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Page 1: Hill Architecture

NAGALAND

Page 2: Hill Architecture

INTRODUCTIONo One of India's most colourful states is Nagaland, located

on the eastern margin of the Himalayan range in Northeast India.

o Nagaland is home to a range of colourful tribes, such as Sema,Angamies, Tangsas, Chakesangs, and so on

o Nagas have a hoary past, which is reflected in the village patterns, locales and house constructions.

o Nagas are hill dwellers and their settlements are highly inaccessible as they are located on hill slopes or the highest possible points along a hill slope due to the climatic factors

o Climate was yet another factor which influenced Naga settlement pattern.

o Naga village patterns differ from group to group, ranging from disperse, terrace to linear arrangement of houses.

Page 3: Hill Architecture

ARCHITECTUREo Most Naga houses contain a central living

space, an entrance area. o In the living space the family sleeps, eats and

lives and in the entrance area the guests are greeted and entertained.

o Porches, anterooms and storage areas supplement the living space.

o There are three basic types of houses found in Nagaland are earth floor, earth and raised floor and raised floor only.

o The interior of Naga house is 3-5 m from floor to ridge.

o Naga houses having no windows or the openings were kept to a minimum to retain as much heat within the house as possible ,the only light in an otherwise pitch dark interior come through the cracks in the bamboo walls and from the fire.

o As a result the overall design of the house was kept simple, yet completely functional. 

o It’s function not just extending to it’s activity space relation but it’s social and climatic context.

Page 4: Hill Architecture

ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING MATERIALS USED :o The primary construction materials were:

TIMBER – for structural elements, like the posts BAMBOO – for walls and other structural

elements THATCH – as the roofing material.

ORNAMENTATION :o The two bamboos forming the gable were prolonged beyond the roof to form horns called the tenhaku - ki (snail horns).o These were sometimes decorated with bamboo tassels and imitations of birds.o The Semas did not decorate their houses like other tribes - or at least not as much.o They usually adorned their houses with the heads of game or Mithan heads which the owner slaughtered.o Sometimes, in the chief’s house, human heads were also hung as

trophies.

Page 5: Hill Architecture

SEMA NAGA TRADITIONAL DWELLING

o The interior of the Sema house was ordinarily divided into four parts – The Akishekhoh - or front room where

the rice pounding tables were kept. The Abidelabo - a narrow room between

the Akishekhoh and the Amiphokiboh (hearth room) where the unmarried girls of the household sleep.

The Akuzu-Abo - where the head of the family (father) and his wife sleeps.

The Azhi-Bo - the liquor room where rice beer is stored in bamboo jugs.

Page 6: Hill Architecture

SEMA NAGA TRADITIONAL DWELLING

o At the back of the house is a backdoor which usually leads to a small kitchen garden.

Page 7: Hill Architecture

FEATURES

The fireplace was situated in the living quarters which helped in raising comfort levels within these spaces.

The sloped roofs worked beautifully in keeping the interiors dry. 

The steep slope of the roof ensured that no water could seep in through the gaps between the thatch and enter the house.

Page 8: Hill Architecture

MIZORAM

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ARCHITECTURE

MIZO HOUSEo The houses built predominantly uses bamboo and wood in their construction.o Most of the houses are built on the slopes and are invariably supported by wooden posts of varied lengths, so that the house is balanced horizontally with the level of the road. o Cross beams are fastened against these posts and over the beams long solid bamboos are laid. o Bamboo matting is then laid over the bamboo frame, which forms the floor of the house.o The walls of the house are also made up of bamboo matting fastened to the outer posts.o The roof consists of solid as well as split bamboo frames covered with thick thatch and some other kind of leaves. o Cane is generally used for keeping the joints together and in some cases, iron nails are also used.o In case where the floor of the house is much above the ground, a ladder made

entirely of a piece of log is placed across the intervening space between the floor of the house and the ground.

o The doors and windows are usually of bamboo matting and these are fastened against the wall.

o It may be noted that in some cases the floor, doors and windows are made of wooden planks, while in others split bamboos are used instead.

Page 10: Hill Architecture

ARCHITECTURE

o The interior of the house is a single rectangular structure.

o It is partitioned into a number of rooms according to the convenience by screens made of bamboo matting or with a cloth fixed to bamboo or wooden frame.

o In houses where both married and unmarried persons live together, separate sleeping apartments are made by partition as described above.

o The hearth is always at one corner of the house usually near the front floor.

o It is made of clay and stones and is raised about 2-3 ft above the floor supported by raised poles.

o Above the fire place is hung a bamboo frame which is kept suspended to keep various things used in cooking as dried chillies, dry fish, salt, etc.

Page 11: Hill Architecture

ARCHITECTURE

Page 12: Hill Architecture

MEGHALAYA

Page 13: Hill Architecture

INTRODUCTION

Page 14: Hill Architecture

ARCHITECTURE

o Garo houses called nokachik are long bamboo structures built on wooden posts varying from 10 to 45 metres in length and 3 to 7 metres in width.

o Built in the dry season, locally grown bamboo and cane, timber of rubber trees and dried palm leaves are used in their construction.

o The house has several rooms, arranged in a long row between the open porch at the valley end and the balim, verandah, at ground level where sometimes a cow is tied on one side.

o The living room called dongrama has an ongare, fireplace, in the centre that has a mud plinth and a smoking shelf above to preserve baskets and food items.

o A toilet is attached to the living room. o Besides these, it has a bedroom,

kitchen, and aleng, porch, used foro pounding rice.

Page 15: Hill Architecture

ARCHITECTURE

o Each man builds his own house, assisted by the villagers and women, the main construction work done by youngsters under the supervision of the elders to ensure that the valuable traditional knowledge is passed on to them.

o The main feature of the houses is in the extensive use of bamboo in the structure and building of the internal dividers, a shelf and the framework of matrix of bamboo poles for the walls.

o The walls and floor of the house are made of wide mats woven from flattened bamboo boards, structurally stabilised to support the mats.

o The chief’s house, bachelor’s dormitory, granary and a tree-top watchtower are other structures built by the Garo.

Page 16: Hill Architecture

ARCHITECTURE

Page 17: Hill Architecture

ASSAM

Page 18: Hill Architecture

ARCHITECTURE

ASSAM TYPE HOUSEBRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTUREo Before the British the building constructed by kings were very uneconomical and the construction system were very difficult.o It is not possible for common peoples.o The house of the common people were of thatch roof with bamboo walls plastered with a mixture of mud and cow dung.o The British were studied the local environment and local

building materials and accordingly designed comfortable and beautiful buildings.

o They had started a special type of construction, which finally become the typical building type and called ”assam type house”

Page 19: Hill Architecture

ARCHITECTURE

o The building is of two storied house.o Building is symetrical on both side.o 1st floor is connected with a timber

stair case.o Open spaces in front (chotal) and

back side (bari) of the house.WALLSo Walls are of timber frame work, inside

those panels ikara used to fill.o These ikaras are cut in size of the

panel and laid vertically.o The horizontal members usually

bamboo.o After putting the ikara it is left to dry

for few days.o Then it is plastered in both side with

mud mortar.o 3 layers of plaster are done

alternatively after dying of each coat.

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ARCHITECTURE

ROOFo Roof layout is very critical.o It is in various level and multi-

cornered.o But the angle of inclination is

same.o Roof is of corrugated iron sheet.o Sheets are fixed in timber purlin

by nail.o Rubber washer is used to protect

the rain drop penetration through the side of the nail.

FLOORINGo Flooring is of cement flooring.o Accommodation of dust coming

from the street in all rooms in the front side

CEILINGo Made of wooden beams.o Wooden members are stick very

close to each other.o Supported by vertical wooden

/steel column.

Section of the plinth

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ARCHITECTURE

SPECIAL FEATURESFront facadeo Contains large no of openings.o Sheds are provided, restrict rain fall.o Better ventilation in front rooms.o Sill level of the window is about 60 cm onlyo Roof is of sloping from to provide shed durng raino Plinth level of about 60-70 cm.o 10 mts of open space infront of the house.

From finished floor level the walls are of half brick thick brick walls up to a ht. 60 cm.

The plinth is made of one brick thick brick wall

Fixing of steel pillars with nuts and bolts

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ARCHITECTURE

A TYPICAL PLAN

Page 23: Hill Architecture

ARCHITECTURE

A TYPICAL ELEVATION