Health Consultation Anniston PCB Air Sampling ANNISTON PCB ...

Health Consultation

Anniston PCB Air Sampling

ANNISTON PCB SITE

ANNISTON CALHOUN COUNTY ALABAMA

EPA FACILITY ID ALD000400123

FEBRUARY 4 2015

US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

Division of Community Health Investigations

Atlanta Georgia 30333

Health Consultation A Note of Explanation

A health consultation is a verbal or written response from ATSDR or ATSDRrsquos

Cooperative Agreement Partners to a specific request for information about health risks

related to a specific site a chemical release or the presence of hazardous material In

order to prevent or mitigate exposures a consultation may lead to specific actions such

as restricting use of or replacing water supplies intensifying environmental sampling

restricting site access or removing the contaminated material

In addition consultations may recommend additional public health actions such as

conducting health surveillance activities to evaluate exposure or trends in adverse health

outcomes conducting biological indicators of exposure studies to assess exposure and

providing health education for health care providers and community members This

concludes the health consultation process for this site unless additional information is

obtained by ATSDR or ATSDRrsquos Cooperative Agreement Partner which in the

Agencyrsquos opinion indicates a need to revise or append the conclusions previously issued

You May Contact ATSDR Toll Free at

1-800-CDC-INFO

or

Visit our Home Page at httpwwwatsdrcdcgov

HEALTH CONSULTATION

Anniston PCB Air Sampling

ANNISTON PCB SITE

ANNISTON CALHOUN COUNTY ALABAMA

EPA FACILITY ID ALD000400123

Prepared By

Public Health Service

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

Division of Community Health Investigations

Central Branch

Contents

Acronyms iv

Summary v

Statement of Issues 1

Background 1

Description of Sampling and Analysis 2

Meteorological Data 2

Sample Results and Screening 3

Discussion 5

Public Health Implications 6

Child Health Considerations 7

Conclusions and Recommendations 8

References 9

Prepared by 11

Figure 1 Locations of PCB Air Sampling Stations and Meteorological Station 3

Table 1 Results of June 25-27 2013 Anniston PCB Air Sampling (in ngm3) 4

Table 2 Comparison of June 2013 PCB Sampling to Other PCB Sampling Results 7

iii

Acronyms

ATSDR = Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

CREG = Cancer Risk Evaluation Guide

CV = Comparison Value

EPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency

ngm3

= nanograms per cubic meter of air

PCB = Polychlorinated Biphenyl

micro gcum = micrograms per cubic meter

iv

Summary

The Public Health Issues

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IV requested that the Agency

for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) evaluate air data collected at the perimeter

of a former polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) manufacturing facility in Anniston Alabama on

June 25-27 2013 This health consultation evaluates the ambient air PCB data collected by the

EPA on those days In the past Anniston-area community members have posed questions and

voiced concerns regarding PCB levels in their air (ATSDR 2003)

Conclusion

On the basis of the data reviewed and if the sampling on June 25-27 2013 is representative of

typical conditions ATSDR concludes that concentrations of PCBs in air at the F I and J

sampling stations were low and are not expected to result in an increased cancer risk or other

harmful health effects in people living in the neighborhoods outside the perimeter of the former

PCB manufacturing facility

Basis of Conclusion

The estimated cancer risk based upon the maximum total PCBs detected in air on June 25-27 -6 -6 -4

2013 is 19 x 10 This estimated risk is within EPArsquos target risk range of 1 x 10 to 1 x 10

Overall the June 2013 PCB sample results represent an estimated insignificant to slight increase

in cancer risk

Limitations

The data set is limited to two 24-hour samples taken at each of the three sampling locations (plus

one duplicate) While of high quality these are not enough data to make a statistically-relevant

conclusion about the site unless they are taken together with previous datasets

Recommendations

ATSDR recommends that periodic seasonal air sampling is conducted for PCBs in residential

areas surrounding the Solutia Inc facility to better determine community exposures

For More Information

If you have concerns about your health you should contact your health care provider For

questions or comments related to this Public Health Consultation please call ATSDR at 1-800shy

CDC-INFO

v

Statement of Issues

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IV requested that the Agency

for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) evaluate environmental data collected June

25-27 2013 in Anniston Alabama This health consultation discusses the ambient air

polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) data collected by the EPA on those days In the past Annistonshy

area community members posed questions and voiced concerns regarding PCB levels in their air

(ATSDR 2003)

Background

Between the early 1930s and the early 1970s polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were

manufactured in Anniston AL (ATSDR 2006) The term PCB refers to any of the 209

configurations of organochlorides with one to ten chlorine atoms attached to a molecule

composed of two benzene rings (ldquobiphenylrdquo) PCBs were widely used as coolant fluids in

transformers capacitors and electric motors The Solutia facility in Anniston Alabama is one

of two facilities in the United States that manufactured PCBs (US EPA 2013a) The

manufacturing process included on-site burial of PCB-waste materials and consequent releases

of PCBs to the environment (ATSDR 2006) The Solutia Anniston plant (also called the

Anniston Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Site) is located about one mile west of downtown

Anniston and occupies 70 acres of land The site is bounded to the east and west by residential

properties to the south by US Highway 202 and north by the Norfolk Southern and Erie

railroads Manufacture of PCBs ceased in 1971 in Anniston (US EPA 2013a) The site has been

investigated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the Alabama Department of

Public Health (ADPH) and the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM)

(US EPA 2013a) The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) also

completed several assessments of site-related contamination in Anniston Alabama1

Because PCBs are often discussed in different ways three definitions of PCBs are provided here

Aroclor congener number and congener class (or homolog) A PCB Aroclor is a name given to

formerly commercial PCB products Aroclors were named according to the different percentages

of chlorine by weight that the PCB mixture contained For example Aroclor 1242 contained

approximately 42 percent chlorine by weight A PCB congener number refers to the specific

location(s) of the chlorine(s) on the biphenyl molecule From one to ten chlorines can be found

on a biphenyl structure For example PCB congener number 28 is a trichlorinated biphenyl with

chlorines attached at the 2 4 and 4 locations on the biphenyl carbons There are a total of 209

possible congener numbers Finally PCB congener numbers can be grouped into congener

classes (mono-through deca-) by number of chlorines and these are known as homologs For

1 ATSDRrsquos previous work in Anniston Alabama is available at

httpwwwatsdrcdcgovHACPHAHCPHAaspState=AL

1

example PCBs with congener numbers 4 through 15 each have two chlorine atoms these 12

congeners make up the dichlorobiphenyl congener or homolog class It should be noted that

individual Aroclors were made up of varying amounts of PCBs by congener class For example

Aroclor 1242 contained varying amounts of mono-through hexa-PCB congener classes (ATSDR

2000)

Description of Sampling and Analysis

EPA Region IV collected 24-hour air samples on two days in June 2013 at three locations

(Stations F2 I and J) on the Solutia Inc property boundaries Figure 1 displays the locations of

both the EPA air sampling stations and the meteorological station (see section below) Sampling

Station F is located north east of the site Station I is located southwest of the Solutia Inc site

and Station J is located north of the site Station F is located near a school Station I is located

near private residences and Station J is located on Solutia-owned property (US EPA 2013b) It

should be noted that these are the same station locations EPA used for sampling in October 2012

(ATSDR 2013)

The EPA collected 24-hour samples in accordance with EPA Method TO-4A and a contract

laboratory analyzed the samples using a gas chromatograph (GC) with an electron capture

detector (ECD) as described in EPA Method TO-4A (US EPA 2013b) Eight samples were

collected including those samples needed for quality assurance and quality control purposes

Duplicate samples were taken at Sampling Station J and a field blank was collected on the first

day Samples were analyzed for PCB congener numbers 1 through 209 and for PCBs by

congener class mono- through deca-PCBs

Meteorological Data

The EPA set up a temporary station to collect meteorological data for the two sampling periods

(see Figure 1) The first meteorological sampling period was from June 25 2013 910 am until

June 26 2013 1100 am The second meteorological sampling period was from June 26 2013

922 am until 1111 am on June 27 2013 It did not rain during the sampling period Wind

speed varied from 04 to 57 miles per hour with occasional gusts up to 13 miles per hour during

the first sampling period and from 35 to 81 miles per hour with occasional gusts up to 22 miles

per hour during the second sampling period During the first sampling period the wind direction

was variable and during the second sampling period the wind was primarily out of the southeast

(US EPA 2013b) It is worth noting the wind direction during the June 2013 sampling period

was different from the wind directions reported during previous sampling periods During

EPArsquos October 2012 sampling for PCBs in Anniston air the wind direction was from the east

and northeast while EPArsquos June 2000 sampling for PCBs in Anniston air the wind direction was

2 Sample Station F was also used in the EPArsquos June 2000 sampling of PCBrsquos in Anniston air The other two stations

were not

2

primarily from the southwest (ATSDR 2003) Similarly Hermanson et al notes the wind in

Anniston typically comes from the south southwest (Hermanson et al 2003) Therefore the

wind directions on June 25-27 2013 may not be typical of the Anniston area

Figure 1 Locations of PCB Air Sampling Stations and Meteorological Station

Anniston Alabama June 25-27 2013

Met Site = Location of temporary meteorological station

Source US EPA 2013b

Sample Results and Screening

The sample results are presented in Table 1 by total PCBs and PCB class Table 1 also shows

ATSDRrsquos comparison value for PCBs in air

Comparison Values (CVs) are chemical and media-specific concentrations in air soil and

drinking water that are used by ATSDR health assessors and others to identify environmental

contaminants at hazardous waste sites that require further evaluation CVs are conservative and

non-site specific CVs are based on health guidelines with uncertainty factors applied to ensure

that they are adequately protective of public health

3

Table 1 Results of June 25-27 2013 Anniston PCB Air Sampling (in ngm3)

Analyte Field Blank

ngm3

Station F

ngm3

Station I

ngm3

Station J

ngm3

Station J

Duplicate

ngm3

Station F

ngm3

Station I

ngm3

Station J

ngm3

Station J

Duplicate

ngm3

CV

ngm3

Sample Date 6252013 6252013 6252013 6252013 6252013 6262013 6262013 6262013 6262013 (CREG)

Monochlorobiphenyl

(Total) lt000025U 016 023 13 14 019 0022 18 19

Dichlorobiphenyl

(Total) 0026 073 25 36 37 13 034 54 55

Trichlorobiphenyl

(Total) 0017 097 36 46 46 17 047 69 71

Tetrachlorobiphenyl

(Total) 0017 071 13 27 24 097 038 36 30

Pentachlorobiphenyl

(Total) 001 03 02 064 064 035 0066 086 08

Hexachlorobiphenyl

(Total) 0012 012 0066 022 022 014 0035 0032 03

Heptachlorobiphenyl

(Total) 00012 0031 0013 0059 0058 0033 00085 0079 0077

Octachlorobiphenyl

(Total) lt000025 U 00062 00035 00077 00077 00069 00038 0015 0014

Nonachlorobiphenyl

(Total) lt000025 U 00014 lt00012 U 00032 00033 00018 00013 0003 00031

Total PCBs 0084 30 8 13 13 47 13 19 19 10

ngm3 = nanograms per cubic meter

CV = Comparison Value

CREG = Cancer Risk Evaluation Guide

U = The analyte was not detected at or above the reporting limit

Source US EPA 2013b

4

The comparison of environmental data with ATSDR CVs is one of the first steps in the public

health assessment process The results of this screening step give health assessors an

understanding of the priority contaminants at a site When a contaminant is detected at a

concentration less than its respective CVs exposure is not expected to result in health effects

and it is not considered further as part of the public health assessment process It should be noted

that contaminants detected at concentrations that exceed their respective CVs do not necessarily

represent a health threat Instead the results of the CV screening identify those contaminants that

warrant a more detailed site-specific evaluation to determine whether health effects may occur

CVs are not intended to be used as environmental clean-up levels

CVs can be based on either carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic effects but no ATSDR or EPA

CVs exist for the non-carcinogenic effects of PCBs in air Therefore Table 1 shows the Cancer

Risk Evaluation Guide (CREG) developed by ATSDR for PCBs in air Cancer Risk Evaluation

Guides (CREGs) are media-specific comparison values that are used to identify concentrations of

cancer-causing substances that are unlikely to result in a significant increase of cancer rates in an

exposed population ATSDR develops CREGs using EPArsquos cancer slope factor or inhalation unit

risk a target risk level (10-6

) and default exposure assumptions The inhalation unit risk is the

quantitative estimate in terms of risk per micro gcum air breathed Furthermore CREGs account for

a lifetime exposure (70 years) Only Station J on June 25-27 2013 had a total PCB concentration

above the CREG

At Station J there was good agreement between the sampling duplicates each day and between

the sampling days (See Table 1) Station F had the lowest average concentration of PCBs of the

three sampling stations which could be because it was not downwind of the site on either

sampling day Station F could also be located in an area of low PCB concentrations as it had the

lowest concentrations in 2012 as well Station I had the most variation between the sampling

days (see Table 1) but this could be explained by the variable wind direction on June 25 and the

wind direction out of the southeast on June 26 The average concentrations for Station I on both

days however were below the comparison value for PCBs in air

Low levels of PCBs were detected in the field blanks but the EPA considers this ldquotypical for air

samples analyzed by this methodologyrdquo (US EPA 2013b) Moreover the levels detected in the

field blanks are at least an order of magnitude below the levels detected in the samples

Discussion

In general airborne PCB levels in the US appear to be decreasing over time with higher levels

being detected in urban areas than in rural locations (ATSDR 2000) For example in June 1996

atmospheric concentrations of total PCBs measured in urban and rural locations in Baltimore

Maryland were 04-34 and 002-03 ngm3 respectively (ATSDR 2000 Offenberg and Baker

1999) Additionally several studies have indicated that indoor air concentrations of PCBs are

generally greater than outdoor concentrations (ATSDR 2000)

5

Public Health Implications

PCBs have been associated with several adverse noncancerous health effects in humans and

animals including liver thyroid dermal and ocular changes immunological alterations

neurodevelopmental changes reduced birth weight and reproductive effects Studies attempting

to show the same health effects in humans that have been observed in animals have generally

been inconclusive (ATSDR 2000 2003) Additionally most studies documenting the

noncancerous health effects of PCBs consider exposure to PCBs by ingestion rather than

inhalation Many studies also considered the noncancerous health effects from exposure to

commercially available mixtures of PCBs which typically are not the same as mixtures of PCBs

in the environment ATSDR has not derived a CV for noncancerous health effects for PCBs in

air due to lack of adequate data in humans and animals However it is worth noting the animal

studies available involve concentrations of PCBs in air of 9000-8600000 ngm3 levels far

above the concentrations shown in Table 1 (ATSDR 2000) Studies of workers exposed to PCBs

also typically involved concentrations much higher than those in Anniston (ATSDR 2000) and

the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Healthrsquos Recommended Exposure Limit3

for

workers is 1000 ngm3

(NIOSH 2007) The results from the June 2013 sampling are orders of

magnitude below this recommended limit for workers

As seen in Table 1 ATSDRrsquos CREG for PCBs in air was exceeded on June 25 and June 26

2013 at Station J Therefore ATSDR calculated an estimated cancer risk from breathing PCBs at

this location Estimated cancer risks are calculated by multiplying the concentration of a

substance in air by that substancersquos inhalation unit risk (ATSDR 2005) EPArsquos inhalation unit -4 -7

risk for PCBs is 1 x 10 per microgram per cubic meter or 1 x 10 per nanogram per cubic

meter based on liver tumors in rats exposed to PCBs (US EPA 1997) Therefore the estimated -6 -7 3

cancer risk for Station J based upon the June 25 2013 sample result is 13 x 10 (1 x 10 ngm

x 13 ngm3

= 13 x 10-6

) The estimated cancer risk for Station J based upon the June 26 2013 -6 -7 3 3 -6

sample result is 19 x 10 (1 x 10 ngm x 19 ngm = 19 x 10 )

It should be noted that sampling results taken over a longer period of time would better represent

long-term cancer risk exposure Short-term exposure to carcinogens is an area of considerable

debate and research however it is generally believed that any exposure factors that are less than

what was used for the calculations will significantly decrease the calculated risk (eg exposed

for a shorter time period exposed to lower concentrations exposed less frequently during the

time period etc) Nevertheless the estimated cancer risk based upon the maximum total PCB -6 -4

concentration falls within EPArsquos target range of 1 x 10 to 1 x 10

A key limitation of the data reviewed for this consultation is that it only involved two days of

sampling in June 2013 and two of the sampling stations (Stations F and I) would not have been

downwind of the site on either day ATSDRrsquos previous health consultation of PCBs in Anniston

air noted the general trend of PCB concentrations as being higher in the spring and summer

3 The Recommended Exposure Limit is for a 10 hour time weighted average exposure

6

months than in the winter and fall months (ATSDR 2003) However this trend is not seen at all

Anniston locations (ATSDR 2003 Hermanson et al 2003) PCB concentrations in October

2012 were lower than PCB concentrations in June 2013 for Stations F and J but not for Station I

(ATSDR 2013 US EPA 2013b) Additionally the results of the June 2013 sampling can be

compared to earlier results of PCB air sampling in Anniston as well as the results of PCB air

sampling in other areas of the country Table 2 shows these comparisons

Table 2 Comparison of June 2013 PCB Sampling to Other PCB Sampling Results

Sample Location Date Range of Total PCB Concentrations

(ngm3)

Anniston AL EPA samples Station F June 2013 30-47

Anniston AL EPA samples Station I June 2013 13-80

Anniston AL EPA samples Station J June 2013 13-19

Anniston AL EPA samples Station F Oct 2012 17-18

Anniston AL EPA samples Station I Oct 2012 88-25

Anniston AL EPA samples Station J Oct 2012 73-82

Anniston AL EPA samples June 2000 02 -162

Anniston AL Mars Hill Station 1997-1998 87-82

Anniston AL Carter Street Station 1997-1998 11-39

Hudson Falls and Fort Edward NY 2000-2002 010-40

Glen Falls NY 2000-2002 008-24

Baltimore MD urban area 1996 04-34

Baltimore MD rural area 1996 002-03

New Brunswick NJ urban area 1997 01-32

half of analytical quantitation limit

ngm3

= nanograms per cubic meter

Sources ATSDR 2000 2003 Brunciak et al 1999 Hermanson et al 2003 Palmer et al 2008 Offenberg and

Baker 1999 US EPA 2013a 2013b

As shown in Table 2 the results of the June 2013 PCB sampling are consistent with the PCB

levels previously seen in Anniston The sampling results from Station F for both days and Station

I on day 2 (see Table 1) are similar to other urban areas in the country The sample results from

Stations I (on day 1) and J on both days are higher than other urban areas but not higher than

some of the previous sample results from the Anniston area

Child Health Considerations

In communities faced with air water or food contamination the many physical differences

between children and adults demand special emphasis Children could be at greater risk than

adults from certain kinds of exposure to hazardous substances Children play outdoors and

sometimes engage in hand-to-mouth behaviors that increase their exposure potential Children

are shorter than adults this means they breathe dust soil and vapors closer to the ground A

childrsquos lower body weight and higher intake rate results in a greater dose of hazardous substance

per unit of body weight If toxic exposure levels are high enough during critical growth stages

the developing body systems of children can sustain permanent damage Finally children are

dependent on adults for access to housing for access to medical care and for risk identification

7

Thus adults need as much information as possible to make informed decisions regarding their

childrenrsquos health

Several studies have reported that low-level PCB exposure during fetal or neonatal development

can affect the infants neurobehavioral development (Jacobson et al 1990 Rogan and Gladden

1996) However several limitations of these studies have been noted (1) possible exposure to

other neurotoxic chemicals besides PCBs (eg dioxins mercury lead or organochlorine

pesticides) that may have contributed to the effects (2) inadequate control for confounding

socioeconomic variables such as maternal smoking alcohol and other drug use and (3)

inadequate control for maternal birth weight and nonspontaneous deliveries (Schantz 1997

Segal 1996) In addition to these methodological limitations different studies have measured

different neurobehavioral endpoints thus impeding comparisons between studies

Therefore these studies suggest but do not conclusively prove an association between prenatal

or neonatal exposures to PCBs and neurobehavioral and developmental effects in young

children Furthermore these studies involved exposures to PCBs primarily through ingestion

rather than inhalation It also should be noted that ATSDR CREGs (Cancer Risk Evaluation

Guides) apply to lifetime exposures so no childhood-specific CREGs exist

Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions

On the basis of the data reviewed and if the sampling on June 25 and June 26 2013 were

representative of typical conditions ATSDR concludes that concentrations of PCBs in air at the

F I and J sampling stations were low and are not expected to result in an increased cancer risk

or other harmful health effects in people living in the neighborhoods outside the perimeter of the

former PCB manufacturing facility

Recommendations

ATSDR recommends that periodic seasonal air sampling is conducted for PCBs in residential

areas surrounding the Solutia Inc facility to better determine community exposures

Public Health Action Plan

ATSDR will continue to evaluate PCB ambient air data from Anniston Alabama as needed

8

References

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2000 Toxicological profile for

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Atlanta US Department of Health and Human Services Nov

Available online at httpwwwatsdrcdcgovToxProfilestpaspid=142amptid=26

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2003 Anniston PCB Air

Sampling Anniston PCB Site (Monsanto Company) Anniston Calhoun County Alabama EPA

Facility ID ALD000400123 Atlanta US Department of Health and Human Services

December Available online at

httpwwwatsdrcdcgovHACphaAnnistonPCBSiteAnnistonPCBSiteHC12182003pdf

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2005 Public health assessment

guidance manual Atlanta US Department of Health and Human Services Available online at

httpwwwatsdrcdcgovHACPHAManualtochtml

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2006 Updated Assessment of

PCB Exposures in AnnistonAL Anniston PCB Site Anniston Calhoun County Alabama EPA

Facility ID ALD00409048 Atlanta US Department of Health and Human Services October

Available online at

httpwwwatsdrcdcgovHACphaAnnistonPCBSiteHC101606AnnistonPCBSiteHC101606p

df

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2013 Anniston PCB Air

Sampling Anniston PCB Site (Monsanto Company) Anniston Calhoun County Alabama EPA

Facility ID ALD000400123 Atlanta US Department of Health and Human Services

September Available online at

httpwwwatsdrcdcgovHACphaAnnistonPCBSiteAirSamplingAnnistonPCBSiteAirSamplin

gHC09302013_508pdf

Brunciak PA Lavorgna CL Nelson ED et al 1999 Trends and dynamics of persistent organic

pollutants in the coastal atmosphere of the mid-Atlantic states Prepr Ext Abst Div Environ

Chem Am Chem Soc 39(1)64-67

Hermanson MH Scholten CA Compher K 2003 Variable Air Temperature Response of Gas-

Phase Atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls near a Former Manufacturing Facility

Environmental Science and Technology 37(18) 4038-4042

Jacobson JL Jacobson SW Humphrey HEB1990 Effects of in utero exposure to

polychlorinated biphenyls and related contaminants on cognitive function in young children

Journal of Pediatrics 11638-45

9

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 2007 NIOSH Pocket Guide to

Chemical Hazards US Department of Health and Human Services Publication No 2005-149

September Available online at httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2005-149pdfs2005-149pdf

Offenberg JH Baker JE 1999 Influence of Baltimores urban atmosphere on organic

contaminants over the northern Chesapeake Bay J Air Waste Manage Assoc 49959-965

Palmer PM Belanger EE Wilson LR Hwang SA Narang RS Gomez MI et al 2008 Outdoor

Air PCB Concentrations in Three Communities Along the Upper Hudson River New York

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54363-371

Rogan WJ Gladen BC 1996 Study of human lactation for effects of environmental

contaminants the North Carolina breast milk and formula project and some other ideas

Environmental Health Perspectives 60 215-221

Schantz SL 1997 Developmental neurotoxicity of PCBs in humans What do we know and

where do we go from here Neurotoxicology and Teratology 18 339-362

Segal RF 1996 Epidemiological and laboratory evidence of PCB-induced neurotoxicity Critical

Reviews in Toxicology 26 709-737

US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 1997 Toxicological Review of

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) (CASRN 1336-36-3) in support of summary information on

the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Washington DC

httpwwwepagovirissubst0294htm

US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 2013a Anniston PCB Air Study Anniston

Calhoun County Alabama October 23-25 2012 EPA Region 4 Science and Ecosystem Support

DivisionReport Date March 2013

US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 2013b Anniston PCB Air Study Anniston

Calhoun County Alabama June 25-27 2013 EPA Region 4 Science and Ecosystem Support

Division Report Date October 2013

10

Prepared by

Timothy R Pettifor

Environmental Health Scientist

Central Branch

Division of Community Health Investigations

Deborah Burgin PhD

Toxicologist

Office of the Director

Division of Community Health Investigations

11