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History of Computers

Dec 30, 2015

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History of Computers. (Excerpts from CMPE3). The History of Computers. The history of computers is interesting (or should be if you are in this class) and relevant to our professional lives. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: History of Computers

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History of ComputersHistory of Computers

(Excerpts from CMPE3)(Excerpts from CMPE3)

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The History of ComputersThe History of Computers

The history of computers is The history of computers is interesting (or should be if you are in interesting (or should be if you are in this class) and relevant to our this class) and relevant to our professional lives.professional lives.

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Ancient HistoryAncient History

• John Napier (1550-John Napier (1550-1617), develops 1617), develops logarithms and logarithms and “napier’s bones” “napier’s bones” which are which are multiplication tables multiplication tables on a stickon a stick

• Wilhelm Schickard Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635) builds a (1592-1635) builds a machine that can machine that can add, subtract, add, subtract, multiply and divide multiply and divide but is lost to 30 years but is lost to 30 years war and plaguewar and plague

• Blaise Pascal (1623-Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) is credited with 1662) is credited with building the first building the first calculator, the calculator, the “pascaline” could “pascaline” could only add and subtractonly add and subtract

• Gottfried Wilhelm Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) Leibniz (1646-1716) improved Pascal’s improved Pascal’s design quite a bit. design quite a bit. Dreamed of perfect Dreamed of perfect mechanical mechanical reasoning.reasoning.

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The First Computer HardwareThe First Computer HardwareCharles Babbage, born 1791Charles Babbage, born 1791

• Father of the computer Father of the computer

– 1830 Difference engine - used mechanical power

• calculated mathematical tables • smallest imperfections caused errors • Funded by the British government

• Funding was pulled, even his Funding was pulled, even his colleagues thought it wouldn't work colleagues thought it wouldn't work

– conceived of analytical engine to perform many types of calculations

– son built a model of the machine – working version finally built 1991

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The First ProgrammerThe First Programmer

Ada, the countess of LovelaceAda, the countess of Lovelace

• Daughter of Lord Byron Daughter of Lord Byron

• Mother of computer programming – the first Mother of computer programming – the first programmer!programmer!

• A gifted mathematician. A gifted mathematician.

• She helped develop instructions for She helped develop instructions for computations on the analytical engine. computations on the analytical engine.

• Saw Babbage's theoretical approach as Saw Babbage's theoretical approach as workable.workable.

• Responsible for subroutines, looping, Responsible for subroutines, looping, conditional branchesconditional branches

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The First Electrical computerThe First Electrical computer

1890 Herman Hollerith 1890 Herman Hollerith

• Able to count the census in 6 weeks rather than 7 years Able to count the census in 6 weeks rather than 7 years

– Used Jacquard’s punch cards• Sorted into bins• Count number of cards

• Developed in 1800 by a French silk weaver

• Electrical power Electrical power

• Tabulating machine company merged into Tabulating machine company merged into IBMIBM in 1924 in 1924

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Aiken, Zuse, Atanasoff, BerryAiken, Zuse, Atanasoff, Berry

• 1936 - Harvard graduate 1936 - Harvard graduate student Howard Aiken student Howard Aiken began thinking of modern began thinking of modern equivalent of analytical equivalent of analytical engine...engine...

• 1939 Germany - Konrad 1939 Germany - Konrad Zuse completed Zuse completed first first programmable, general-programmable, general-purpose calculating devicepurpose calculating device to solve mathematical to solve mathematical problems problems

– Paper was in short supply during war, used film tape

• 1939 - Iowa State 1939 - Iowa State Professor John Atanasoff Professor John Atanasoff developed the developed the first first electronic digital electronic digital computercomputer, the Atanasoff-, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer Berry Computer (ABC)(ABC) – Above is a picture of Berry

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The Mark IThe Mark I

1944 Harvard professor Howard Aiken completed the 1944 Harvard professor Howard Aiken completed the Mark Mark II

– Assistant Grace Hopper• Developed compiler for the computer

– 8 feet high, 55 feet long steel and glass – used noisy electromechanical relays – 5-6 times faster than a person – not very efficient – Enter data into computer using paper tape

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ENIAC, UNIVACENIAC, UNIVAC by John by John Machly & J. PresperMachly & J. Presper

WWII - WWII - ENIACENIAC Electronic Electronic Numerical Integrator and Numerical Integrator and Computer Computer

– based on the ABC– machine to calculate trajectory

tables for new guns – First general-purpose computer

• June 14, 1951 - June 14, 1951 - UNIVAC 1UNIVAC 1 - - Universal Universal Automatic Automatic Computer Computer

– First general-purpose commercial computer

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Four generations of Four generations of computerscomputers

1.1. 1951-1958 1951-1958 Vacuum TubeVacuum Tube

– about the size of light bulbs – thousands of them – is the bug a problem with

tube or program? – machine code and punch

cards

2. 1959-1964 2. 1959-1964 TransistorTransistor

– transfers electronic signals across resistor

– assembly language – 1954 - FORTRAN – 1959 - COBOL

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Four generations of computers Four generations of computers 3. 1965-1970 3. 1965-1970 Integrated CircuitIntegrated Circuit

– complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicon

– silicon is a semiconductor - will transmit electrical signal when specific chemical impurities are introduced to lattice structure.

– IBM 360 series of IBM – first time small and medium

businesses could afford a computer. – unbundle software - sell software

separately – birth of software industry

4. 1971-PRESENT 4. 1971-PRESENT MicroprocessorMicroprocessor (VLSI)(VLSI)– extension of third generation – get specialized chips for memory and

logic

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First Computer “Bug”First Computer “Bug”

• Found on the 9th of Found on the 9th of September, 1945, by September, 1945, by Grace Murray Hopper Grace Murray Hopper while she was while she was working on the working on the Harvard University Harvard University Mark II Aiken Relay Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator (a Calculator (a primitive computer).primitive computer).

• Coined term “debug”.Coined term “debug”.

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History SummaryHistory Summary

• Knowing something about the evolution of Knowing something about the evolution of computers is helpful to understanding why computers is helpful to understanding why things are the way they are nowthings are the way they are now

• Computing devices have been a long timeComputing devices have been a long time

• Digital computers are fairly newDigital computers are fairly new

• Rate of improvement and growth is Rate of improvement and growth is amazing, Moore’s Lawamazing, Moore’s Law

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Questions?Questions?

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