Top Banner
Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science Science
42

Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Jan 16, 2016

Download

Documents

Avalon

Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science. Foundations of Exercise and Sports Science. Introduction Science of Human Movement Interdisciplinary Science Multiple Applications. Foundations of Exercise and Sports Science. Emergence of a Scientific Discipline - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Scienceof Exercise and Sports Science

Page 2: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Foundations of Exercise and Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceSports Science

IntroductionIntroduction

Science of Human MovementScience of Human Movement

Interdisciplinary ScienceInterdisciplinary Science

Multiple ApplicationsMultiple Applications

Page 3: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience

Emergence of a Scientific DisciplineEmergence of a Scientific Discipline

Scientific discipline has central focusScientific discipline has central focus Merging disciplines create new onesMerging disciplines create new ones More advances with combined researchMore advances with combined research Common interests are sometimes the Common interests are sometimes the

cause cause

Page 4: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience

Exercise Science and Related Exercise Science and Related DisciplineDiscipline

Multiple parent disciplines including:Multiple parent disciplines including: PhysicsPhysics ChemistryChemistry Physiology/AnatomyPhysiology/Anatomy MedicineMedicine

Page 5: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Creation and growth of a new Creation and growth of a new “discipline” or an “interdisciplinary” “discipline” or an “interdisciplinary” area of study occurs as a result of the area of study occurs as a result of the interaction of previous work and the interaction of previous work and the growth of related disciplines – this growth of related disciplines – this interaction can be noted from a interaction can be noted from a historical perspectivehistorical perspective

Page 6: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Historical Aspects of Exercise and Sports ScienceHistorical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Early writingsEarly writings – – Concentration on anatomical and medical aspects Concentration on anatomical and medical aspects – some sports aspects– some sports aspects

Herodicus –late 400’s BCHerodicus –late 400’s BC

Hippocrates – 460-377 BCHippocrates – 460-377 BC

Galen – 131-201 AD Galen – 131-201 AD

Middle Ages/RenaissanceMiddle Ages/Renaissance – – Strong Anatomical and Medical Aspects Strong Anatomical and Medical Aspects – beginnings of “Biomechanics”– beginnings of “Biomechanics”

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679)Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679)

Page 7: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

History Con’tHistory Con’t

1818thth and 19 and 19thth Century – Emergence of Physics, Chemistry and Century – Emergence of Physics, Chemistry and Physiology as “Disiplines”Physiology as “Disiplines”

Joseph Preistly (1733-1804) – oxygenJoseph Preistly (1733-1804) – oxygen

Cal Willhelm Scheele (1742-1786) – oxygenCal Willhelm Scheele (1742-1786) – oxygen

Joseph Black (1728-1799) – carbon dioxideJoseph Black (1728-1799) – carbon dioxide

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) – metabolismAntoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) – metabolism

William Prout (1785-1850) – beginnings of William Prout (1785-1850) – beginnings of exercise metabolismexercise metabolism

Edward Hitchcock (1793-1864) – structure and Edward Hitchcock (1793-1864) – structure and functionfunction

Edward Hitchcock Jr. M.D.(1828-1911) – Edward Hitchcock Jr. M.D.(1828-1911) – described use of described use of “physical “physical education” education” for healthfor health

Claude Bernard (1813-1878) – Father of Claude Bernard (1813-1878) – Father of PhysiologyPhysiology

Page 8: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

History Con’tHistory Con’t

2020thth Century: growth of “Exercise Science” Century: growth of “Exercise Science”

George Wells (1860-1934)– Harvard – George Wells (1860-1934)– Harvard – ScientificScientific basis for basis for Physical EducationPhysical Education

Bruce Dill (1891-1986) – Director of Bruce Dill (1891-1986) – Director of Harvard Harvard Fatigue Lab Fatigue Lab (1927-1946)(1927-1946)

Archibald V. Hill (1886-1977) – muscle Archibald V. Hill (1886-1977) – muscle contraction mechanics, contraction mechanics,

energy energy consumption –Oxygen consumption –Oxygen Uptake”Uptake”

Thomas K. Cureton (1901-1993) -Thomas K. Cureton (1901-1993) -

Physical Fitness for HealthPhysical Fitness for Health

David C. Costill – glycogen David C. Costill – glycogen replacement - replacement - swimming swimming physiologyphysiology

Jack H. Wilmore – Physical Fitness and Jack H. Wilmore – Physical Fitness and HealthHealth

Page 9: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

History Con’tHistory Con’t

CurrentCurrent

Robert B. Armstrong- Texas A&M – Robert B. Armstrong- Texas A&M – muscle muscle physiologyphysiology

Michael Joiner – Mayo Clinic – blood Michael Joiner – Mayo Clinic – blood flowflow

Larry Durstine – U. South Carolina – Larry Durstine – U. South Carolina – exercise exercise and blood lipidsand blood lipids

Travis N. Triplett – Appalachian State – Travis N. Triplett – Appalachian State – resistance training and resistance training and

osteoporosis/womenosteoporosis/women

Page 10: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Current Sports Scientist in the USACurrent Sports Scientist in the USA

Randy Wilber – USOC – triathlon, road cyclingRandy Wilber – USOC – triathlon, road cycling

Jay T. Kearney- Carmichael Training SystemsJay T. Kearney- Carmichael Training Systems- - sports science- sports science-

canoe/kayak and road canoe/kayak and road cyclingcyclingWilliam A. Sands- USOC – gymnastics William A. Sands- USOC – gymnastics

“explosive strength” - “explosive strength” - Brian Schilling – Memphis University – Brian Schilling – Memphis University –

weightlifting- MU weightlifting- MU type and training type and training alterationsalterations

Greg G. Haff – West Virginia – weightlifting Greg G. Haff – West Virginia – weightlifting resistance resistance training effects training effects on fuel useon fuel use

Page 11: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Mathematics

Physics

Physiology

Chemistry

Psychology

Exercise and Sports ScienceExercise and Sports Science

Sub-disciplinesSub-disciplines

Page 12: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

The scope of Exercise and Sports The scope of Exercise and Sports Science –three primary areas (sub-Science –three primary areas (sub-disciplines)disciplines)

PsychologyPsychology: deals with behavioral : deals with behavioral aspects aspects of of exercise and sport including exercise and sport including learning aspectslearning aspects

PhysiologyPhysiology: How physiologic : How physiologic systems respond systems respond and adapt to human and adapt to human movementmovement

BiomechanicsBiomechanics: Study of : Study of physical/mechanical physical/mechanical principles that principles that underlie human motionunderlie human motion

Page 13: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience

Exercise and Sports ScienceExercise and Sports Science—— “New” Interdisciplinary Sciences“New” Interdisciplinary Sciences

Characteristics of ScienceCharacteristics of Science

A “science” needs objectivity and A “science” needs objectivity and evidenceevidence

Need to distinguish between anecdotal Need to distinguish between anecdotal

and scientific evidenceand scientific evidence

Page 14: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience

In search of Truth in ScienceIn search of Truth in Science (and (and Advertising)Advertising) Testimonial approach – often incorrect Testimonial approach – often incorrect

assumptionsassumptions Tenacity - PropagandaTenacity - Propaganda Knowledge of authorityKnowledge of authority Rationalistic methodRationalistic method – – may lead to right or

wrong hypothesis Scientific method can alleviate Scientific method can alleviate

inappropriate conclusionsinappropriate conclusions

Page 15: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

Goal is discovering what is true – Goal is discovering what is true – science is science is not a philosophical debatenot a philosophical debate

Basic tenet – truth is out there and it can be Basic tenet – truth is out there and it can be measuredmeasured

Questions lead to researchQuestions lead to research Observation: Phenomenon to be explainedObservation: Phenomenon to be explained Hypothesis: Logical explanationsHypothesis: Logical explanations Experiment: Scientific study to verify hypothesesExperiment: Scientific study to verify hypotheses

The statistical approachThe statistical approach Mathematical tool to understand evidenceMathematical tool to understand evidence

Page 16: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

The Research Continuum: a generalization The Research Continuum: a generalization

Basic Basic ApplieAppliedd

translational translational

Exercise ScientistsExercise Scientists Sports ScientistsSports Scientists

mechanismechanismsms

performaperformancence

Page 17: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience

Basic Versus Applied ResearchBasic Versus Applied Research Basic ResearchBasic Research

To acquire new knowledgeTo acquire new knowledge Knowledge has to be developed before it can be Knowledge has to be developed before it can be

appliedapplied

Translational Research: bridging the gap between basic Translational Research: bridging the gap between basic and applied – “assigns” mechanisms to applied findingsand applied – “assigns” mechanisms to applied findings

Applied Research Applied Research Obvious applications (sport – health)Obvious applications (sport – health) Answers very specific research questionAnswers very specific research question

Page 18: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience

Animal Research in Exercise and Animal Research in Exercise and Sports ScienceSports Science

Many advances obtained through Many advances obtained through research on animalsresearch on animals

Animals have also benefitedAnimals have also benefited Often combined with human researchOften combined with human research Goal is to enhance knowledge of Goal is to enhance knowledge of

Exercise and Sports ScienceExercise and Sports Science

Page 19: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience

The Research ContinuumThe Research Continuum

Questions may lead to other areas of Questions may lead to other areas of sciencescience

Need both basic, translational and applied Need both basic, translational and applied researchresearch

Maximum usefulness when adjacent levels Maximum usefulness when adjacent levels understand and communicate issues of understand and communicate issues of other levelsother levels

Page 20: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience

Movement at Every LevelMovement at Every Level

Performance continuum: Individuals at Performance continuum: Individuals at different levelsdifferent levels

Three categoriesThree categories SubnormalSubnormal NormalNormal SupernormalSupernormal

Studying all three categories yields Studying all three categories yields better understanding of Exercise better understanding of Exercise ScienceScience

Page 21: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Professional and Interest Group Organizations Associated with Exercise and Sports Sciences

(Examples)American Alliance of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD)

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

European College of Sports Medicine (ECSM)

International Society of Biomechanics in Sports (ISBS)

National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA)

United Kingdom Strength and Conditioning Association (UKSCA)

Page 22: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Sports Science – What is it?Sports Science – What is it?

Michael H. Stone, PhD

PEXS

East Tennessee State University

Page 23: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

EXERCISE SCIENCEEXERCISE SCIENCE

PAEDIATRIC FACTORSPAEDIATRIC FACTORS

GERIATRIC GERIATRIC FACTORSFACTORS

ERGONOMICSERGONOMICS

SPORTS SCIENCESPORTS SCIENCE

ADULT FITNESS/ ADULT FITNESS/ MEDICAL MEDICAL ASPECTSASPECTS

MECHANISMSMECHANISMS

NUTRITIONNUTRITION

PERFORMANCPERFORMANCEE

Page 24: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Biology:Biology: interdisciplinary study of life interdisciplinary study of life

Page 25: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

EXERCISE SCIENCE:EXERCISE SCIENCE: GENERAL TERM - GENERAL TERM -

•study ofstudy of biological biological responses and adaptations to responses and adaptations to exercise and training exercise and training

•depends upon the disciplines of biomechanics, depends upon the disciplines of biomechanics, physiology, psychology, sociology, mechanical, physiology, psychology, sociology, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineeringelectrical, and computer engineering

• includes various specialitiesincludes various specialities

Page 26: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

SPORT SCIENCE:SPORT SCIENCE:

• enhancement of sport performance enhancement of sport performance and sport equipment through the and sport equipment through the application of scientific methods and application of scientific methods and principlesprinciples

Page 27: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

EXERCISE SCIENTISTS:EXERCISE SCIENTISTS:

- uses exercise or training to understand biology

SPORT SCIENTISTS:SPORT SCIENTISTS:

- uses biology to understand sport

• function to bridge the gap between science and sport

Page 28: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

To be a better sport scientist(s):To be a better sport scientist(s):1. . be a very good scientist

2. be interested in the sport(s) and the development of elite performance

3. knowledge of sport(s) – personal interest

4. knowledge of training practices and outcomes

5. be willing to train like they do ? – better understand the sport

6. regular discussions with athletes and coaches

7. understand the politics

8. provoke thought -challenge8. provoke thought -challenge

Become part of the sport.

Page 29: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

SPORTS SCIENCESPORTS SCIENCE:BASIC FUNCTIONSBASIC FUNCTIONS

1. EDUCATION1. EDUCATION

2. SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK2. SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK

3. RESEARCH3. RESEARCH

Page 30: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

EDUCATIONEDUCATION

1. coach (coaching the coach)/students

2. athlete

3. other sports scientists – mentor junior scientists

Page 31: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACKSPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK

• INTEGRATED APPROACH

• PICK THE BEST TESTS - BUT!!!

- relatively simple test - good reliability

- insure fast and reliable feedback for coaches and athletes

- make sure results are comprehensible and usable

ONGOING RE-EXAMINATION OF TESTING SERVICEONGOING RE-EXAMINATION OF TESTING SERVICE

Page 32: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

RESEARCHRESEARCH

•a diligent and systematic enquiry or investigation a diligent and systematic enquiry or investigation in order to discover facts or principles in order to discover facts or principles

•to investigate carefullyto investigate carefully

•SEARCH FOR TRUTH AND CLARITYSEARCH FOR TRUTH AND CLARITY

•CURRENTLY - WITHOUT RESEARCH – SPORT IS CURRENTLY - WITHOUT RESEARCH – SPORT IS RARELY PUSHED AHEADRARELY PUSHED AHEAD

Page 33: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

RESEARCH AND SPORT SCIENCERESEARCH AND SPORT SCIENCE

1. Practical

2. How can it be applied – not always apparent to the coach/athlete

3. Performance oriented

- coach - sport scientists interaction

- results should be reported ASAP

- - often carried out within the sports testing often carried out within the sports testing programmeprogramme

Page 34: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

DEVELOP INNOVATIVE TESTING-RESEARCH DEVELOP INNOVATIVE TESTING-RESEARCH PROGRAMMESPROGRAMMES

Example:Example:

1. get the coaches involved in collecting data 1. get the coaches involved in collecting data

- sport testing- sport testing

- research- research

- talent - talent IDID

2. get 2. get NGBNGB sport science committees involved in sport science committees involved in collecting datacollecting data

3. use on-line services (MONITORING)3. use on-line services (MONITORING)

Page 35: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

A NECESSITYA NECESSITY: INTEGRATED : INTEGRATED

PROGRAMME PLANNINGPROGRAMME PLANNING

•Why should coaches be interested in Sport Science?Why should coaches be interested in Sport Science?

– – a good coach does not simply imitate but innovatesa good coach does not simply imitate but innovates

- Art and Science- Art and Science

•IDEALLYIDEALLY-- SPORT SCIENCE , NGB’S AND COACHES SPORT SCIENCE , NGB’S AND COACHES WORK TOGETHER TO FORMULATE A WORK TOGETHER TO FORMULATE A TRAINING/TESTING PROGRAMMETRAINING/TESTING PROGRAMME

Page 36: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

THE IDEALTHE IDEAL: DELIVERING SPORT SCIENCE TO : DELIVERING SPORT SCIENCE TO THE ELITE ATHLETE AND COACHES IN THE THE ELITE ATHLETE AND COACHES IN THE USAUSA

COACH/ATHLETECOACH/ATHLETE USOC SPORT SCIENCEUSOC SPORT SCIENCE

NGBNGB

DATA DATA COLLECTIONCOLLECTIONNGB SS

COMMITTEE

Page 37: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

TESTING/RESEARCH/PROGRAMME TESTING/RESEARCH/PROGRAMME PLANNING:PLANNING:

TWO IMPORTANT CONCEPTSTWO IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

Page 38: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

STRENGTHEXERCISE

STRENGTHTRAINING

POWER EXERCISE

POWERTRAINING

ENDURANCEEXERCISE

ENDURANCETRAINING

EXERCISE CONTINUUMEXERCISE CONTINUUM

?

Page 39: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

RECOVERYRECOVERY RECOVERYRECOVERY RECOVERYRECOVERY

Page 40: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Foundations of Exercise ScienceFoundations of Exercise Science

Summary PointsSummary Points

Exercise Science and Sports Science are Exercise Science and Sports Science are new fields of study formed by merging new fields of study formed by merging other disciplinesother disciplines

Major areas of concentration include: Major areas of concentration include: physiology, biomechanics and psychologyphysiology, biomechanics and psychology

Anecdotal evidence can be presented Anecdotal evidence can be presented through: testimonial approach, tenacity, through: testimonial approach, tenacity, knowledge of authority, and rationalistic knowledge of authority, and rationalistic methodmethod

Page 41: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

Foundations of Exercise ScienceFoundations of Exercise Science

Summary PointsSummary Points (cont.)(cont.)

Scientific method uses : controlled Scientific method uses : controlled observation, hypothesis, and observation, hypothesis, and experimentationexperimentation

Basic research lays foundation for Basic research lays foundation for Applied and “Translational” research, Applied and “Translational” research, which allows for improvements to which allows for improvements to specific areas of Exercise and Sports specific areas of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience

Page 42: Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

THE END