History of computers

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

BY P.SAI KIRAN 158T5A0504

• 3000 B.C.: The Abacus– The original mechanical counting

device

The History of Computing

1623-1662: Blaise Pascal

French mathematician and philosopherBuilt the Pascaline in 1642

1642: The PascalineA counting-wheel design

A single revolution of one wheel would engage gears that turned the wheel one tenth of a revolution to its immediate left

1801: Jacquard’s loomFrenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1753-1871)Weaving loomThe first significant use of binary automation

1793-1871: Charles Babbage

Envisioned a steam-powered difference engine and then an analytical engine

1842: Babbage’s Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine

1816-1852: Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace

Punched cards could be prepared to instruct Babbage’s engine to repeat certain operationsThe first programmer

1860-1929: Herman Hollerith

Devised a punched-card tabulating machine to speed up the 1890 U.S. census

1890: Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine

Used a hand punch to enter data onto cards

Punched Card Office

First Generation Computers

The first electronic computer was designed at Iow State between 1939-1942The Atanasoff-Berry Computer used the binary system(1’s and 0’s).Contained vacuum tubes and stored numbers for calculations by burning holes in paper

1946: The Electronic ENIAC Computer

Dr. John W. Mauchly (middle) collaborated with J. Presper Ecjert, Jr. (foreground) at the University of Pennsylvania to develop a machine that would compute trajectory tables for the U.S. Army.Used vacuum tubesENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

THE STORED PROGRAM COMPUTER• In 1945 John von Neumann presented his idea of a computer that

would store computer instructions in a CPU• The CPU(Central Processing Unit) consisted of elements that would

control the computer electronically

The EDVAC, EDSAC and UNIVAC were the first computers to use the stored program conceptThey used vacuum tubes so they were too expensive and too large for households to own and afford

PROBLEMS WITH THE ENIAC

• The ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes to hold a charge

• Vacuum tubes were so notoriously unreliable that even twenty years later many neighborhood drug stores provided a "tube tester"

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS• In 1947, the

transistor was invented

• The transistor made computers smaller, less expensive and increased calculating speeds.

• Second generation computers also saw a new way data was stored

• Punch cards were replaced with magnetic tapes and reel to reel machines

• 1954: The IBM 650– IBM’s first entry into the commercial

computer market was the IBM 701 in 1953– IBM 650, introduced in 1954, was designed

as a logical upgrade to existing punched-card machines

• 1958: The First Integrated Circuit– The first integrated circuit, a phase-shift

oscillator, was invented in 1958 by Jack S. Kilby of Texas Instruments.

• 1964: BASIC-More Than a Beginner’s Programming Language– Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny of

Dartmouth College developed a programming language that a beginner could learn and use quickly

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS• Transistors were

replaced by integrated circuits(IC)

• One IC could replace hundreds of transistors

• This made computers even smaller and faster.

• 1976: The Apple I– Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, along with

Ronald G. Wayne formed the Apple Computer Company

• 1981: The IBM PC– IBM tossed its hat into the personal

computer ring with its announcement of the IBM Personal Computer

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS• In 1970 the Intel

Corporation invented the Microprocessor:an entire CPU on one chip

• This led to microcomputers-computers on a desk

• 1984: The Macintosh and Graphical User Interfaces– Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh

desktop computer with a very friendly graphical user interface

PERSONAL COMPUTERS TO SUPERCOMPUTERS• Personal Computer (PC)– Desktop PC

“THERE IS NO SPECIAL EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGIES HERE WE ARE JUST STUDYING OUR

EARLIER SCIENTIST THOUGHTS AND THEIR WORKS”.

THANK YOU