History of English Language 2

BRIEF HISTORY OF BRIEF HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Old English Middle EnglishModern English

OLD ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH I. 5th Century CE

A. AnglesB. Saxon C. Jutes

II. 597 CE A. St. Augustine

III. 8th Century A. Vikings

MIDDLE ENGLISH MIDDLE ENGLISH I. 1066 I. 1066 The Norman ConquestThe Norman ConquestWilliam the Conqueror William the Conqueror

Most of the English words rootedin French are words that have something to do with power.

MODERN ENGLISH I. 1450 A. Johann Gutenberg

II. 1476A. William Caxton

III. 18th and 20th Century A. Australian B. AfricanC. Arabian Penisula

CONTRIBUTION OF PRINTING PRESS TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Publication of Books

Standardization of English

MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

Zero Derivation Stress Shift Ablaut Compounding Clipping Blending Reduplication Acronymy Coinage Affixation Abbreviations Borrowing

1. ZERO DERIVATION

- is the word formation process in which a wordof one grammatical form becomes a word of another grammatical form without any changesto spelling of pronunciation.

1. There was a run on the bank, with customers yelling for their deposits.

2. We made a run for the dogs so they could have someexercise.

3. They took part in the run.

2. A brisk walk in the morning is a good exercise.

3. The princess asked the servant to go to the kitchen and get her a piece of cake.

4. The chef is fond of collecting kitchen utensils.

2. ABLAUT- a vowel change that accompanies a change in grammatical function

1. sing sang sung2. drink, drank, drunk

3. STRESS SHIFT3. STRESS SHIFTIn linguistic stress shift is defined as word

formation process in which only the audible emphasis of a syllable changes to create a new word.

NOUN1. Desert2. Resume3. Record4. Subject

VERB1. Desert2. Resume3. Record 4. Subject

4. COMPOUNDING Compounding forms a word out of two seperate words. The words are called compounds or compound words.

1. band + wagon = bandwagon 2. every + one = everyone 3. broom + stick = broomstick 4. sand + paper = sandpaper 5. mother + in + law = mother-in-law

5. CLIPPINGIn linguistics, clipping consists of removing syllables from a word to leave a word with the same function.

1. Refrigerator 2. Fraternity 3. Telephone 4. Mathematics

6. BLENDINGBlending is one of the most creative word formation processes in English.Two words are merged and the result is a blended word.

1. breakfast + lunch = brunch2. spoon + fork = spork 3. cheese + hamburger = cheese burger 4. car + hijacking = carjacking 5. taco + buritto = taquito

7. ACRONYMYAcronyms are formed by taking the first letter or the two initial letters of words or phrases and making a new word out of them. Theclassical acronym is pronounced as a aword. Some acronyms though, are pronounced as letters.

FBIFederal Bureau of Investigation PhivolcsPhilippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

8. COINAGECoinage refers to the invention of new terms orthe use of proper names or trade names which eventually become words that refer to a general type of product, regardless of brand.

1. Kleenex2. Xerox

9. REDUPLICATIONThe repeating of parts of words to make new words is called reduplication. Reduplicated words usually rhyme.

1. zigzag2. walkie-talkie3. okey-dokey

10. AFFIXATIONAffixation is the addition of one or more affixes to a root. This covers both prefixation and suffixation.

im- impatient, impracticaldis- discourage, disengageer- player, buyer, singer, dancerment- improvement, development

11. ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation is the word formation process in which a word or phrase is shortened. Initialisms are a type of abbreviation formed by the initial letters of a word or phrase. Although abbreviation is largely a convention of written language, sometimes abbreviations carry over into spoken language.

centimeter- cm.Department- Dept.Doctor- Dr. Mister- Mr.

12. BORROWINGBorrowing is the word formation process in which a word from one language is borrowed directly into another language.

1. Chinese- madjong 2. Japanese- haiku 3. Italian- macaroni4. Indian- shampoo5. African- coffee, cola

13. EPONYMSEponyms are a word form by the word formation process in which a new word is formed from the name of a real of fictitious person.

1. Pasteurization- Loius Pasteur 2. Volcano- Vulcan