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HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire consisted of more than 300 states, fifty-one free towns, 1500 free nights and their tiny estates Population of about 31 million by 18 th century Hapsburgs held on to title of Holy Roman Emperor, but the title depended on help from many other German states and principalities
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HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

Dec 24, 2015

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Page 1: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA)

• Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor• By 18th century, empire consisted of more than

300 states, fifty-one free towns, 1500 free nights and their tiny estates• Population of about 31 million by 18th century• Hapsburgs held on to title of Holy Roman

Emperor, but the title depended on help from many other German states and principalities

Page 2: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

Austria was part of the larger Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Emperor was almost always elected from Austria because it had the ability to enforce imperial decisions on the empire.

Page 3: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

THE HABSBURG EMPIRE IN THE 18TH CENTURY

• Following the War of Spanish Succession which saw a Bourbon occupy the Spanish throne, Austria consolidated Habsburg power• Empire included: Naples, Sardinia, and Milan in

Italy; the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium); Hungary; and Transylvania• Austrian empire lacked unity: made up of

Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Croats, Italians, Serbs, Rumanians, and other• Different languages, customs, and culture• Not all areas of Austrian Empire were with Holy

Roman Empire, so different laws existed

Page 4: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

Austria was part of the larger Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Emperor was almost always elected from Austria because it had the ability to enforce imperial decisions on the empire.

Page 5: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

Map 13–3 THE AUSTRIAN HABSBURG EMPIRE, 1521–1772 The empire had three main units—Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. Expansion was mainly eastward: eastern Hungary from the Ottomans (17th century) and Galicia from Poland (1772). Meantime, Silesia was lost after 1740, but the Habsburgs remained Holy Roman Emperors.

Page 6: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRIA’S INFORMAL EMPIRE

• No single constitutional system or administration for all parts of realm• The emperor had different political titles for each

part of his empire (Duke, Lord, Count, King)• No central diet (government) for empire only

local diets • Local matters such as religion were left alone, as

long as the monarch received soldiers, taxes, and support for war from the provinces• Maygars, Hungarian nobility, accepted Habsburg

monarchy but did not pay taxes to Vienna• Maintained certain local powers untouched by emperor

Page 7: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

MUSIC AND VIENNA

• Music was the most famous and popular art of the empire• Emperor Leopold I, a composer himself, was a

significant patron to music• Royal concerts, ballets, and operas were part of

life in Vienna• Italians would come to Austria to improve their

musical productions• The Slavs, Bohemians (Germans), and Magyars

(Hungary) excelled in singing and instruments

Page 8: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

LEOPOLD I (R. 1658—1705)

• First cousin of Louis XIV of France and Charles II of Spain• Loved poetry and music• A devout Catholicrestricted

his Protestant subjects• Employed German and Italian

artists to build and decorate baroque churches and palaces

Page 9: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

A FOREIGN INVADER

• Ottoman Empire (Turks) invaded Austria and attempted a siege of Vienna in 1683• With the help of King Jan Sobieski’s Polish army

and Germans, Austrians, and Hungarians, Leopold’s forces drove out the Turks

Page 10: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

“THE BATTLE FOR VIENNA”

Page 11: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

RESPECT FOR LEOPOLD I

• Key figure in the War of Spanish Succession• Austria efforts against France proved to turn

the tide against France and ended Louis XIV’s bid to have a common prince for France and Spain• Elevated the power of Brandenburg-Prussia

during the war to create a strong nation to oppose France• Expanded Austrian territory into southeastern

Europe at the expense of the Turks who they were battling with as well

Page 12: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.
Page 13: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

CHARLES VI ( R. 1711—1740)

• Son of Leopold I• Personally involved in the

details in governing• Did not leave a male heir, but

had a daughter, Maria Theresa

Page 14: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

ACTIONS FOR CHARLES VI

• Pragmatic Sanction (1713)– Charles VI legal basis for a single line of inheritance within the Hapsburg dynasty putting his daughter Maria Theresa in charge• Women rulers were considered to bring instability to a

government• Charles went around Europe asking for princes to sign

the paper to ensure his daughter’s reignmost did, BUT will be challenged later

• Granted Hungarian nobles particular liberties and more autonomy from the Austrian crown• Still part of the empire, but cultural differences will lead

to eventual split

Page 15: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

MARIA THERESA (R. 1748—1780)

• Was beautiful, courageous, high-minded, pious, and capable ruler

• First reform increased Austrian army from 30,000 to 108,000 through tax reforms paying for it• Frederick of Prussia invades

Hapsburg Empire to determine supremacy in German states and puts Maria at risk in 1740

• Centralized Austrian gov’t and power

• Conservative Catholic, BUT believed in political realism when it came to her culturally diverse population

Page 16: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

JOSEPH II (R. 1765—1790)

• Co-regent with mother, Maria Theresa, for last 15 years of her life• Sought to be an “enlightened

despot”• Wanted to govern decisively

and forcefully, but rationally, with the interests of his subjects in mind

Page 17: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

LEGACY OF JOSEPH II

• Centralized power• Create a strong economy, treasury, and military• Although Catholic, granted religious toleration to

Protestants and Jews• Opened more state schools of Austria• Died at 49 after suffering military defeats at the

hands of the Ottomans, facing an expanding Russian state, and revolts in the Austrian-controlled Netherlands

Page 18: HISTORY OF THE HABSBURGS (AUSTRIA) Austrian empire began in 1273 with the election of Rudolph of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor By 18 th century, empire.

Map 13–3 THE AUSTRIAN HABSBURG EMPIRE, 1521–1772 The empire had three main units—Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. Expansion was mainly eastward: eastern Hungary from the Ottomans (17th century) and Galicia from Poland (1772). Meantime, Silesia was lost after 1740, but the Habsburgs remained Holy Roman Emperors.