cancellation


CONFINED SPACE

Any space where there is a specified risk of serious injury

from hazardous substances or conditions with in the space.


WHAT ARE THE HAZARDS IN A CONFINED SPACE

� Fire or explosion

� Loss of consciousness due to increased body temperature

� Loss of consciousness due to asphyxiation � Loss of consciousness due to asphyxiation

� Drowning

� Asphyxiation due to free flowing solids

� Confined space excavation, sewers, silos, tanks, vats


PRECAUTIONS FOR WORKING IN A CONFINED SPACE

� Permit-to-work

� Competent staff

� Appoint a supervisor

� Isolate

� Ensure suitable size of entry � Ensure suitable size of entry

� Gas purging

� Ventilation

� Regular testing of the atmosphere

� Special tools and lighting

� PPE

� Communications

� Limit working time

� Emergency procedures


PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

� Benefits of people

� Often low cost

� Can be used as short term measure� Can be used as short term measure

� Portable for worker away from base

� Disposable PPE reduces risk of infection


WHY PPE USED AS LAST RESORT

� Does not eliminate the hazards

� Does not reduce the hazard

� Only protects the wearer

� Always fail to danger

� May introduce new hazards � May introduce new hazards

� Relies on worker to use it

� May not be comfortable

� Worn for only part of task of shift

� Wrong size

� Used when damaged

� Not properly maintained

� Management may not enforce wearing


SELECTION OF PEE

� What are the hazards

� Type of equipment

� Made to suitable standards

� Comfort

� Compatibility

� Storage

� Training

� Cost


FACTORS AFFCTIVING THE WEARING OF PPE

� Fit

� Health of worker

� Period of use

� Comfort

� Maintenance

� Training

� Interference

� Management commitment

� Peer pressure


PRECUATIONS FOR LONE WORKERS

� Information on hazards

� Training to deal with hazards

� Regular contact

� Supervisors regularly visiting

� Automatic warning devices

� Check the worker has returned home

� PPE

� Emergency action if worker becomes ill

MONITORING

REVIEW AND AUDIT REVIEW AND AUDIT


THE REASONS FOR MONITORING

� Identify substandard H & S practices

� Identify trends

� Compare actual performance against targets

� To benchmark� To benchmark

� Identify use and effectiveness of control measures

� Make decisions on suitable remedial measure

� Set priorities and establish realistic timescales

� Assess compliance with legal requirements

� Provide information to Board, committees etc.


REACTIVE MONITORING

� Accidents

� Incidents

� Ill-health statistics

� Near misses � Near misses

� Dangerous occurrences

� Complaints by workforce

� Enforcement action

� Prosecutions

� Civil claims


SAFETY AUDITS

A safety audit is a thorough, critical examination of an

organization’s safety management systems & procedures. It

is normally a lengthy process carried out by trained auditor,

often someone from outside the organization. It is aoften someone from outside the organization. It is a

structured way of assessing the H&S performance of an

organization by supplying answers to a series of questions &

often involves a scoring system such that improvements can

be made.


DOCUMENTS LOOKED AT DURING AUDITS INCLUDE:

� Safety policy

� Risk assessment

� Procedures

� Safety monitoring procedures

Maintenance records� Maintenance records

� Accident and incident reports

� Health surveillance records

� Safety committee minutes etc.

� Training records

� Statutory inspections

� Previous audit reports


WORKPLACE INSPECTIONS

A safety inspection involves the straightforward observation of

a workplace and/or the activities or equipment within it. A

safety inspection, usually carried out by a manager or

employee representative and often aided by the use of aemployee representative and often aided by the use of a

checklist, may be carried out routinely and has the aim of

identifying hazards and assessing the use and effectiveness of

control measures.


LIMITATIONS OF INSPECTIONS

� Some hazards are not visible

� Some hazards not always present

� Unsafe practices not seen


PEOPLE WHO CARRY OUT INSPECTIONS

� Managers

� Supervisors

� Health and Safety advisors� Health and Safety advisors

� Employee safety representatives

� Enforcement agencies


INSPECTION CHECKLIST

� Condition of processes and plant

� Contractors

� Electrical

� Environmental conditions

� Fire protection

� First aid � First aid

� Hand held tools

� Hazardous substances

� Housekeeping/cleanliness

� Lifting equipment

� Manual handling

� Machinery guarding

� Noise etc.


STRENGTHS OF CHECKLISTS

� Enable prior preparation and planning so inspection is more

structured and systematic

� Reduces the chances of important areas or issues being

overlookedoverlooked

� Provides an immediate record of findings

� Ensures consistent approach

� Provides easy method of comparison and audit


WEAKNESSES OF CHECKLISTS

� May lead to blinkered approach meaning significant risks might

be missed

� May not be reviewed or updated to take account of changes in

work processes etc.work processes etc.

� Become routine with no follow up questions

� Too objectives and restrictive, no scope for peripheral issues

� Procedure subject to human error or abuse

ACCIDENT REPORTING AND INVESTIGATION INVESTIGATION


ACCIDENT DEFINITION

An accident is an unplanned/unpremeditated event caused by

unsafe acts or conditions which results in a loss.


NEAR MISS (INCIDENT)

� A near miss is an unplanned/unpremeditated event that has the

potential to cause injury to people or damage to property.

� IMMEDIATE / DIRECT CAUSES

� The immediate/direct cause is the unsafe act or condition that

results in an accident or incident.


ROOT / UNDERLYING CAUSES

The Root (Underlying) cause is the failure of procedure /

management systems that have resulted in the unsafe act or

condition.


PRINCIPLE CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

� Attitude

� Unsafe acts

� Unsafe conditions� Unsafe conditions


BENEFITS OF COLLECTING NEAR MISS DATA

� To identify underlying causes which may allow preventative

action to be taken before something more serious occurs

� Gives message to workforce that all failures are taken

seriously, not just those leading to injury

� Generally accepted that near misses greatly outnumber

accidents and can therefore produce more data from which a

greater understanding of the deficiencies in management

systems can be identified and rectified


THE AIM OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION IS:

� To determine cause to prevent a recurrence

� Identify weaknesses in management systems

� Identify weaknesses in risk assessment procedure� Identify weaknesses in risk assessment procedure

� Demonstrate management commitment

� To comply with legal requirements

� To provide information for any subsequent criminal/civil action

� Provide information to insurance company


IMMEDIATE AND LONGER TERM ACTION AFTER AN ACCIDENT

� First aid for injury party

� Calling medical assistance if necessary

� Isolation of the accident scene

� Report to relevant enforcing authority if necessary

� Identification of witnesses

� Setting up investigation team

� Full investigation to determine root cause

� Making recommendations

� Implementing corrective action


PREPARATION BEFORE INVESTIGATION

� Who should be involved

� If possible the accident scene is left untouched

� Collating relevant existing documents

Identifying who are witnesses � Identifying who are witnesses

� Check that legal reporting requirements have been met

� What equipments is needed

� The style to be adopted

� The style of report and who should receive it

� The depth of the investigation


INVESTIGATION TEAM

� Line Manager: has knowledge of the processes involved

� Supervisor: has knowledge of the process

� Employee Safety Representative: has legal right

� Safety Practitioner: to advice on health and safety implications� Safety Practitioner: to advice on health and safety implications

� Engineer: to advice on technical matters

� Senior Manager from different department: unbiased


INVESTIGATION REPORT

� Who – the injured person

� When – date and time

� Where – location details

� What – type of accident and nature of injury � What – type of accident and nature of injury

� How – details of events

� Why – analysis of cause

� Recommendations

� Documentation

� Reference to possible breaches of law


REASONS FOR REPORTING ACCIDENTS

� Implement initial controls

� Monitoring health and safety performance

� Starting point for investigation � Starting point for investigation

� To comply with legal requirements

� To prevent recurrences and further injuries / losses

� To provide information for any subsequent civil claim

� Review of risk assessments


ACCIDENT DATA CAN:

� Show patters and trends

� Identify weaknesses in procedures and policies

� Prioritize safety measures

� Identify areas for improvements � Identify areas for improvements

� Set targets for reduction


EMPLOYEES CAN BE DISCOURAGED FROM REPORTING ACCIDENTS BECAUSE:

� Ignorance of procedures

� Peer pressure

� Retribution by management’s safety record� Retribution by management’s safety record

� Over-complicated reporting procedures

� Lack of management response to reports



Violation of

Operating

Miscellaneous

(16%)

Personal

Protective

Equipment

(6.75%)

Leading Causes of Workplace Deaths In SNGPL

Road /

Vehicle Related

(40%)

Line Pipe

Handling

(20%)

Electric

Shock / Burns

(7.43%)

Operating

Procedures

(11%)


ACCIDENT STATUS OF VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS

Projects

METERING W/S

(4.54%)

TELECOM

(9.10%)

FATAL ACCIDENT STATUS OF SNGPL

Projects

Distribution

Transmission

Metering W/S

Telecom

PROJECTS

( 59%)

DISTRIBUTION

(22.7%)TRANSMISSION

(4.54%)


COMMONALITY

Accidents have two things in common

1) They all have outcomes from the accident

2) They all have contributory factors that cause the accident


OUTCOMES OF INCIDENTS

� POSITIVE ASPECTS

� Accident investigation

� Prevent recurrence

� Change to safety programs

� Change to procedures

� Change to equipment design


OUTCOMES OF INCIDENTS

� NEGATIVE ASPECTS

� Injury & possible death

� Disease

� Damage to equipment & property� Damage to equipment & property

� Litigation costs

� Lost productivity

� Morale


CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

� Environmental

� Design

� Systems & procedures

� Human behavior


CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

� HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

� Common to all accidents

� Not limited to the person

involved

in the accident


THE AIM OF THE INVESTIGATION

� The key result should be to prevent a recurrence of the same

accident.

� FACT FINDING:

� What happened?� What happened?

� What was the root cause?

� What should be done to prevent recurrence?


THE AIM OF THE INVESTIGATIONIS NOT TO:

� Exonerate individuals or management.

� Satisfy insurance requirements.

� Defend a position for legal argument.� Defend a position for legal argument.

� Or, to assign blame.


Who Should Do The Incident Investigation

An investigation would be conducted by someone

� Expert in incident causation

� Experienced in investigative techniques

Knowledge of the work processes, procedures, persons and � Knowledge of the work processes, procedures, persons and

industrial relations environment of a particular situation.

Three essential qualifications of an investigator are

• Objectivity

• Investigative knowledge (non-linear thinking)

• Ability to understand system.


INVESTIGATION PROCESS

1) Control the scene (Initial response)

2) Gather Data

3) Analyze Data (analysis)3) Analyze Data (analysis)

4) Write Report (corrective action)


INITIAL RESPONSE

Effective Initial Response includes the following steps:

• Take control by securing, barricading or isolating the scene

• Ensure First aid/ transporting victim of any

• Control secondary accidents

• Identify sources of evidence

• Determine loss potential

• Notify managers

Sequence is not important


4 P’sINTERVIEWING

Do:

• Put the witness at ease

• Emphasize the real reason for investigation, to determine what • Emphasize the real reason for investigation, to determine what

happened and why

• Let the witness talk.

• Confirm that you have correct statement

• Make only short notes during the interview

• Ask open ended questions that cannot be answered by Yes or No.


4 P’s

INTERVIEWING

Do Not:

• Intimidate the witness • Intimidate the witness

• Interrupt

• Prompt

• Ask leading questions

• Show your own emotions

• Make lengthy notes while witness is talking


4 P’s

PARTS

Third category of evidence is parts and include physical evidence

such as:

Tools, equipment, parts, material and PPE.• Tools, equipment, parts, material and PPE.

• Worn or failed equipment parts.

• Improper tools and equipments.

• Process liquid/ solid samples, before and after.


COLLECTING AND SHIFTING EVIDENCE (ANALYSIS)

- HARD EVIDENCE

Data which is not disputed such as time and place of accident,

logs and other written reports, the position of physical evidence.

- WITNESS STATEMENT- WITNESS STATEMENT

• Statement from the persons who saw accident happen.

• Statement from those who came upon the scene

immediately afterwards.

- CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

the logical interpretation of facts that leads to a single but un

proven conclusion.


THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE OT SLIP AND TRIP ACCIDENTS ARE:

� The floor surface: slippery surface, holes, uneven surface.

� Contamination: spillages, leaks etc.

� Obstruction: rubbish, training cables, rugs etc.� Obstruction: rubbish, training cables, rugs etc.

� The task: carrying loads, space to work

� Environment: lighting

� Footwear: unsuitable footwear

� The people: unaware of the dangers


PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT SLIPS AND TRIPS

� Designated walking routes where possible

� Ensure walkways are level

Ensure walkways are non slip � Ensure walkways are non slip

� Well lit and clearly marked walkways

� Procedures to quickly identify and remove spillages and obstacles

� Eliminate need to carry loads

� Make employees aware of the hazards


HAZARDS OF STAIRS

� Inadequate design (dimensions, treads, no handrails)

� Poor housekeeping (obstructions, trailing cables)

� Poor lighting

� Slippery surfaces (oil/water/ice) or unsuitable footwear� Slippery surfaces (oil/water/ice) or unsuitable footwear

� Damaged flooring or coverings

� Manual handling

� Hurrying on stairs


ACTION NEEDED TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS ON STAIRS

� Adequate width of walkways / stairs and handrails fitted

� Remove obstructions/training cables

� Improve lighting levels and install emergency lighting� Improve lighting levels and install emergency lighting


WORKING AT HEIGHT

� All work at height is properly planned and organized

� Those involved in work at height are competent

� The risks from work at height are assessed and appropriate

work equipment is selected

� The risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlled

� Equipment for work at heights is properly inspected and

maintained

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND MATERIALS AND MATERIALS


PLANNING TRAFFIC ROUTES CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE: Keeping pedestrians and vehicles apart

Separate routes, designated crossing places and suitable

barriers at recognized danger spots.

High visibility clothing if necessary High visibility clothing if necessary

Clearly marked and signed traffic routes

Roads, gangways and aisles should have sufficient width and

overhead clearance for the largest vehicle

Speed limits are established and enforce


PRECAUTIONS WHERE PEOPLE WORK IN VEHICLE AREASSegregated systems for vehicle & pedestrians traffic

Appropriate road markings

Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent, doors,

provision of lighting etc) & audible warnings on vehicles

Drawing up & enforcement of site rules

The provision of refuges

The wearing of high-visibility clothing

Good standard of housekeeping

Training and supervision of all concerned


REVERSING OF VEHICLESOne-way systems

Drives-through systems

Turning circles

Separation of vehicles and pedestrians

Suitable workplace design

Audible reversing alarms

Mirrors on blind corners Mirrors on blind corners

Adequate lighting

Use of banksmen (men guiding the vehicle when reversing)

High-visibility clothing

Site rules

Training


DRIVER SELECTION

Reliable and mature

Subject to prr-employment medical check

Physically fit

Routine medicals e.g. every 5 year orfit suffering from limited

limb movement, heart problems

Licensed

Trained and competent

Supervised and monitored

Given refresher training


TRANING FOR DRIVERS OF VEHICLES IN A WORKPLACE

Personal responsibilities

Safe working load estimation

Pre-use vehicle inspection and maintenance

Safe parking and security of vehicleSafe parking and security of vehicle

Speed restrictions

Safety rules and signs – sounding horn/no passengers etc.

Floor conditions – pot holes/housekeeping etc.

Vehicle revering – audible wearing/banksmen etc.

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLINGMECHANICAL HANDLING


LOAD� Weight

� Size

� Shape

� Rigidity

� Difficult to grasp

� Unstable

� Sharp, hot, cold, etc.


INDIVIDUAL

� Sex

� Stature

� Individual capability

� Training� Training

� Persons’s assessment of own capability


TASK� Holding away from trunk

� Twisting

� Stooping

� Reaching upwards

� Large vertical movement � Large vertical movement

� Long carrying distances

� Strenuous pushing or pulling

� Unpredictable movement of loads

� Repetitive handling

� Insufficient rest or recovery

� Work rate imposed by the process


ENVIROMENT

� Constraints on posture

� Poor floors

� Variations in levels

� Hot / cold / humid conditions� Hot / cold / humid conditions

� Poor lighting


PARCTICLAL MEASURE TO AVOID MANUAL HANDLING INJURIES

� Avoid manual handling

� Risk reduction

� Automation and mechanization

Team handling � Team handling

� Training

� Smaller lighter laods selection

� Good environmental working conditions


CORRECT KINETIC HANDLING TECHNIQUE

� Assess the load

� Position feet as close to load as possible

� Bend the knees and keep back straight

� Secure grip

� Lift using thigh muscles � Lift using thigh muscles

� Load close to the body

� Avoid jerking, make a smooth movement avoid twisting

� Put down, slide to desired position

� Types of cranes

� Mobile

� Tower

� Gantry

� Overhead


SAFE USE OF MOBILE CRANES

� Suitable crane

� Suitable ground conditions

� Use of outriggers

� Avoidance of obstructions

� Care near overhead power lines

� Designated and protected area

� Suitable and tested lifting tackle

� Correct slinging technique

� Competent personnel

� Load near ground if traveling

� Good visibility

� Good communications

� Suitable storage for fuels etc


CRANES MAY FAIL BECAUSE OF:

� Overturning

� Overloading

� Unsuitable support or inadequate bases for carne

� Loss of load � Loss of load

� Failure of maintenance

� Failure of load bearing part

� High winds


SAFETY DURING LIFTING

� Not exceeding safe working load

� Trained personnel (crane operator, slinger, banksman

(signaler))

� Good communication between all operatives� Good communication between all operatives

� Properly maintained equipment

� Equipment has undergone statutory inspections

� Correct lifting accessories free from defect

� Warning of lift taking place

� Ensure load is secure


SAFETY DURING LIFTING

� Path free from obstacles

� Avoid overhead power lines

� All personnel clear of the load

� Load lifted vertically� Load lifted vertically

� Lifted to correct height

� Moved at appropriate speed

� Put down in a safe position and tension released

� Safety helmets

� Adequate supervision


PERCAUTION WHEN USING ACCESSORIES

� All accessories properly certificated and tested

� Properly inspected by a competent person at regular intervals

� Safe working Load (SWL) clearly marked

� Inspection prior to use

� No repair to accessories on site

� Not used for purposes not intended

� Packing between accessory and load

� Properly stored after use

� Training provided for staff in safe use

WORK EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL CONTROL


FACTORS TO CONSIDER PRIOR TO INSTALLING NEW MACHINERY

� What are the hazards e.g.

a. Are there heat or cold problems

b. Chemicals

c. Biologicalc. Biological

� Is it suitable guarded

� The location of the equipment

� Is it capable of being isolated/locked off

� Is there safe access and egress

� Are personnel trained and competent

� Any other specific risks


THE HEIRARCHY OF CONTROLS FOR MACHINERY GUARDING

� Fixed enclosing guards

� Other guards or protection devices such as interlocked guards

and pressure mats

� Protective appliances such as jigs, holders, push sticks, etc.

� The provision of information, instruction training, and

supervision


MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY

� Entanglement

� Traps

� Impact� Impact

� Contact

� Ejection


NON MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MECHINERY

� Electricity

� Hot surfaces

� Dust and fumes

� Fire/explosion

� Noise

Vibration � Vibration

� Biological

� Hazardous chemicals

� Radiation

� Access and egress

� Obstructions and projections

� Manual handling

� Noise

� Splinters


OFFICE MACHINERY: PHOTOCOPIES AND SHREDDER

COMMMON HAZARDS

� Electrical

� Ergonomic � Ergonomic

� Noise

� Stability of machine


PRECUATIONS USING PORTABLE POWER TOOLS

� Never carry a tool by the cord or hose

� Never pull the cords to disconnect it

� Keeps cords and hoses always from heat

� Disconnect tools when not in use

� Keep observers at a safe distance � Keep observers at a safe distance

� Secure work with clamps

� Avoid accidental starting

� Use RCDs etc. with electrical tools

� Ensure good footing

� Wear appropriate PPE

� Maintain tools

� Regular inspection and defect reporting

� Remove damaged tools from use


HAZARDS OF MACHINERY

� Unintentional starting of machinery

� Release of stored energy e.g. pressure, electricity

� Movements due to gravity

� Residual high or low pressure � Residual high or low pressure

� Restricted access/egress

� Residues e.g. toxic, flammables, corrosives

� Mechanical hazards

� Heat or cold

� Biological hazards

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROLAND CONTROL


MAIN HAZARDS OF ELECTIRCITY

� Electric shock

� Arcing

� Fire/explosions

� Burns� Burns


FACTORS INFLUENCING SEVERITY OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK

� Current in amperes

� Length of contact time

� Current path through the body

� Conductivity/resistance of the body

� The voltage

� Conductivity of the environment

� The nature of the contact

� Age and health status of the victim


FACTORS INFLUENCING SEVERITY OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK

� Current in amperes

� Length of contact time

� Current path through the body

� Conductivity/resistance of the body

� The voltage

� Conductivity of the environment

� The nature of the contact

� Age and health status of the victim


ACTION ON FINDING SOMEONE IN CONTACT WITH ELECTRICITY

� Isolate the supply if possible

� Summon help

� Give first-aid if capable� Give first-aid if capable

� Remain with casualty until emergency services arrive


CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL FIRE

� Inadequate circuits

� Overloaded circuits

� Damage wiring and insulation� Damage wiring and insulation

� Loose connections

� Overheating of cables on coils

� Overheating due to lack of ventilation

� Flammable materials too close to electrical equipment


HEALTH EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY ON THE BODY

� Damage to nervous systems

� Irregular heartbeat (fibrillation)

� Internal burns

� Muscular contractions

� Stopping breathing

� Stopping of the heart


SECONDARY EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY

Thrown backwards

Falls from height

Unintentional movement of machine

� FUSE: a weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at � FUSE: a weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at

excessive currents

� CIRCUTIT BREAKERS: electromagnetic device which performs

the same function as fuses i.e. break the circuit at excessive

current although slightly faster

� EARTHING: electricity will always try reach earth and earthing

means providing a path to earth lower than the human body


SECONDARY EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY

� ISOLATION: the disconnection and separation of the electrical

equipment in such a way that the disconnection and separation is

secure

� REDUCED VOLAGE SYSTEMS: reducing the voltage present in the

systems the consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced

� RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCD):

� Compares the current flowing into the system with the current flowing

out. When the level differs by a preset value the RCD will open rapidly

and interrupt the supply

� DOUBLE INSULATION: covering live parts by two separated layers of

insulation


SAFETY OF PORTABLE ELECTRICAL APPLIANES

The appliance:

� Battery operated

� Checked before use

� Suitable selected equipment

� Properly maintained equipment


PRECAUTIONS FOR PORTABLE EQUIPMENT

� Reduced voltage operation

� Use of residual current circuit breakers

� Apparatus and cable should be protected against overload by

fuses and/or circuit breakersfuses and/or circuit breakers

� All cables should be insulated and protected against

mechanical damage

� Correct types of sheathing to suit working conditions

� Sufficient socket outlets to minimum the need for trailing

cables

� The use of cable drums wherever possible


ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN OFFICE ENVIRONMENTS

� Equipment is of approved standard e.g. British standard

� Maintenance of fixed installations

� There is a means of isolation

� All connections, wiring free from damage

� Correct fuses

� Plug correctly wired

� Avoid overloading of outlets

� Switch off appliances when not in use

� Maintain good housekeeping around electrical equipment

� PAT testing is in date

� System not overloaded

� Cables correctly routed to avoid hazards

� RCDs used

� System for reporting defects


PRECAUTIONS FOR LIVE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

� People who are properly trained and competent

� Accompanied by another person

� Provision of adequate information

� Suitable insulated tools � Suitable insulated tools

� Insulated barriers and screens

� Suitable instruments and test probes

� Personal protective clothing

� Rubber mats

� Permit-to-work

� Restricted access

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROLCONTROL


THE FIRE TRIANGLE

� Fuel, source of ignition, oxygen


SOURCES OF IGNITION� Naked flames

� Electricity (overheating/arcing)

� Smoking materials

� Hot work (welding, burning)

� Chemical reactions (giving off heat) � Chemical reactions (giving off heat)

� Heating appliances (hot surface)

� Friction (inadequate lubrication)

� Static electricity

� Lighting

� Improper storage of flammable materials

� Lack of inspection and supervision


WAYS IN WHICH PERSONS CAN BE HARMED IN FIRES ARE:

� Being burnt

� Inhaling toxics fumes

� Effects of smoke

� Depletion of oxygen supply

� Collapse of building

� Being cursed or suffering some other type of injury in

attempting to escape.


PRINCIPLE CAUSES OF THE SPREAD OF FIRE:

� Conduction: heat travels within a solid material from hotter to

cooler parts

� Convection: hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot � Convection: hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot

and unburnt gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread

from one room to another.

� Direct contract: the flame and a combustible fuel heats up and

eventually ignites.


CUASES OF FIRE� Deliberate reason)

� Electrical faults

� Misuse of electrical equipment

� Smoker’s materials

� Smoking in prohibited areaSmoking in prohibited area

� Loss of control over the firing of rubbish

� Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters

� Unsafe storage of materials

� Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas

� Welding/hot work

� Mechanical heat (sparks/friction)


MINIMISING THE RISK OF ELECTRICAL FIRE

� Pre-inspection by users

� Suitability of equipment for task

� Frequent inspection and maintenance by competent persons

� Avoid misuse of equipment � Avoid misuse of equipment

� Prevent overloading of circuits

� Correct design and rating for tasks

� Isolate if not in use

� Improved means of protection, e.g. RCD

� High standards of housekeeping

� Staff awareness training


FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT

� Identify the hazards: the hazards are the three elements of the fire

training – the fuel, ignition and oxygen sources

� Identify who cold be harmed and how: who are the persons at

risk and consider especially vulnerable people such as the disabled

� Evaluate the risks and the adequacy of the control measures:

this should consider the prevention, protection and precautions

measures

� Record findings and actions

� Review: if no longer valid


FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERS IN FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT

� Construction and use of building

� Flammable materials

� Sources of ignition

� Work activities generating heat� Work activities generating heat

� Methods of control

� Means of fire detection

� Means of raising alarms

� Means of fighting fire and maintenance of equipment

� Evacuation routes/protection of evacuation routes

� Numbers of persons specially at risk

� Fire prevention training/fire drills


PREVENTION OF FIRE

� Eliminate or reduce the storage of flammable materials

� Control of ignition sources

� Control smoking and smoking materials

� Good housekeeping (preventing accumulation of rubbish)

� Lubrication of machinery to prevent friction

No overloading of electrical systems � No overloading of electrical systems

� Regular inspection of electrical systems

� Ventilation outlets not obstructed

� Controlling hot work with permit etc.

� Proper storage of flammable liquids

� Segregation of incompatible chemicals

� Security to prevent arson

� Regular inspection and supervision


STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE GASES AND LIQUIDS

� Minimum quantities (50liters maximum in workroom)

� Suitable fixed storage tanks

� Keep up right in well ventilated storage area

� Clear marking of containers

� Clearly marked storage area

� Spillage controls

� Adequate ventilation

� Suitable fire fighting equipment

� Trained competent staff

� Adequate warning signs


SAFE MEANS OF ESCAPE

� If necessary 2 routes in opposite directions

� Fire resistant walls & ceilings

� Adequate size relative to numbers of persons

� Within travel distance guidelines

� Clearly marked/direction arrows

� Emergency lighting

� Exit route free from obstructions

� Final exit door s opening outwards

� Fire/smoke doors on route self closing

� Fixed stairs to upper floors

� Exit to safe place/assembly point


REGULAR FIRE DRILLS SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN TO:

� Satisfying a legal requirement, or one specified in a fire

certification.

� Checking that the alarm can be heard in all parts of the premises

Testing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures� Testing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures

� Familiarizing employees (particularly those new to the

undertaking, escape routes & assembly points so that, in that, in

the case of a real emergency, they would know the actions to be

taken

� Providing an opportunity for fire wardens & others with specific

functions to practice their designated roles

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND HAZARDS AND CONTROL


CONTROL MEASURES FOR BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

� Cleaning and disinfecting

� Water treatment

� Vermin control

� Containment of the biological agent

� Avoidance of sharp implements

� Proper disposal of contaminated waste

� Immunization

� Personal hygiene

� PPE


CLASSICFICTION OF HAZARDS SUBSTANCES

� IRRITANT: Non-corrosive substance which may cause skin or lung inflammation through reputed contact.

Example of irritant substances are – detergent, bleaches, glue and petrol.

� CORROSIVIE: corrosive substances may cause burning of living tissue on contact.

Examples of corrosive substances are – caustic soda and ammonia.

� HARMFUL: Harmful is a term used to label a substance which if inhaled, consumed or penetrated the skin may cause limited risk to health. The risks associated with harmful ubstances can usually be minimized by following instructions provided on manufacture’s labels or using personal protective equipment.


CLASSICFICTION OF HAZARDS SUBSTANCES

� TOXIC: A poisonous substance which attacks one or more of the body organs such as liver, lungs and heart. The effects on the health can be death, acute or chornic damage. Examples of poisonous substances are – lead, mercury and pesiticides.

� CARCINOGENIC: carcinogenic substance effect the body cells to become cancerous.

Examples of carcinogenic substances are – asbestos, hard wood dust, and some mineral oils.

� MUTAGENIC: mutagenic substance may cause genetic defects that can be heritable, from generation.


ROUTES OF ENTRY IN THE BODY

� Inhalation

� Ingestion

� Absorption

Direct entry � Direct entry

� Injection


ACUTE EFFECTS:

Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term

exposure which is usually reversible


CHRONIC EFFECTS:

Adverse health term effects resulting from prolonged or

repeated exposure leading to a gradual often irreversible

effects e.g. liver disease caused by alcohol


BODY’S DEFENCES AGAINTS DUST

� The air and wetness to the nose

� The change of direction of the larynx

� Sneezing and coughing

� The hair cells in the respiratory tract

� Tears and blinking of the eyes


INDICATION OF DUST PROBLEM

� Visual signs of dust

� Complaints by employees

� Monitoring

� Health problems

� Equipment problems

� Blocked filters

� Health surveillance


CONTROL MEASURES FOR DUST

� Eliminate source e.g. outsourcing

� Substation e.g. pellets instead of powers

� Change process

� Use liquid process as opposed to dry/damping down

Enclosure of the process� Enclosure of the process

� Local exhaust ventilation

� Vacuuming instead of sweeping

� Limiting time of exposure

� Limiting numbers exposed

� Respiratory protective equipment

� Ensuring suitable maintenance


INFORMATION ON MANUFACTURERS SAFETY DATA SHEETS

� Identification of substances/preparation

� The manufacturer/supplier

� Composition/information on ingredients

� Hazards identification on ingredients � Hazards identification on ingredients

� Hazards identification

� Health effects

� First aid measures

� Fire fighting measures

� Accidental release measures

� Handling and storage


INFORMATION ON MANUFACTURERS SAFETY DATA SHEETS

� Exposure controls

� Personal protective equipment

� Environmental/disposal considerations

� Physical and chemical properties � Physical and chemical properties

� Stability and reactivity

� Toxicological information

� Ecological information

� Disposal consideration

� Transport information

� Regulatory information


CONTROL OF HEALTH HAZARDS� Eliminate

� Reduce by substitution

� Isolate

� Total enclosure

� Segregate � Segregate

� Control

� Engineering Control (LEV)

� Maintenance of controls

� Change the work pattern or method

� Hygiene and housekeeping

� PPE/discipline


EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

� First aid facilities

� Relevant safety drills and warning devices

� Suitable training for staff� Suitable training for staff

� Availability of personal protective equipment

� Provision of emergency showers and eye was facilities

� Spillage and leakage procedure

� Evacuation procedure

� Warning to other people


WASTE STORAGE� Storage area of a sufficient size

� Storage area suitable located away from drains etc.

� Storage area clearly labeled

� Individual containers clearly labeled

� Different types of waste stored separately

� Incompatible waste never stored together

� Appropriate containers for type of waste

� Storage of wastes kept to a minimum

� Protect waste from the elements if necessary

� If necessary protect storage area with bunds etc.

� Do not dispose of hazards waste in general waste skips

� Ensure storage area is secure

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS HAZARDS


NOISE CONTROL

SOURCE

� Tighten loose guards and panel

� Maintenance with regular lubrication for both oil and grease

� Eliminate unnecessary compressed air and steam leaks� Eliminate unnecessary compressed air and steam leaks

� Machinery properly adjusted

� Use damped or rubber lined containers for catching

components

� Switch off plant not in use, especially fans

� Use rubber or plastic bushes in linkages, use plasticgears.


PATH

� Moving the source away from the noise sensitive area.

� Enclosure

� Silencers

� Absorption

� Damping

� Use of rubber/cork, spring etc in noise path

� Isolation

� Sound proof rooms

� Lagging

� Screens


PRACTICAL MEASURES TO REDUCE EXPOURE TO EXECSSIVE NOISE

� Lubrication and maintenance

� Change the process

� Reduce energy

� Isolation� Isolation

� Silencing

� Enclosure

� Insulation

� Absorption

� Damping

� PPE

� Reduce time of exposure


RADIATION

Type use in industry

Infrared Heating and brazing

NON-IONISING

Lasers Cutting, bar code readers

Microwaves Food preparation, signaltransmission

Ultra-violet Welding


HEALTH EFFECTS

� Burns

� Reddening of the skin

� Cataracts

� Arc eye� Arc eye

� Temporary sterility's


IONISING RADATION

Type Use in Industry

Alpha Smoke detectors

Beta Thickness testing

Gamma non-destructing testing

X-ray medical

Neutron by-product nuclear fission


IONISING RADATION

Acute effects from high dose

chronic effects

Reddening of the skin

cancers

Radiation sickness, sterilityRadiation sickness, nausea, vomiting,

diarrhea

sterility

Hair loss hereditary defects

Death effects on unborn children

Death


CONTROL MEASURES

� Time

� Distance

� Shielding� Shielding


Others

� PPE

� Environmental and personal monitoring

� Correct disposal of radiation materials

� Good hygiene practices

� Training and supervision


HEALTH EFFECTS OF POOR LIGHTING

� Eye strain/headaches

� Poor posture

� Tripping over unseen objects

� Increased likelihood of human error

� Increased time to vacate work area


FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN ASSESSING ADEQACY OF LIGHTING

� The task being undertaken

� The size and layout of the work area

� The equipment used

� Availability of natural light

� Shifts times/work patterns

� Suitable number of artificial lights

� Contrast levels

� Glare

� Areas in shadow

� Need for localized lighting

� Maintenance of lighting

� Adequate emergency lighting


WORK IN A HOT ENVIRONMENT

� Health effects

� Skin burns

� Cataracts

� Dehydration

� Heat cramps

Headaches� Headaches

� Fainting

� Precautions

� Medical pre-selection

� Acclimatization

� Limit time of exposure

� Cold drinks

� PPE


WORK IN COLD ENVIRONMENT

� Health effects

� Hypothermia

� Loss of concentration

� Shivering

Frost bite� Frost bite

� Precautions

� Medical pre-selection

� Acclimatization

� Limit time of exposure

� Hot drinks

� Insulated clothing


HEALTH EFFECTS OF BEING SEATED FOR LONG TIME

� Vertebral and muscular damage

� High blood pressure

� Circulation problems� Circulation problems


SUITABLE SEAT FOR SEDENTARY WORKERS

� Good lumbar support

� Good width and depth

� Ability to adjust seat back and height� Ability to adjust seat back and height

� Stable base

� Ability to swivel

� Provision of arm rests


WELFARE

� Sufficient toilets

� Washing facilities

� Eating and changing facilities

� Clothing storage� Clothing storage

� Seating

� Rest areas

� Arrangements for non-smokers


FACTORS CAUSING WORK STRESS

� Inadequate lighting

� Cramped/dirty working conditions

� Untidy working conditions

� Poor layout leading to lack of privacy or security

� Problems of glare

� Extremes of temperature/humidity

� Inadequate ventilation/stale air

� Noise

� Vibration

� Inadequate welfare facilities

� Inclement weather conditions


STRESS

Physical effects psychological effects

Headaches increased anxiety

Dizziness reduced concentration

Aching neck and shoulders irritability

Skin rashes sudden mood changesSkin rashes sudden mood changes

Prone to infections inability to cope

Panic attacks reduced work output

Raised heart rate increased use of alcohol,

etc

Increased blood pressure poor sleep patterns

Heart disease

Stomach ulcers


CAUSES OF STRESS

� Culture

� Demands

� Control

Relationship� Relationship

� Change

� Role

� Individual

� Environment


CONTROL MEASURES FOR STRESS

� Selecting suitable employees

� Training

� Clearly defined roles

� Clear work objectives

� Comfortable working environment

� Good lines of communication

� Realistic work schedules

� Employee involvement

� Grievance procedure

� Impartial investigation of stress

� Management support


DISPLAY SCREENS EQUIPMENT (DSEs)

� Health effects

� Upper limb pains and discomfort

� Eye and eyesight effects � Eye and eyesight effects

� Epilepsy

� Radiation effects on pregnant women

� Fatigue and stress


WORKSTATION REQUIREMENTS

� Good lighting

� Adequate contracts, no glare or distracting reflection

� Distraction noise minimize glare

� Leg room and clearance to allow postural changes

� Window covering if necessary to minimized glare � Window covering if necessary to minimized glare

� Suitable software appropriate to the task

� Screen: stable image, adjustable, readable and glare free

� Keyboard: usable, adjustable, detachable and legible

� Work surface: space for flexible arrangement/documents

� Chair: stable and adjustable

� Footrest user need one

� Suitable environment e.g. temperature

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES HAZARDS AND CONTROL AND CONTROL


LADDERS MAIN HAZARDS IN USE

� Overreaching from ladder

� Unsecured, unstable ladder

� Ladder at wrong angle

� Ladder not extended above step off point� Ladder not extended above step off point

� Using damaged, worn ladder

� Metal ladder in contact with overhead power lines

� Vehicle collision with base

� Manual handling-carrying and erecting


PRECUATIONS WHEN USING LADDERS

� Ladders rested on firm level base

� Use of stabilization devices

� Secured ladder by correct angle 75% or 1:4 ratio.

� Tied off at top or footed at base on level ground

� Extend suitable distance above step off point (1.05meters min)

� Top of ladder against a solid surface

� Use wooden ladders near overhead cables/erect ‘goal posts’

and signs


PRECUATIONS WHEN USING LADDERS

� Provide equipment to raise materials/tools

� Provide holsters to carry tools

� Only one person at a time on the ladder� Only one person at a time on the ladder

� Rungs clear of grease etc.

� Barrier off base and display warning signs

� Use of ladder by trained users

� Assistance when moving/erecting ladder

� Inspection and maintenance of ladders/ladder register


CONSTRCTION HEALTH HAZARDS

� Noise

� Vibration

� Dusts

� Asbestos

� Lead

� Silica

� Sawdust

� Cement

� Solvents and cleaners

� Biological hazards

Hse principles and practises [compatibility mode]

Health & Medicine

staregister

personal protective

electrical

staregister

consciousness

current flowing

legal requirements

corrosive