3/9/2004 COMPSCI 111 - Lecture 1 1 History of Computers
3/9/2004 COMPSCI 111 - Lecture 1 1
History of Computers
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What is a Computer?
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Prehistory of ComputersPrehistory of Computers
Abacus• 1000-500 BC
Arabic numerals:• Europe 800-1000AD• Includes a number for zero
Wilhelm Schickard (1592 – 1635)• Prototype for a mechanical calculating clock• Addition/subtraction
Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662)• Mechanical calculator (Pascaline)• 8 digit capacity• Gear driven• Addition/subtraction
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Prehistory of ComputersPrehistory of Computers
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646 – 1716)• Digital calculating machine.• Gears and levers• Addition/subtraction/multiplication/division
Joseph Jacquard (1752 – 1872)• Weaving loom used punch cards for control
Charles Babbage (1792 – 1872)• Mathematics professor at Cambridge• Designed automated calculating machine: difference engine
– Working model: steam powered• Designed more general machine:
– Analytic Engine– Used punch cards– First true general computing machine, but never realized
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Prehistory of ComputersPrehistory of Computers
Ada Augusta (Countess of Lovelace) (1816-1852)• Daughter of Lord Byron• She was a mathematician• She wrote documentation for how the Analytical Engine would• work• She is credited with being the first computer programmer!
See : http://www.awc-hq.org/lovelace/whowas.htm
Dr. Herman Holerith (1860 – 1929)• United States 1880 census took 7 years to complete• The estimate for the 1890 census was longer than 10 years• Completed 1890 census in 3 years• He named this company the Tabulating Machine Company.• In 1924 became International Business Machines (IBM).
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1st Gen Computers1st Gen Computers
First Generation Computers – The Tube Era• 1946 - 1959• Used vacuum tubes and were very large/expensive• ENIAC weighed 30 tons• Tubes had to be replaced often• e.g. UNIVAC, ENIAC• Too expensive for common use• Limited functionality
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First Generation ComputersFirst Generation Computers
ENIAC – 1945 Colossus – 1943 British code breaker
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2nd Gen. Computers2nd Gen. Computers
Second Generation Computers - 1959 – 1964
• First transistor developed in 1947• Transistors made computers much smaller and faster, still
expensive however• FORTRAN, ALGOL and COBOL programming languages
invented• First operating systems developed• Allowed more functionality• e.g. IBM 7030 (“Stretch”)
• Tendency to get too hot and fry internal components
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Second Generation ComputersSecond Generation Computers
Worlds First Transistor - 1947
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Second Generation ComputerSecond Generation Computer
IBM 7030 (Stretch) – 1955First Super Computer
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3rd Gen. Computers3rd Gen. Computers
Third Generation Computers – 1965 - 1971
• First use of Integrated circuits• Circuits on Silicon chips – 1000+ transistors• More and more components squeezed into a smaller area• Some had operating systems that could run more than one
program at a time, share resources• Did not heat up like transistors• e.g. CDC 7600
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3rd Generation Computers3rd Generation Computers
World’s First Integrated Circuit
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4th Gen. Computers4th Gen. Computers
Fourth Generation Computers – 1970 - Present• 1970’s – Present• Large Scale Integrated Circuits (microchips)• Entire Computer systems on one chip• Pac Man and personal computers now possible• Microwaves and videos have computer chips
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Third and Fourth Generation ComputersThird and Fourth Generation Computers
CDC 7600 – Just the CPU!Third Generation
Cray 2 – A super computerFourth Generation
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Fourth Generation ComputerFourth Generation Computer
Inside the 4004 Chip – 2225 TransistorsMore powerful than ENIAC
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Fourth Generation ComputerFourth Generation Computer
Various PCsFourth Gen.
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PCsPCs
IBM• Tabulating Machine Company formed 1896• Renamed International Business Machines 1924• Over 270,000 employees by 1971• 8 Billion dollar turnover
During early 1970's• Computers were leased• Only large corporations owned them• Computer time was expensive• Difficult to get access
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The first microprocessorThe first microprocessor
Intel • Formed 1968• Gorden Moore• 4004 released in 1971• First micro processor• Entire CPU in a single chip• 1974 developed the 8080• Capable of powering a PC
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The first personal computerThe first personal computer
Ed Roberts• MITS in financial trouble• Altair released as kitset• January 1975
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Micro-softMicro-soft
Microsoft• Formed by Bill Gates and Paul Allen• BASIC written for Altair• Wrote compilers for microcomputers
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AppleApple
Apple• Formed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs• Wozniak created Apple I• Wozniak created Apple II. Steve Jobs designed its case.• Apple II released 1977/ 1978
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VisiCalcVisiCalc
VISICALC
• Dan Bricklin, Bob Frankston• Killer application• Spreadsheet• Proved necessity of owning Apple• Apple captured 50% of market by 1980
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IBM enters the marketIBM enters the market
IBM• Too slow to compete with Apple• Forced to use open architecture• Needed software
Microsoft DOS• Only sold languages• Wanted IBM contract• Bought DOS from Seattle Computer Products• Sold DOS to IBM
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Enter the ClonesEnter the Clones
Clones• IBM had buying power• Compaq created IBM compatible PC• DOS licensed to Clones• Lotus capture spreadsheet market
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AppleApple
Macintosh• PARC developed GUI• Steve Jobs given tour in 1979• Led the Macintosh project• Macintosh released 1984
Adobe• John Warnock• Macintosh failed to overtake IBM PC• PARC developed laser printer technology• Adobe started based upon postscript• Macintosh as Desktop Publishing system (1985)
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IBM compatible PC'sIBM compatible PC's
Compaq's 386• In 1986 Compaq beat IBM to release new computer• Others followed• IBM lost billions, withdrew from market
Windows• Version 3.0 of windows released in 1990• Good enough to compete with Macintosh• Release of Window 95, and Windows 98, Window 2000
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TodayToday
Windows• Microsoft sold Internet Explorer bundled with Windows• US Courts suggest breaking MS into 2 companies• Applications & Operating System
Apple• Steve Jobs fired in 1985• Apple share values dropped steadily• Steve Jobs re-hired 1998, settles legal action vs. Microsoft• Apple makes comeback
Linux• Based on Unix• Mostly seen as the “geeks choice” in OS• Many flavours now tailored to the common user• Contender for the MS throne
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5th Gen. Computers5th Gen. Computers
Fifth Generation Computers• AI?• Quantum Computing?• Distributed Computing?• The Internet/peer to peer?
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The Future....The Future....