History of computers

and the use of technology in the classroom

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Introduction

Join us, the Time Warp Trio, as you discover the history of computers and what the future holds for you as a teacher using technology in your classroom!

Task

Your task is simple – work your way through the webquest to gather information on the history of computers and the use of technology in education.

Follow all links. They lead to definitions, more in depth information, videos, interactive activities, etc.

As you complete the webquest, you will find that many issues are raised and thought provoking questions are asked. You do not have to formally

submit answers to these questions at this time. However, variations of these questions will be incorporated into your live text reflections, so take the time to reflect while the information is fresh in your mind.

You may want to jot down some of your initial reactions to refer to later.

THE PASTfrom fingers and toes to what everyone knows

Hey there! I’m glad you could all join me. Cell phones, laptops, PDAs, iPods and digital cameras were not always considered everyday items. Let’s take a look at life B.G. (before Google)!

10: The basis of our number systemPrimitive humans

found counting necessary, and fingers provided a natural tool, creating a number system based on 10.

As time passed, rocks, notches on wood, etc. were used to calculate and record larger numbers.

Manipulation of DataThe abacus was the

first instrument known that allowed users to manipulate data rather than just record it.

It is believed that the abacus originated in Babylon around 3000 B.C.

Believe it or not, the abacus is still used today!

Learn more about how an abacus works and even try adding on an interactive abacus!

From Calculation Devices to ComputersCalculating devices

were soon able to subtract, multiply and divide as well as add.

The introduction of binary arithmetic and Boolean logic led to the development of the internal language of today’s digital computers.

Watch “The History of Computers” by accessing the video through Ohio Link.

1st Generation

Early 1950’s Vacuum tubes

Mid-1950’s Transistor

Generations of Computers

2nd Generation

3rd Generation

Early 1960’sIntegrated Circuits

1970 – Mid 1990’s Microprocessor

Generations of Computers

4th Generation

THE PRESENTwhere computing is now

Wow! That was cool. Computers sure have come a long way, but there is still more. Let’s take a look at 5th generation computers and see how the latest developments have changed today’s world - especially in the field of education.

“The fifth generation of computers offers the development of artificial intelligence, computers based on logical inference and parallel processing, and radical changes in the Internet” (Sharp 15).

5th Generation Computers

Modern FeaturesToday’s computers can

carry out thousands of operations simultaneously.

They feature: Voice recognitionNatural and foreign

language translationTouch screensHandwriting

recognition with stylus input devices In what ways do these

features enhance education?

Artificial Intelligence AI is a “computer

science field that tries to improve computers by endowing them with some of the characteristics associated with human intelligence, such as the capability to understand natural language and to reason under conditions of uncertainty” (Sharp 14).

Click above to view trailer. So what do you think – Is number five alive?

A.I. in Daily Life Artificial intelligence

sounds a little sci-fi-ish, but the fact is, you find A.I. everywhere you look! GPS systems in cars

that tell you what direction to travel

Playing against the “computer” in a game of chess.

Smart tutoring systems

GRE exam Click above to review “Smart Tutor”

InternetThe Internet is a

worldwide computer networking system.

It is used to: teach distance courses; communicate via voice,

data, and video conferencing;

research; work from home;house

virtual environments; etc.

The Web is Transforming…The Internet no

longer has the sole purpose of providing information.

It has become the read – write web where users want to be heard themselves as much as they want to see what others are saying.

Hypertext & HypermediaResearch has shown

that hypertext has awesome possibilities in education. Students have the

ability to personalize learning by exploring topics that interest them in more depth.

Students can use hypertext to scaffold their reading, and can potentially read e-texts at a higher level because they can use hypertext to define unknown words.

It has been proposed that there are three levels of hypermedia in education.

Internet ActivitiesThe internet is full

of interactive activities that can be used to introduce, reinforce, and assess learning.

Try out a few simple activities related to what you are learning: Flash CardsCrossword Puzzle

Now check out some cool ideas for e-learning with your students: Lewis & ClarkExploring the Envir

onmentInternational Space

Station ChallengeEduweb

THE FUTUREto explore new worlds, seek out new life, & go boldly forward

Technology is still evolving. Come with me to take a peek at what the future may bring. Where will you fit in? Will you embrace the latest technological advancements or do you prefer the status quo? How will you weave technology into your philosophy of education?

What will the future hold?There are already

many predictions about where the web will go next. How do we prepare

students to work in an environment that doesn’t yet exist?

How will teacher training be effected?

Will life-long learning become a must instead of a lofty goal?

Future Computers?

What do you think future computers will look like? How will you interact with them? Future PCsMade of Glass?NanobotsBCI

Future TrendsIntel Education Init

iative Open Educational

ResourceseTextsPDA’s Rule the Sch

ool

Looking Forward

Educational Technology

Putting it in Perspective

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGYHow changes in technology have revolutionized education

What does all of this mean? Bottom line – educational technology is constantly changing, and bringing about new and exciting ways to help students of all ages learn! Let’s take a quick look at how technology has been used in the classroom.

Educational TechnologyWhile definitions vary, the

Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT), states "Educational technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning."

Advantages of Educational Technology Papers can be easily stored, revised,

and shared. The Internet can be a valuable library

and research resource. Differentiated instruction for various

learning styles can be provided. Multimedia presentations that

include art and music can be created. Software programs can be used to

assist students or create newsletters and other documents.

Web sites and software can assist with teacher and administrator planning.

Computers can help with institutional organization and inventory.

Brief History of Computers in EducationComputers were first used

in education in the fields of science, math and engineering.

The first techniques included: A behavioral approach to

tutoring – programmed instruction, where info was taught in small, sequential bits at the learners own pace with automatic feedback.

Computer based simulations

The first flight simulator was created in 1950 at MIT.

Teaching programming languages such as BASIC

Due to a lack of software

Project Whirlwind: 1st Flight Simulator designed for Navy training by MIT in 1950.

Microcomputer Brings Mega Changes In 1977 the

microcomputer shifted the focus from mainframes to desktop computers

An educational software market emerged to meet the needs of classroom teachers.

Soon, computers networks were formed through intranets and internets.

TodayThe internet is a

powerful educational tool.

Leading professional groups and state departments of education have developed educational technology standards for teachers, students, and schools.

Accreditation standards for teachers require technology training.

The National Educational Technology Standards project is ongoing. The goal is to facilitate

improvement in U.S. schools by implementing technology in instruction, activities, and assessment.

DebateOver the years, there

has been a debate on the best way to use technology to enhance learning. These debates often

stem from educational philosophies that are teacher-directed or constructivist based.

Research has not provided conclusive evidence to support one side or the other. Why do you think this

is?

Teacher-directed Approach

Based on worksheets & textbooks

Curriculum is fixed Teacher transmits

knowledge Instruction is didactic Results in one correct

answer Stresses individualized work Poses questions for students

to answer Is concerned with

information acquisition Assessment is by testing

Programmed instruction programs such as Math Blaster

Drill-and-practice and tutorial software applications

Generation of class performance information

Educational Philosophies & Technology

Technology Applications

Constructivist Model

Is based on manipulatives and primary sources

Curriculum is flexible Approach develops concepts Student explores and discovers

knowledge Results in acquisition of large

concepts Stresses cooperative group work Engages students in interactive

activities Is concerned with the process of

learning Assessment I by student

products and student observation

Annotated moviesHypertext Simulations such as

Lemonade Stand or SimsShould actively

address real-life problems through interactive situations

Virtual Reality

Educational Philosophies & Technology

Technology Applications

REVIEW & ASSESSWhat did you learn?

Time to pray – just kidding! You are about to take a quiz to assess what you have learned. But wait – you can relax and smile, because it is open webquest! The purpose is to see how the traditional quiz can be adapted to be taken using a computer. Did you like getting immediate feedback? What did you think are the positive and negatives of this type of assessment? How else might you use technology to assess your students? What educational philosophy would this type of quiz fall under?

ReviewMcGraw-Hill online

has summaries to review the information:History of Compute

rsEducational Milesto

nes & Standards

Quiz Time! What did you

learn? Take the quiz for

History of ComputersDo not panic! You may look back

at the PowerPoint for answers.

Submit your scores to [email protected]

Questions to Ponder What new ethical

considerations have developed as technology advances?

How do you see using technology in your classroom? What do students need to

know about technology? What do you want to learn

more about? Will your approach follow a

teacher-directed or constructivist philosophy?

How does elearning affect time on task?

With technology changing so quickly, how do you justify spending the money to keep current with the latest trends?

Does technology help close or widen the achievement gap?

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