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History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

Apr 01, 2015

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Page 1: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.
Page 2: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

History of Artificial Intelligence

Page 3: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced

back to ancient Egypt, but with the development of the electronic computer in 1941, the technology finally became available to create machine intelligence. The term artificial intelligence was first coined in 1956, at the Dartmouth conference, and since then Artificial Intelligence has expanded because of the theories and principles developed by its dedicated researchers. Through its short modern history, advancement in the fields of AI have been slower than first estimated, progress continues to be made. From its birth 5 decades ago, there have been a variety of AI programs, and they have impacted other technological advancements.

Page 4: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

The Beginnings of A.I. Although the computer provided the

technology necessary for AI, it was not until the early 1950's that the link between human intelligence and machines was really observed. Norbert Wiener was one of the first Americans to make observations on the principle of feedback theory. The most familiar example of feedback theory is the thermostat: It controls the temperature of an environment by gathering the actual temperature of the house, comparing it to the desired temperature, and responding by turning the heat up or down. What was so important about his research into feedback loops was that Wiener theorized that all intelligent behavior was the result of feedback mechanisms. Mechanisms that could possibly be simulated by machines. This discovery influenced much of early development of AI.

Page 5: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

Alan Turing In 1950 Alan Turing published a landmark

paper in which he speculated about the possibility of creating machines with true intelligence. He noted that "intelligence" is difficult to define and devised his famous Turing Test. If a machine could carry on a conversation (over a teletype) that was indistinguishable from a conversation with a human being, then the machine could be called "intelligent." This simplified version of the problem allowed Turing to argue convincingly that a "thinking machine" was at least plausible and the paper answered all the most common objections to the proposition. The Turing Test was the first serious proposal in the philosophy of artificial intelligence.

Page 6: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

Gaming in A.I History.

In 1951, using the Ferranti Mark I machine of the University of Manchester, Christopher Strachey wrote a checkers program and Dietrich Prinz wrote one for chess. Arthur Samuel's checkers program, developed in the middle 50s and early 60s, eventually achieved sufficient skill to challenge a world champion. Game AI would continue to be used as a measure of progress in AI throughout its history.

Page 7: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

Allen Newell & Herbert Simon

In late 1955, Newell and Simon developed The Logic Theorist, considered by many to be the first AI program. The program, representing each problem as a tree model, would attempt to solve it by selecting the branch that would most likely result in the correct conclusion. The impact that the logic theorist made on both the public and the field of AI has made it a crucial stepping stone in developing the AI field.

Page 8: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

John McCarthy In 1956 John McCarthy

regarded as the father of AI, organized a conference to draw the talent and expertise of others interested in machine intelligence for a month of brainstorming. He invited them to Vermont for "The Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence." From that point on, because of McCarthy, the field would be known as Artificial intelligence. Although not a huge success, the Dartmouth conference did bring together the founders in AI, and served to lay the groundwork for the future of AI research.

Page 9: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

Knowledge Expansion

In the seven years after the conference, AI began to pick up

momentum. Although the field was still undefined, ideas formed at

the conference were re-examined, and built upon. Centers for AI

research began forming at Carnegie Mellon and MIT, and new

challenges were faced: further research was placed upon creating

systems that could efficiently solve problems, by limiting the

search, such as the Logic Theorist. And second, making systems

that could learn by themselves. In 1957, the first version of a

new program The General Problem Solver(GPS) was tested. The

program developed by the same pair which developed the Logic

Theorist. The GPS was an extension of Wiener's feedback principle,

and was capable of solving a greater extent of common sense

problems.

Page 10: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

Knowledge Expansion (Cont.)

A couple of years after the GPS, IBM contracted a

team to research artificial intelligence. While more

programs were being produced, McCarthy was busy

developing a major breakthrough in AI history. In

1958 McCarthy announced his new development; the

LISP language, which is still used today and is the

language of choice among most AI developers.

Page 11: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

From Lab to Life

No longer was the computer technology just part of a select few researchers in

laboratories. The personal computer made its debut along with many

technological magazines. Such foundations as the American Association for

Artificial Intelligence also started. There was also, with the demand for AI

development, a push for researchers to join private companies.

Other fields of AI also made there way into the marketplace during the 1980's. One

in particular was the machine vision field. The work by Minsky and Marr were now

the foundation for the cameras and computers on assembly lines, performing

quality control. Although crude, these systems could distinguish differences shapes

in objects using black and white differences. By 1985 over a hundred companies

offered machine vision systems in the US, and sales totaled $80 million.

Page 12: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

From Lab to Life (Cont.) The 1980's were not totally good for the AI industry. In 1986-87 the

demand in AI systems decreased, and the industry lost almost a half of a billion dollars. Companies such as Teknowledge and Intellicorp together lost more than $6 million, about a third of there total earnings. Another disappointment was the so called "smart truck" financed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The projects goal was to develop a robot that could perform many battlefield tasks. In 1989, due to project setbacks and unlikely success, the Pentagon cut funding for the project.

Despite these discouraging events, AI slowly recovered. New technology in Japan was being developed. Fuzzy logic, first pioneered in the US has the unique ability to make decisions under uncertain conditions. Also neural networks were being reconsidered as possible ways of achieving Artificial Intelligence. The 1980's introduced to its place in the corporate marketplace, and showed the technology had real life uses, ensuring it would be a key in the 21st century.

Page 13: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

A.I. Put to Test

The military put AI based hardware to the test of war during Desert Storm. AI-

based technologies were used in missile systems, heads-up-displays, and other

advancements. AI has also made the transition to the home. With the

popularity of the AI computer growing, the interest of the public has also

grown. Applications for the Apple Macintosh and IBM compatible computer,

such as voice and character recognition have become available. Also AI

technology has made steadying camcorders simple using fuzzy logic. With a

greater demand for AI-related technology, new advancements are becoming

available. Inevitably Artificial Intelligence has, and will continue to affecting

our lives.

Page 14: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

A.I. Timeline

Page 15: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

Cartoon A.I.

Page 16: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

AI and Hollywood Movies

• In today’s generation, Hollywood movies are mostly about androids, humanoids, and robots.

• Machines going out of control • Replacing humanity• World domination

Page 17: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

Smart Car

Page 18: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

Robotics • Robotics continue to evolve from manufacturing,

medicine and remote exploration to entertainment, security and personal assistance.

• Robots may be one of the most well known examples of Artificial Intelligence.

• Japan has announced that they will send the first humanoid robots to the moon.

http://smart-machines.blogspot.com/Robotics example

Page 19: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

A.I. In Military

The U.S is spending as much 100 billion dollars to develop robots that can aid or replace human soldiers on the front line. These robots can operate in combat zones with little supervision.

Flight simulations and virtual environments help train over 500,000 Soldiers.

http://www.aaai.org/aitopics/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/AITopics/Military

Page 20: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

What’s New in A.I. Honda has created a helmet-like

device that can read human brain waves and transmit them to humanoid robot. A person can make the robot perform simple tasks, including moving Its arm.

Prototypes of a car with sensors and small motors to navigate a traffic-laden city street with no driver have been created.

http://newsfeedresearcher.com/data/articles_t14/honda-robot-brain.html#hdng0

Page 21: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

Today’s A.I.

While military uses have tended to dominate commercial development of autonomous robots in America, business opportunities for smart robots are also sizable, according to experts Japan’s research into intelligent robotics has been oriented toward helping the nation’s rapidly aging population perform domestic tasks.

Page 22: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

A.I. In Video Games

• Video game artificial intelligence is a programming area that tries to make the computer act in a similar way to human intelligence.

• A rule based system is used whereby information and rules are entered into a database, and when the video game AI is faced with a situation, it finds appropriate information and acts accordingly.

http://www.adigitaldreamer.com/articles/artificial-intelligence-video-games.htm

Page 23: History of Artificial Intelligence Introduction Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development.

A.I. in Video Games Continued In 2001 the game Halo featured A.I. that

could use vehicles and team tactics. The AI could recognize threats such as grenades and incoming vehicles.

In 2008 the Game Left 4 Dead featured a new type of AI in gaming called The Director. Instead of having a difficulty level which just ramps up to a constant level, the A.I. analyze how the players fared in the game so far, and try to add subsequent events that would give them a sense of narrative