How to Calculate Your Grade You have completed 500 out of 700 total points Add together: Lecture exam 1 Lecture exam 2 Lab exam 1 Lab exam 2 Average of.

How to Calculate Your Grade You have completed 500 out of 700 total points Add together:

Lecture exam 1 Lecture exam 2 Lab exam 1 Lab exam 2 Average of your 7 best quizzes (drop lowest)

Divide by 500

REMEMBER: You must have at least a “C” = 68 in both lab and

lecture separately to pass course

How to Calculate the Number of points you need to pass You need a total of 476 out of 700 points to get a C Take the total number of points you just calculated

(the sum of 4 exams and quiz average) and subtract it from 476

The number you have is the total number of points you need

If you divide that number by 2, you will see the approximate grade you’ll need on lab exam 3 and lecture exam 3.

REMEMBER: the rules from previous page apply Have to have at least C in lecture and lab separately

Organs of the Abdomen

Systems: Urinary and Digestive

Urinary System

Kidneys Purify blood

Ureters Drain urine from kidney

to bladder Urinary Bladder

Store urine Urethra

Drain urine from bladder to outside body

pg 5

Kidneys: major excretory organs

Remove toxins, metabolic waste, excess H2O, ions Urea, uric acid, creatinin

Regulates volume + makeup of blood Maintains balance between

Salts and water Acids and bases

Kidneys: Gross Anatomy

Located superior lumbar region

Posterior abdominal wall (T12-L3)

Retroperitoneal Hilus Adrenal Gland:

superomedial to kidney Renal Artery + Vein Innervation: branches of

renal plexus

pg 648

Kidneys: Gross Anatomy Renal Capsule

Layer of tough CT Maintains shape Prevents spread of

infection Adipose Capsule

External to renal cap Perirenal fat Surrounded by fascia Keeps in place, cushions

Pararenal Fat External to adipose cap Keeps in place, cushionspg 649

Kidney: Internal Anatomy

Cortex Superficial Light, granular Part of functional unit

Medulla Deep layer Darker Pyramid-cone shape Contain collecting

tubule collect urine

Pg 650

Kidney: Internal Anatomy Medullary Pyramid

Base: against cortex Apex: inward

Papilla = tip Drips urine into minor calyx

Minor Calyx (calices) Cup-shaped divisions of

major calices Surround papilla of pyramid

Major Calyx (calices) Larger cup-shaped

branches of renal pelvis

Renal Pelvis Flat expansion of ureter Collects urine

Pg 650

Kidney: Microscopic Anatomy

Functional Unit Uriniferous Tubule

Nephron Collecting tubule

Waste is filtered out Waste products formed Located in lobes of

kidneys

pg 652

Ureters Slender tubes transport

urine Run from kidneys to

bladder Retroperitoneal Continuation of renal

pelvis Enters bladder at oblique

angle to prevent backflow Increased pressure in

bladder closes distal end of ureter

pg 648

Ureters: 3 Layers External: Adventitia

CT

Middle: Muscularis Smooth Muscle Inner Longitudinal Outer Circular External longitudinal (on

distal third) Peristalsis

Inner: Mucosa Transitional epithelium

Bladder Muscular sac store and

expel urine Location

On pelvic floor Posterior

Pubic symphysis Anterior

Males = rectum Females = vagina, uterus

Collapses + Expands Full into abdominal cav Emptystays in pelvic cav

Supplied by branches of internal iliac arteries + veins

Innervated = branches of hypogastric plexus

pg 648

Bladder: Internal Anatomy

3 Layers Mucosa = transitional epithelium & lamina propria Detrusor Muscle: smooth muscle

Inner/Outer longitudinal, Middle circular

Fibrous Adventitia = CT Parietal peritoneum on superior surface instead

trigone

pg 662

Urethra Drains urine from bladder to outside Female = short tube Males = long tube

Prostatic, Membranous, Spongy (penile) portions Also carries semen

Internal Urethral Sphincter Between bladder + urethra Thickening of detrusor (smooth muscle)

External Urethral Sphincter Within urogenital diaphragm Skeletal muscle = voluntary control urination

External Urethral Orifice Males = end of penile urethra Females = anterior to vaginal opening, posterior to clitoris

Urethra: Female vs. Male

pg 662

Micturition = Urination Emptying bladder

Stretch receptors in bladder respond when bladder full

Parasympathetic signals detrusor muscle to contract and internal urinary sphincter to open (also inhibits sympathetic pathways that would prevent urination)

Other brain receptors can inhibit urination by relaxing detrusor, and keep external urinary sphincter closed

Voluntary contraction of abdominal wall muscles increases abdominal pressure

Voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter

See pg 663

Digestion System Alimentary Canal

Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine

Accessory Organs Teeth, Tongue Salivary Glands Gallbladder Liver Pancreaspg 5

Food Processing Activities Ingestion: taking food into mouth Propulsion: food moves through gut

Swallowing + Peristalsis

Mechanical Digestion: breakdown of food Chewing, Churning, Segmentation

Chemical Digestion: chemical breakdown Enzymes

Absorption: Digestive end products into blood

Defecation: Removal of waste products

Alimentary Canal Wall

Internal = Mucosa + Submucosa Epithelium Lamina propria:

contains MALT: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Muscularis mucosae Submucosa = CT w/elastic fibers, nerves, vessels

Middle = Muscularis Externa Inner circular layer Outer longitudinal layer Creates sphincters

Outer = Serosa or Adventitia

Innervation of Alimentary Canal 2 Plexuses: Myenteric & Submucosal

Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, Visceral Sensory fibers

Enteric Nervous System 100 million neurons in walls of alimentary

canal = internal system Within above plexuses Independent reflex arcs Controls glandular secretion, peristalsis,

segmentation Autonomic Nervous System speeds up or

slows activity controlled by enteric system

Stomach “J” shape Cardiac Region

Junction esophagus Cardiac sphincter

(Gastroesophageal) Fundus (“dome”)

Under diaphragm Body

Large, middle part Pylorus

Distal portion Pyloric sphincter

Greater Curvature Lesser Curvature

Pg 624

Internal Anatomy of Stomach

Mucosa Rugae: mucosal folds

allow expansion Many intrinsic glands

Goblet cells Gastric glands

Typical Submucosa Muscularis externa

Oblique layer Circular layer

Pyloric sphincter Longitudinal layer

Serosa

pg 624

Function of Stomach Temporary storage of chyme Breakdown begins

Churn, segmentation Pepsin proteins

Absorption H2O, electrolytes

Alcohol, other drugs

Stays about 4 hours Hold from1.5-4 liters

Small Intestine: Parts + Functions Parts

Duodenum = proximal (5%) Jejunum = middle (~40%) Ileum = distal (~55%)

Majority of enzymatic digestion Bile: emulsifier (gallbladder, liver) Enzymes (pancreas)

Almost all nutrient absorption Segmentation

Moves chyme around to increase contact with intestine walls

Food takes about 3-6 hours to move through 2.7- 6 meters

Small Intestine: Internal Features

Intestinal flora: produce vitamin K Simple columnar epithelium w/many

modifications for absorption Lymph tissue in submucosa Muscularis externa has 2 layers Some parasympathetic innervation from

vagus Arterial supply:

Superior mesenteric Rt (cranial) pancreaticoduodenal

Small Intestine: Modifications of epithelium for absorption

Length Increase surface area

Plicae circularis Transverse ridges of mucosa Increase surface area Slow movement of chyme

Villi Move chyme, increase contact Contain lacteals: remove fat

Microvilli: Increase surface area

Modifications decrease distally

pg 629

Small Intestine Duodenum:

short, straight Mostly retroperitoneal

Jejunum & Ileum: highly coiled Fewer modifications Hang by mesentery in

peritoneal cavity Mesentery Arcades

Arteries + veins Nerves Store fat

Pg 614

Large Intestine Cecum Vermiform appendix Colon

Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid

Rectum Anal Canal

pg 631

Large Intestine

Functions: Absorb water and electrolytes Form, store and expel feces from body

Internal Features: Intestinal flora No intestinal villi or modifications for absorption Many goblet cells Simple columnar epithelium except lower half of anal canal Significant Lymph tissue in mucosa & submucosa Muscularis mucosae has 2 layers

Some parasympathetic innervation from vagus

Colon: External Features Taeniae coli

3 longitudinal strips thickening of

longitudinal muscle maintain muscle tone create haustra

Haustra saclike divisions

Epiploic Appendages fat-filled pouches significance unknown

pg 631

Cecum + Vermiform Appendix Cecum

sac-like, blind pouch

Ileocecal valve raised edges of mucosa prevents feces going

back into ileum

Vermiform Appendix same layers blind tube opens into

cecum masses of lymph tissue

pg 631

Colon Ascending colon Right side Hepatic flexure

(= right colic flexure)

Transverse colon Across cavity

Descending colon Left side Splenic flexure

(= left colic flexure ) Sigmoid colon

Enters pelvis “S” shape

pg 631

Colon: Function

Absorb H2O and electrolytes

Some digestion by bacteria Mass Peristaltic Movements (2-3x day) Moves through in 12-24 hours 1.5 meters

Rectum + Anal Canal

Rectum descends into pelvis no teniae coli longitudinal muscle layer

complete rectal valves

Anal Canal passes through levator ani

muscle releases mucus to lubricate

feces Internal anal sphincter

involuntary, smooth m. External anal sphincter

voluntary, skeletal m. Stratified squamosal

epithelium at lower halfpg 632

Defecation Reflex

Stretching of rectum wall initiates reflex Spinal cord - parasympathetic signals

sigmoid colon + rectum to contract + anal sphincter to relax (involuntary)

If not ready-reflex ends- rectum relaxes Reflex initiated again until you go! Contraction of abdominal muscles,

levator ani + diaphragm assists defecation (voluntary)

Liver Largest gland (3 lbs) Location

Upper Right Quadrant Mostly under ribcage

Highly vascular Some functions

produce bile pick up glucose detoxify poison, drugs make blood proteins many others

pg 610

pg 635

Liver: External Features

pg 635

Diaphragmatic surface Right lobe (larger) Left lobe Falciform ligament Fissure between

Visceral surface Quadrate lobe Caudate lobe Both part of left lobe

Liver: Visceral Surface

Hepatic Vein (into inferior vena cava) Porta Hepatis

Hepatic Artery (from abdominal aorta ) Hepatic Portal Vein

Carries nutrient-rich blood from stomach + intestines to liver

Portal system = 2 capillary beds! Hepatic Ducts (carry bile)

pg 636

Gallbladder Muscular sac Between right +

quadrate liver lobes Bile is stored +

concentrated Bile: breaks down fats

= emulsification Bile

Produced by liver Stored in gallbladder

pg 610

Gallbladder continued

Mucosa & lamina propria Simple columnar epithelium Expandable mucosal folds

Smooth muscle layer Thick connective tissue

Covered by serosa in places

Bile Ducts

Cystic duct carries bile from gallbladder

Hepatic duct carries bile from liver

Common Bile duct joins cystic and hepatic carries bile into duodenum pg 628

Movement of Bile

Bile secreted by liver continuously

Hepatopancreatic (Vater) ampulla common bile + main

pancreatic duct meet and enter duodenum

Sphincter of Oddi around it

closed when bile not needed for digestion

Bile then backs up into gallbladder via cystic duct

When needed gallbladder contracts, sphincters open

pg 628

Pancreas Retroperitoneal Gland

Exocrine digestive enzymes

Endocrine hormone insulin hormone glucagon

Location curve of duodenum extends to spleen

pg 639

Ducts of Pancreas

Main Pancreatic duct joins common bile

duct enters duodenum Hepatopancreatic

(Vater) ampulla Accessory

Pancreatic duct enters duodenum in

other location

pg 628

Spleen Largest lymph organ Highly vascular Function

remove blood-borne antigens (immune)

remove and destroy old/damaged blood cells

stores blood platelets In fetus: site of

hematopoiesis

pg 639

Arterial Blood Supply to Abdominal Viscera

All branches of Abdominal Aorta Anastomoses

Left + Middle colic Left + Right gastric Left + Right gastroepiploic Cranial + Caudal pancreaticoduodenal Deep Iliac Circumflex + Adrenolumbar

STUDY HAND OUT! MUST KNOW WHAT SUPPLIES WHAT!!

Names give hints!

Hepato = liver Pancreatico =

pancreas Cystic = gallbladder Gastro = stomach Splenic = spleen Adreno = adrenal gl Lumbar = lumbar

region

Epiploic = membrane-covered

Mesenteric = mesentery

Duodenal = duodenum

Ileo = ileum Colic = colon Rectal = rectum