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Hist 110 American Civilization I Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer Upper Iowa University
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Hist 110 American Civilization I Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer Upper Iowa University.

Dec 14, 2015

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Page 1: Hist 110 American Civilization I Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer Upper Iowa University.

Hist 110American Civilization I

Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer

Upper Iowa University

Page 2: Hist 110 American Civilization I Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer Upper Iowa University.

Lecture 7a Establishing a National Government

U.S. Constitution left many details undecided, which became the business of the new national government in its early days

Bill of Rights Meant to provide explicit

guarantees of personal liberty 19 amendments proposed, 10

adopted and ratified Judiciary Act of 1789

Organized the federal judiciary, establishing district courts, appeals courts, and supreme court

Federal judiciary’s actions tentative at first

Washington as President Had great freedom in organizing

the executive Organized his administration with

precedents in mind

George Washington

c. 1795

Page 3: Hist 110 American Civilization I Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer Upper Iowa University.

Lecture 7a Hamilton’s Financial Program

Hamilton was a cynic, but enjoyed a warm relationship with Washington (he had been his aide during the war)

U.S. finances in bad shape U.S. debt: $54,124,464.56 in 1789

Report on Public Credit (1790) Hamilton proposed assuming state war

debts, combining them with U.S. debt, and issuing new bonds to cover both

Wanted to give investors more incentive to support the new government

2nd Report on Public Credit (1790) Hamilton proposed Congress charter

and invest in a bank to promote manufacturing

Strict vs. broad construction Report on Manufactures (1791):

Hamilton wanted a protective tariff Idea rejected by Congress,

increasingly dominated by James Madison and his followers who adopted a tariff to fund the national debt and current government operations

AlexanderHamilton

First TreasurySecretary

First Bank of the United States

Philadelphia

Page 4: Hist 110 American Civilization I Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer Upper Iowa University.

Lecture 7aGrowing Divisions

The debate over Hamilton’s economic problem helped create political division

Domestic Basis of Division Hamilton, Adams, and other

Federalists wanted to promote more manufacturing

Jefferson, Madison, and their followers, called Republicans, felt the stability of the republic required the U.S. stay mostly agricultural

Foreign Policy Basis of Division The French Revolution, which started

in 1787 and grew increasingly radical in the early 1790s, with the execution of the French King, Louis XVI, and France emerging as a republic

Federalists were uncomfortable with the radicalism of the French Revolution, while Republicans tended to be more sympathetic

Each faction was suspicious of the other as plotting against liberty

Washington – “The Patriot King” Although sympathetic to the

Federalists, Washington was able to largely stay above the divisions on the basis of his reputation

George Washington personallyled nearly 13,000 militia to

crushthe “Whiskey Rebellion”: a 1794

revolt of farmers in Western Pennsylvania against paying a federal excise tax on whiskeyWhy Washington’s personal

interest?

Page 5: Hist 110 American Civilization I Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer Upper Iowa University.

Washington declined to run for President again in 1796

Adams prevailed over Jefferson in the Electoral College, with Jefferson becoming Vice President under the rules of that time

Conflict with France XYZ Affair (1797): French

diplomatic intimidation caused outrage in the U.S.

Quasi-War (1798-1801): led to an undeclared naval war between the U.S. and France in the Caribbean

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Four laws, the most important

being the Sedition Act, in which Federalists essentially tried to outlaw Republican criticism of Adams administration

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions Jefferson and Madison’s way of

criticizing the Federalists while avoiding arrest for sedition

They proposed the states could “nullify” unconstitutional laws like the Sedition Act

Lecture 7a Adams as President

USS Constellation and Delaware capture the French vessel

Le Croyable on July 7, 1798First armed clash of the Quasi-

War With British help the U.S. prevailed over France – why the British assistance?

Page 6: Hist 110 American Civilization I Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer Upper Iowa University.

Lecture 7a Election of 1800

Rematch of the 1796 election with Jefferson challenging Adams

One of the most controversial and bitter elections in American history

It also revealed a weakness in the Constitution of 1787

Initial results of Electoral College: Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied throwing the election into the Federalist-controlled House of Representatives

35 ballots produced no winner there, until several Federalists changed their votes, electing Jefferson

The change supposedly came from Alexander Hamilton’s influence

Election led to 12th Amendment mandating running mates be voted for on one ticket

Aaron BurrThomas

Jefferson’sostensible

running-mate