History of Drug Use In Sport. Ancient Times Ancient Olympians drank wine and experimented with herbs to enhance performance Ancient Roman Gladiators took.

History of History of Drug Use In SportDrug Use In Sport

Ancient TimesAncient Times

Ancient Olympians drank wine and Ancient Olympians drank wine and experimented with herbs to enhance experimented with herbs to enhance performanceperformance

Ancient Roman Gladiators took Ancient Roman Gladiators took hallucinogens and stimulants to fight hallucinogens and stimulants to fight fatigue and injury. fatigue and injury.

They even feed their horses substances They even feed their horses substances like hydromel (alcoholic beverage made like hydromel (alcoholic beverage made from honey) to make them run faster.from honey) to make them run faster.

Modern UseModern UseIn the late 19In the late 19thth century athletes century athletes began to use the coca began to use the coca leaf. They would make a leaf. They would make a mixture called Vin Mariani (the wine for mixture called Vin Mariani (the wine for athletes) which was a mixture of coca athletes) which was a mixture of coca leaf extract and wine.leaf extract and wine.Coca and cocaine were used because Coca and cocaine were used because they reduced the sense of fatigue and they reduced the sense of fatigue and hunger brought on by prolongedhunger brought on by prolonged

1900’s1900’s"In 1904 Olympics marathon runner, "In 1904 Olympics marathon runner, Thomas Hicks, was using a mixture of Thomas Hicks, was using a mixture of brandy and strychnine [a stimulant that is brandy and strychnine [a stimulant that is fatal in high doses] and nearly died. fatal in high doses] and nearly died. Mixtures of strychnine, heroin, cocaine, Mixtures of strychnine, heroin, cocaine, and caffeine were used widely by athletes and caffeine were used widely by athletes and each coach or team developed its own and each coach or team developed its own unique secret formulae. This was common unique secret formulae. This was common practice until heroin and cocaine became practice until heroin and cocaine became available only by prescription in the available only by prescription in the 1920s." 1920s."

First Anti-Doping RuleFirst Anti-Doping Rule

In 1928, the International Association In 1928, the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF), the of Athletics Federation (IAAF), the governing body for the sport of track governing body for the sport of track and field, become the first and field, become the first international sporting federation to international sporting federation to prohibit doping by athletes. prohibit doping by athletes.

Early 1950’sEarly 1950’s

Amphetamines, which were first used Amphetamines, which were first used by soldiers in WWII became widely by soldiers in WWII became widely used in sports. These drugs -- used in sports. These drugs -- nicknamed nicknamed la bombala bomba by Italian by Italian cyclists and cyclists and atoomatoom by Dutch cyclists by Dutch cyclists -- minimize the uncomfortable -- minimize the uncomfortable sensations of fatigue during exercise.sensations of fatigue during exercise.

19581958Dianabol, the first anabolic Dianabol, the first anabolic steroid to gain FDA approval is steroid to gain FDA approval is released by Ciba Pharmaceuticals. released by Ciba Pharmaceuticals. Dianabol was created to maximize the Dianabol was created to maximize the strength-building characteristics of strength-building characteristics of testosterone while minimizing negative testosterone while minimizing negative side effects.side effects.Close to his death in 1983, Dr. Zieglar Close to his death in 1983, Dr. Zieglar speaks out against his invention and says speaks out against his invention and says he wishes he had never created the he wishes he had never created the anabolic steroid after seeing athletes anabolic steroid after seeing athletes abuse the drug.abuse the drug.

Early DeathsEarly DeathsDanish cyclist, Knut Jensen, Danish cyclist, Knut Jensen, dies on Aug. 26, 1960 at the dies on Aug. 26, 1960 at the Summer Olympics in Rome Summer Olympics in Rome during the 100km team time during the 100km team time trial race. His collapse, trial race. His collapse, which fractured his skull, which fractured his skull, is initially thought to be is initially thought to be caused by the high caused by the high temperatures that day. His temperatures that day. His autopsy, however, reveals traces of an autopsy, however, reveals traces of an amphetamine called Ronicol.amphetamine called Ronicol.

Early DeathsEarly Deaths

British cyclist Tommy Simpson, dies during British cyclist Tommy Simpson, dies during the 13th stage of the Tour de France on the 13th stage of the Tour de France on July 13, 1967. The cyclist, whose motto was July 13, 1967. The cyclist, whose motto was allegedly "if it takes ten to kill you, take allegedly "if it takes ten to kill you, take nine and win," consumes excess amounts nine and win," consumes excess amounts of amphetamines and brandy to combat of amphetamines and brandy to combat the effects of an illness and he continues to the effects of an illness and he continues to ride until his body shuts down.ride until his body shuts down.

Simpson's death creates pressure for Simpson's death creates pressure for sporting agencies to take action against sporting agencies to take action against doping. doping.

19671967Partly in reaction to Tommy Partly in reaction to Tommy Simpson's death, the International Simpson's death, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) establishes Olympic Committee (IOC) establishes the Medical Commission to fight the Medical Commission to fight against doping in sports. The against doping in sports. The Commission is given three guiding Commission is given three guiding principles: protection of the health of principles: protection of the health of athletes, respect for medical and athletes, respect for medical and sport ethics, and equality for all sport ethics, and equality for all competing athletes. competing athletes.

19681968"The IOC instituted its first compulsory "The IOC instituted its first compulsory doping controls at the Winter Olympic doping controls at the Winter Olympic Games in Grenoble, France in 1968 and Games in Grenoble, France in 1968 and again at the Summer Olympic Games in again at the Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City in the same year. Mexico City in the same year. Banned substances included narcotic Banned substances included narcotic analgesics and stimulants.analgesics and stimulants.Although it was suspected that androgenic Although it was suspected that androgenic anabolic steroids were being used at this anabolic steroids were being used at this time, there was no reliable way to test for time, there was no reliable way to test for them, therefore they were not included on them, therefore they were not included on the list of banned substances.the list of banned substances.

CurrentlyCurrently

In 2008, there were 192 banned In 2008, there were 192 banned performance enhancing drugs and performance enhancing drugs and methods included in the WADA code methods included in the WADA code (World Anti-Doping Agency)(World Anti-Doping Agency)

There have been 21, 849 summer There have been 21, 849 summer Olympians tested with 105 doping Olympians tested with 105 doping cases reported.cases reported.

There have 5,264 winter Olympians There have 5,264 winter Olympians tested with 13 doping cases reported.tested with 13 doping cases reported.

ReferencesReferenceshttp://sportsanddrugs.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=002366 (ProCon.org is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit (ProCon.org is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit public charity that has no government public charity that has no government affiliations of any kind. Our purpose is to affiliations of any kind. Our purpose is to provide resources for critical thinking and provide resources for critical thinking and to educate without bias. We do not to educate without bias. We do not express opinions on our research projects express opinions on our research projects ("issue websites"). ("issue websites").