Holocaust Timeline Things you need to know before reading Night by Elie Wiesel.

Holocaust TimelineHolocaust Timeline

Things you need to knowThings you need to know

before reading before reading NightNight

by Elie Wieselby Elie Wiesel

January 30, 1933January 30, 1933

Hitler becomes chancellorHitler becomes chancellor Anti-Semitic laws gradually increase throughout GermanyAnti-Semitic laws gradually increase throughout Germany

Hitler & Hermann Göring wave to passing parade below. 2

1

September 15, 1935September 15, 1935

Nuremberg Laws PassedNuremberg Laws Passed racial laws that made Jews 2racial laws that made Jews 2ndnd class citizens class citizens Prohibited sexual relations and intermarriage between Jews Prohibited sexual relations and intermarriage between Jews

and and ““persons of German or related bloodpersons of German or related blood”” Law later applied to Gypsies and black people living in Law later applied to Gypsies and black people living in

GermanyGermany

Nazis targeted their hatred towards Nazis targeted their hatred towards gypsies, blacks, homosexuals, Jehovah gypsies, blacks, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, and physically and mentally Witnesses, and physically and mentally handicapped along with Jewshandicapped along with Jews

August 1-16,1936August 1-16,1936

Summer Olympic Games in GermanySummer Olympic Games in Germany Propaganda success for the NazisPropaganda success for the Nazis Germany even included Jews or part-Jews on Germany even included Jews or part-Jews on

its Olympic teamits Olympic team

In the Olympic Stadium, German spectators salute Adolf Hitler during the Games of the

11th Olympiad. Berlin, Germany, August 1936. 3

July 6-15, 1938July 6-15, 1938 Evian ConferenceEvian Conference

– Delegates from 32 countries & Delegates from 32 countries & representatives from refugee aid representatives from refugee aid organizationsorganizations

– Discussed: Jews fleeingDiscussed: Jews fleeing– Hitler said:Hitler said:

Others can take ‘emOthers can take ‘em

– US and Britain said:US and Britain said: Will not take JewsWill not take Jews United States delegate Myron Taylor

delivers a speech at the Evian Conference.

November 9-10, 1938November 9-10, 1938

Kristallnacht (Kristallnacht (““Night of Broken GlassNight of Broken Glass””)) An pogrom (organized massacre) that burned An pogrom (organized massacre) that burned

roughly 1,400 synagogues, looted Jewish homes roughly 1,400 synagogues, looted Jewish homes & businesses, killed at least 91 Jews, arrested & businesses, killed at least 91 Jews, arrested about 30,000 Jewish men & hundreds of women about 30,000 Jewish men & hundreds of women and imprisoned them and imprisoned them

The Boerneplatz synagogue Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

4

Old synagogue in Aachen5

KristallnachtKristallnachtJewish-owned shop destroyed Berlin, Germany.

6

The synagogue in Ober-Ramstadt, Germany.

9

Shattered storefront of a Jewish-owned shop. Berlin, Germany. (10)

11

View of the interior of the

Essenweinstrasse

synagogue in Nuremberg.

September 1, 1939

• Germany invades Poland

• World War II begins

12

German troops parade through Warsaw after the surrender of Poland. Warsaw, Poland, September 28-30, 1939.1

3

WWII Early EventsWWII Early Events Sept. 2, 1939: England & France declare war on Germany.Sept. 2, 1939: England & France declare war on Germany. Sept. 17, 1939: Red (Soviet) Army invades PolandSept. 17, 1939: Red (Soviet) Army invades Poland Oct. 8, 1939: 1Oct. 8, 1939: 1stst ghetto established in Poland ghetto established in Poland February 12, 1940: Deportation of Jews from Germany to February 12, 1940: Deportation of Jews from Germany to

occupied Poland begins; killing of occupied Poland begins; killing of ““incurableincurable”” and and ““unworthy of unworthy of lifelife”” sent to be killed. sent to be killed.

Spring 1940: Germany conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Spring 1940: Germany conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxemburg, Holland & Northern FranceLuxemburg, Holland & Northern France

April, 1940: Nazi military leader Heinrich Himmler orders April, 1940: Nazi military leader Heinrich Himmler orders Auschwitz concentration camp to be createdAuschwitz concentration camp to be created

March 24, 1941: Germany invades North AfricaMarch 24, 1941: Germany invades North Africa June 22, 1941: Germany invades Soviet Union (operation June 22, 1941: Germany invades Soviet Union (operation

Barbarossa)Barbarossa) Dec. 7, 1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US declares war a day Dec. 7, 1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US declares war a day

later.later. Dec. 11, 1941: Germany & Italy (Axis) declare war on US (Allies)Dec. 11, 1941: Germany & Italy (Axis) declare war on US (Allies)

November 15, 1940November 15, 1940

Warsaw Ghetto sealedWarsaw Ghetto sealed Largest ghettoLargest ghetto 350,000 Jews (30%) in about 2.4% of city350,000 Jews (30%) in about 2.4% of city’’s total s total

areaarea

Entrance to the ghetto from the Aryan side.

14 Jewish refugees waiting in soup line at a shelter at 33 Nalewki St.

15

16

Nazis systematic plan:Nazis systematic plan:

Cut off communication to/among JewsCut off communication to/among Jews Separate Jews from each otherSeparate Jews from each other Separate Jews from the rest of the Separate Jews from the rest of the

population (ghettos)population (ghettos) Dehumanization Dehumanization (make Jews feel less than human)(make Jews feel less than human)

Separate familiesSeparate families Nazis 1-100 rule: If 1 Jew rebelled, Nazis 1-100 rule: If 1 Jew rebelled,

100 would be killed.100 would be killed.

January 20, 1942January 20, 1942

Wannsee Conference: Wannsee Conference: ““Final SolutionFinal Solution”” 15 high ranking Nazis and German government 15 high ranking Nazis and German government

officials met to find an answer to the officials met to find an answer to the ““Jewish Jewish QuestionQuestion””

Answered through systematic mass murder Answered through systematic mass murder through appropriate ministries & bureaucraciesthrough appropriate ministries & bureaucracies

It was a deliberate & careful plan to destroy all It was a deliberate & careful plan to destroy all European JewsEuropean Jews

SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, Himmler's second in command of the SS organization

17

April 19-May 16, 1943April 19-May 16, 1943

Warsaw Ghetto UprisingWarsaw Ghetto Uprising 750 fought the German army750 fought the German army 56,000 Jews captured, about 7,000 were shot, and the 56,000 Jews captured, about 7,000 were shot, and the

remainder were deported to concentration camps. remainder were deported to concentration camps.

Juergen Stroop (third from left), SS commander who crushed the Warsaw ghetto uprising

German soldiers capture Jews hiding in a bunker during the Warsaw ghetto uprising.

18

19

April 19-May 16, 1943April 19-May 16, 1943

Jews captured during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising are marched off through a debris-covered street to the Umschlagplatz for deportation. (20)

SS troops wait at the end of a smoke-

filled street for Jewish resistance

fighters to exit apartment

buildings set on fire on the fourth day of

the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto

Uprising. (21)

Mordechai Anielewicz (1919-1943), commandant of the ZOB during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, fell in battle on May 8, 1943. (22)

SS troops and officers search the Jewish department heads of

the Brauer armaments factory during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. (23)

The bodies of Jewish resisters lie in front of the ruins of a building where they were shot by the SS during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. (24)

June 6, 1944June 6, 1944

D-Day: Allied troops invade D-Day: Allied troops invade Normandy, France. Normandy, France.

3,000 landing craft, 2,500 other ships, and 500 naval That night 822 aircraft, carrying 3,000 landing craft, 2,500 other ships, and 500 naval That night 822 aircraft, carrying parachutists or towing gliders, roared overhead to the Normandy landing zones. They parachutists or towing gliders, roared overhead to the Normandy landing zones. They were a fraction of the air armada of 13,000 aircraft used on D-Day.were a fraction of the air armada of 13,000 aircraft used on D-Day.

U.S. infantrymen wade from their landing craft toward Omaha Beach.

25

Mine- and obstacle-clearing tanks of the 27th Armoured Brigade thread toward the shore at Queen sector, Sword Beach.

26

January 27, 1945January 27, 1945

Liberation of Auschwitz by Russian Liberation of Auschwitz by Russian forcesforces

More than 7,000 prisoners were liberated, most were seriously ill More than 7,000 prisoners were liberated, most were seriously ill or dying.or dying.

Soon after liberation, surviving children of the Auschwitz camp walk out of the children's barracks. Poland, after January 27, 1945. (27)

Soon after liberation, a Soviet physician examines Auschwitz camp survivors. Poland, February 18, 1945. (28)

April 11, 1945April 11, 1945

Americans liberate BuchenwaldAmericans liberate Buchenwald More than 20,000 prisoners liberatedMore than 20,000 prisoners liberated

Escorted by American soldiers, child survivors of Buchenwald file out of the main gate of the camp. Elie Wiesel is the fourth child in the left column. Buchenwald, Germany, April 27, 1945. (29)

Soon after liberation, camp survivors from Buchenwald's

"Children's Block 66"--a special barracks for children.

After April 11, 1945. (30)

American troops, including African American soldiers from the Headquarters and Service Company of the 183rd Engineer Combat Battalion, 8th Corps, U.S. 3rd Army, view corpses stacked behind the crematorium during an inspection tour of the Buchenwald concentration camp. April 17, 1945. (31)

April 30, 1945April 30, 1945

Hitler commits suicideHitler commits suicide In Führerbunker, located 50 feet below the In Führerbunker, located 50 feet below the

Chancellery buildings in Berlin, Hitler shot himself Chancellery buildings in Berlin, Hitler shot himself while companion (wife), Eva Braun, took poison. while companion (wife), Eva Braun, took poison.

32

World War II's victors hoist the hammer-and-sickle flag over the Reichstag in Berlin. On the afternoon of April 30, 1945, as Soviet troops stormed the Reichstag, Hitler committed suicide in his nearby bunker headquarters.

May 8, 1945May 8, 1945

Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day)Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) The German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to The German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to

the Allies on May 7, 1945. For the western Allies, World War the Allies on May 7, 1945. For the western Allies, World War II officially ended in Europe on the next day, May 8 (V-E II officially ended in Europe on the next day, May 8 (V-E Day), while Soviet forces announced their Day), while Soviet forces announced their ““Victory DayVictory Day”” on on May 9, 1945. May 9, 1945.

32Dancing in the streets of London on V-E Day.

Glossary of TermsGlossary of Terms GenocideGenocide – the attempt to kill off an – the attempt to kill off an

entire race, culture, or social group.entire race, culture, or social group. Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism – hatred or discrimination – hatred or discrimination

against Jewsagainst Jews HolocaustHolocaust – 6 million Jews were killed – 6 million Jews were killed

when the Nazis ruled.when the Nazis ruled. AryanAryan – – ““purepure”” German race German race (people of Northern (people of Northern

European background)European background) ScapegoatScapegoat – someone or a group of – someone or a group of

people blamed for other peoplepeople blamed for other people’’s problemss problems PogromsPogroms – an unprovoked attack or – an unprovoked attack or

series of attacks upon a Jewish communityseries of attacks upon a Jewish community

Glossary of Terms Glossary of Terms ContinuedContinued

GhettoGhetto – a section of the city in which the – a section of the city in which the Jews were forced to liveJews were forced to live

Concentration CampConcentration Camp – used to imprison – used to imprison all all ““enemiesenemies”” of the regime of the regime

LiberationLiberation – freeing of Nazis' prisoners – freeing of Nazis' prisoners (Jews freed from concentration camps)(Jews freed from concentration camps)

AlliesAllies – United States, Great Britain, – United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, & other countries fighting Soviet Union, & other countries fighting against Axis countries during WWIIagainst Axis countries during WWII

AxisAxis – Nazi Germany, Italy, & Japan – Nazi Germany, Italy, & Japan (Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, & Slovakia)(Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, & Slovakia)

Elie WieselElie Wiesel

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007200&MediaId=3371

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