History of technology

History of Instructional Design

Lequanda Isom IDT 7052

November 7, 2010

1812

Charles Babbage became known as the father of modern day computers.

Late 1800s

The first computer card was developed and accomplished the largest data processing endeavors untaken at the time.

1908

Keystone View Company published Visual Education, a teacher’s guide to lantern slides and stereographs.

1910

The first catalog of instructional films was published.

The public school system of Rochester, New York became the first to adopt films for regular instructional use.

1911

Tabulating Machine Company merged with other companies to form the International Business Machine (IBM).

1913

Thomas Edison proclaimed “Books will soon be obsolete in the schools….It is possible to teach every branch of human knowledge with the motion picture. Our school system will be completely changed in the next ten years.”

1923

Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT) was created has maintained a leadership role in the field of instructional design and technology.

Late 1940s

John Von Neumann was the force behind the development of the first stored computer program. He devised a way to encode instructions and data in the same language.

Late 1940s and throughout the 1950s

The origins of instructional design procedures have been traced to World War II. During the war a large number of psychologist and educators who had training and experience in conducting research were called on to conduct research and develop training materials for the military service. After World War II, many of the psychologists responsible for the success of the military training programs continued to work on solving instructional problems.

1946

First vacuum tube-based computers developed

1952

The decision by the Federal Communications Commission to set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes, led to the rapid development of a large number of public (then called “educational”) television stations.

1954

General Electric is the first business to order a computer

B.F. Skinner’s article entitled, “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching” began what might be called a minor revolution in the field of education

1955

IBM's first commercial computer is sold

1957

The Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first orbiting space satellite, there began a series of events that would eventually have a major impact on the instructional design process

1963

Vocational Education Act passes with new money supporting the use of technology in schools; however, the mainframe and minicomputers in use at this time are using batch processing methods that do not fit well with the single teacher-as-manager-of-learning methods in use in most schools

1963

The Ford Foundation decided to focus its support on public television in general, rather than on in-school applications of instructional television.

Robert Glaser was the first to use the term criterion-reference measures. Glaser indicated that the measures could be used to assess student entry-level behavior and to determine the extent to which students had acquired the behaviors an instructional program was designed to teach. The use of criterion-referenced tests for these two purposes is a central feature of instructional; design procedures.

1965

Elementary and Secondary Education Act brings new money into schools for technology. Mainframes and minicomputers are put into place in some schools, but most are used for administration or for school counseling

1970

The terms educational technology and instructional technology began to replace audiovisual instruction to describe the application of media for instructional purposes.

The name of the major professional organization within the field was changed from the Department of Audiovisual Instruction to the Association for Educational Communication and Technology. The group that the United States Government established to examine the impact of media on instruction was called the Commission on Instructional Technology.

1983

The Apple II computer finds widespread acceptance in education because PCs better fit the teacher /manager model of instructional delivery (PCs can be used to "support" the ongoing teaching in the single classroom). Simple simulation programs are developed for personal computers. Also in 1983, computers were being used for instructional purpose in more than 40% of all elementary schools and more than 75% of all secondary schools in the United States

1984

Papert indicated that the computer was going to be “a catalyst of very deep and radical change in the educational system” and that by 1990 one computer per child would be a very common state of affairs in schools in the United States

1992

A new network was built to expand the Internet. This network forms the main trunk of what is the Internet today.

1994

Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT) definition. The 1994 AECT definition presented in this article mentions five categories of activities or practices: design, development, utilization or implementation, management, evaluation, and analysis. The current definition relates those activities or practices to processes and resources for learning. The current definition indicates that research and theory, as well as practice, play an important role in the field.

1995

The Internet and the World Wide Web began to catch on as businesses, schools, and individuals create web pages.

1996

The Internet is widely discussed as businesses begin to provide services and advertising using web pages. New graphics and multimedia tools are developed for the delivery of information and instruction using the Internet; many schools are rewiring for Internet access; a few schools install web servers and provide faculty with a way to create instructional web pages.

References

Murdock, E. (1995). History, the history of computers, and the history of computers in education. Retrieved on November 6, 2010 from http

://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html

History of Computers. Retrieved on November 6, 2010 from: http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/faculty/wolfe/book/Readings/Reading03.h tm

Oracle ThinkQuest. (1997). History. Retrieved on November 6, 2010 from: http://library.thinkquest.org/11309/data/history.htm

Reiser, R.A. (2001). A history of instructional design and technology: Part I: A history of instructional media. Educational Technology, Research and

Development, 49(1). Retrieved from http://www.capella.edu/idol/HistoryofIDTPartI.pdf

Reiser, R.A.(2001). A history of instructional design and technology: Part II: A history of instructional design. ETR&D, 49(2). Retrieved from: http://www.aect.org/pdf/etr&d/4902/4902-04.pdf