History of the English Language HISTORICALBACKGROUND.

History of the English LanguageHISTORICALBACKGROUND

Nostratic: a proto-language

The AncientsWilfred van Soldt: "Mesopotamia gave us the wheel, writing and astronomy and can rightly call itself the birthplace of our civilisation." MesopotamiaEgyptChinaIndiaMore recently: Phoenicians, the Olmec, Greek, Romans

Indo-European Diaspora

Orange: countries with a majority of speakers of IE languages. Yellow: countries with an IE minority language with official status. Grey: countries with a significant minority of speakers of IE language with unofficial status.

Hittite

HittiteThe Hittite verb "to be" is derived from the Indo-European root *h1es-. Present indicative Preterite indicative Imperative1st sg. mi eun lit lut aallu2nd sg. ita3rd sg. zitadu1st pl.(aweni)wen2nd pl.tenitenten3rd pl.aanzieeraandu

Invasions of the Roman Empire

Invasiones germnicas/Germanic invasionsIslas britanicas: Anglos, Sajones, Jutones.Resto de Europa: Visigodos, ostrogodos, francos, suevos, alanos, vndalos. Angles, Saxons, JutesHistoriadores desde el punto de vista de Roma invasin de los brbarosEsp. vandalismo;Eng. vandalism, vandalize; It. vandalismo (destroy something that is beautiful or that belongs to someone else), Fr. vandalisme=barbarie= cruaut; Ger. vandalismus.En otro punto de vista Vlkerwanderung migracin de los pueblos El influjo genrico de las lenguas germnicas en el latn inici en el siglo I d.C.Para la mayor parte de los germanismos del espaol hay paralelos en francs, provenzal e italiano.

Lista de palabrasorgullo, ufano, guerra, riqueza, talar (devastar), rapar, robar, triscar (pisotear), estampar (aplastar), gana (avidez), guardar, botn, ropa (despojo, enseres robados), ganar, galardn (pago, indemnizacin), lastar (pagar, sufrir por otro), escarnir (escarnecer), honta (afrenta), bando, bandido, banda, bandera, guiar, espa, heraldo, barn (hombre apto para el combate), ardido (intrpido), sayn (el que hace la intimidacin), estribo, brida, espuela, anca. albergue (campamento), burgo, feudo, , yelmo, esgrimir, blandir, dardo, tregua, guarir (guarecerse),toldo, sala, banco, jabn, toalla, guante, fieltro, estofa, cofia, falda, atavo, sopa, aspa, tapa, estaca, guadaa, brote, parra, marta, tejn, ganso, blanco, gris, arpa, escanciar.

List of Spanish words of Germanic origin

This is an initial list of many Spanish words that come from Germanic languages. It is further divided into words that come from Visigothic, Frankish, Langobardic, Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle Low German, Old English, Old High German, Old Norse, Old Swedish, English, and finally, words which come from Germanic with the specific source unknown. Some of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other languages. Some of these words have alternate etymologies and may also appear on a list of Spanish words from a different language. Some words contain non-Germanic elements (see bisbol in the Middle English section). Any form with an asterisk (*) is unattested and therefore hypothetical.

Old English

Before circa 1150Middle English c 1150-c 1475Modern (New) English since c 1475

Celtic languages left little traceThe working of convenience: The Anglo-Saxons took over the Celtic name simply because it was widely known. A similar pragmatism would be seen many times in the later development of place names (Crystal, 2004, p.26)Words have meaning to do with features of the landscape, such as cumb/comb deep valley, dun hill fort, lin lake, and several words for hill torr, pen, crug, bre. Celtic element is italicized in the following selection:Berkshire, Bray, Bredon, Cambridge, Carlisle, Cirencester, Doncaster, Gloucester, Ilfracombe, Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Malvern, Manchester, Penkridge, Penrith, Penzance, Wiltshire, Winchester, Worcester.

Why England not Saxonland?

To the Celts, their German conquerors were all Saxons, but gradually the terms Angli(i) and Anglia crept into the language, also referring to the invaders generally.About 150 years after the first raids, King thelbert of Kent was styled rex Anglorum by Pope Gregory.The Venerable Bede, writing in Latin, composed a history of what he called The English church and people. In the vernacular, the people were Angelcynn (Angle-kin) and their language was Englisc. By AD 1000, the country was generally known as Englaland, the land of the Angles. (McCrum, 61)Long period of varied usage, and we find such forms as Engle land, Englene londe, Engle lond, Engelond, and Ingland. The spelling of England emerged in the 14th century, and soon after became established as the norm. (Crystal, 2004, p.26-27)

Statue of Alfred The Great at Winchester