Hazardous Waste Management - International Solid Waste ... Training 2011... · IRAQ Waste Management To reduce risks of inadequate controls on hazardous wastes including: •Health

IRAQ Waste Management

Hazardous Waste Management

http://www.iswa.org/


This category of waste needs special attention.

Dangerous substances will affect directly health and safety of

population and all sorts of living bodies, both animal and vegetal.

Improper or mismanagement of hazardous waste will on a medium

or long term basis lead to irreversible impacts.

Hazardous Waste



Efficient treatments must be given to Hazardous waste, to prevent

dissemination of hazardous substances in the environment.

Hazardous Waste



To reduce risks of inadequate controls on hazardous wastes including:

• Health impacts for those living near uncontrolled dumps,

and for waste workers

• Environmental damage from dumped waste eg

groundwater pollution, contaminated land

• Operational problems at waste treatment facilities where

incoming wastes are not controlled

• Trend to „export‟ waste to other regions or countries if

proper facilities not available

For economic reasons

Why raise hazardous waste management standards?



History and status



Evolution of hazardous waste management



Evolution of hazardous waste management

- The last century has seen countries around the world

starting managing increasing quantities of hazardous

waste produced, individually or in cooperation with

other countries

- Hazardous Waste management systems are

mandated by specific legislation

- Certainly, if systems are to be effective, well written

and thorough legislation must be implemented in

support of all phases of national waste management



)

ENFORCEMENT

LEGISLATION

SUPPORT

SERVICES

FACILITIES

Institutional

arrangements

Stakeholders

Source: David C Wilson 1993

Vital components



WASTE GENERATOR

1

2

5

5

TRANSPORTATION

*

FACILITIES

DEFINITION ORCLASSIFICATION OF

WASTE

Regulatory

Tools for

Control

Source: David C Wilson 1999

Elements for control



GeneratorRecycling

DisposalTreatmentStorage

Transport

Responsibilities

Controls

Elements of legislation



The context: All countries generate hazardous waste



• Hazardous waste management and movements

need to be controlled

• Legislative and enforcement measures must be

developed but risks increase that waste will go to

less controlled parts of the world

• Public communication is important

• Waste minimisation should be addressed at an

early stage - waste minimisation reduces the size

(and hence cost) of treatment facilities needed

Developed world lessons



• Self-sufficiency Principle

• Proximity Principle

• Least Transboundary Movement Principle

• Polluter Pays Principle

• Principle of Sovereignty

World lesson: Guiding principles



Regulatory approaches



First questions

Regulation:

• For what purpose?

• Of what?

• Of whom?

First questions



• for environmental safety

• for market stability in disposal

• to raise revenue

• for social/political policy

• as treaty obligation

Why regulate?



Regulations impacts on:

• waste generators

• waste operators

• waste transporters

• Waste dealers

Enabling regulations necessitates:

• government agency

• inspectorates

Whom regulate?



A clear legal definition is a crucial part of

legislation

Need definitions of:

• waste materials

• hazards posed

• waste operations disposal recovery

recycling

• waste facilities: storage, treatment

and disposal

No single international definition of what

constitutes hazardous waste

Components of legislation : Definitions



Legislation must clearly set out the

responsibilities placed on the different parties

involved in generating and handling

hazardous wastes, and overseeing the

practices

• waste generators - large industry and small

scale industries

• operators of waste handling and treatment

facilities

• government agencies - to enforce controls

Components of legislation : Responsibilities



• emissions and discharge limits

• transport controls

• constructions standards

• restrictions on the location of

facilities

• operating standards

• reduction targets

Components of legislation : Controls



Facilities include:

• storage depots

• transfer stations

• recycling facilities

Requirements might include:

• planning permits• site specific factors

• waste management licence • design & construction standards

• operating conditions, including:• acceptable waste types

• emission and discharge standards

• self monitoring

• reporting

• Inspection and enforcement

• treatment plants

• disposal

facilities

Regulation of waste facilities



Transboundary movement control



• Movements of waste from industrialised to

industrialising countries of hazardous wastes for

„treatment‟ or „disposal‟

• Hazardous waste disposal cost in

industrialised countries is high

• Regulations becoming stricter

• Disposal costs in developing economies were low,

few regulations, low standards

• No legal framework to control „dumping‟

The Problem



1987 - Preliminary guidelines (the Cairo Guidelines)

for the environmentally sound management of

hazardous wastes were adopted by UNEP

1989 - Adoption of the Basel Convention on the

Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous

Wastes and their Disposal

1992 - Entry into force of the Basel Convention

The Solution



To protect human health and the

environment against adverse effects of

hazardous wastes

• Reduction of transboundary movements of

hazardous wastes

• Minimization of generation - quantity and

degree of hazard

• Promotion of environmentally sound

management of hazardous wastes

Objectives of the Basel Convention



Under the Basel Convention, hazardous wastes are:

• Wastes that belong to any category listed in

Annex I unless they do not possess any of the

characteristics contained in Annex III Art. 1 (1) (a)

• Wastes that belong to any category listed in

Annex II re other wastes, Art. 1 (2)

• Wastes defined as hazardous by national

legislation Art. 1 (1) (b)

Annex VIII (and IX) further defines which wastes are

(not) considered hazardous under the Convention

Definition



Control regime for the transboundary movements of

hazardous wastes

Environmentally Sound Management of hazardous wastes

Main elements of the Convention



Responsibility to notify

Prior written consent procedure

Re-import obligations

Prohibitions and restrictions

Definition and control of illegal traffic

Documentation and notification

Contract between exporter and disposer

Insurance/financial guarantees

International transport regulations

Environmentally sound management of wastes

Control regime for transboundary movement of

hazardous waste 1



Prohibitions and restrictions

No movements to non-Parties (unless Art. 11)

No export to States with import prohibition

No export to States without systems of environmentally sound

management

No export for disposal to the area of 60o South latitude (ie

Antarctica)

Control regime for transboundary movements of

hazardous waste



Objective: to provide for a comprehensive regime for liability as well as

adequate and prompt compensation for damage resulting from the

transboundary movements of hazardous wastes

Assigns responsibilities to all the actors taking part in a transboundary

movement, with the obligation to compensate

Protocol on liability and compensation



The scope:

Covers each phase of a transboundary movement, including:

the point where the wastes are loaded onto the means of

transport

the international transit

the final destination

the final disposal




What kind of damage is covered by the Protocol?

- loss of life or personal injury

- loss of or damage to property

- loss of income directly deriving from an economic interest deriving from the use of the environment

- costs of reinstatement of the environment

- costs of preventive measures




• Technical guidelines

• Model national legislation

• Waste characterization

• Manual to assist implementation

For the future:

• Criteria for environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes

• Improvement of existing technologies

• Development of new technologies

• Raising public awareness

• Regional Centerss

• Training and seminars

Assistance to States



Hazardous waste

Handling and storage



Need compatibility between:

• waste & container

• wastes stored together

• wastes stored close to each other

• wastes & environment

Compatibility = the ability of two or more

materials to exist in close association with

each other without the formation of harmful

chemical or physical reactions

Hazardous waste compatibility



Protection from climate

Good ventilation

Limit height of stacked containers

Eye wash station

Provide drainage system or elevate

Adsorbent material for spills

Re-packaging area

Comply with regulations

Storage site design criteria






Hazardous waste storage



Minimise risk of explosion or unplanned releases

Keep incompatible wastes separate

Not < 15m from site boundary (where possible)

Away from foot & vehicular traffic

.

• Impermeable base material

• Leak and spill containment

Source: David C Wilson




Source: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, Research & Special Programs Administration, 2000

Marking and labelling



Labels should be:

• Made of good quality materials

• Durable

• Weather resistant

• Well located

• Recognisable and legible in day

and night time

• Give information about handling

precautions and prohibitions

• At least 100mm on each side

All containers must be clearly marked with waste type and hazard

Labels



Inspection:

To ensure proper handling and storage

To check integrity of storage

Record keeping:

To provide a record of waste generation and movement

To inform a subsequent disposal option

To serve as “chain of custody” document

To comply with regulations

To ensure duty of care

Record keeping and inspection



Laboratory



Before accepting waste on the treatment

plant :

• Check the exact properties of the waste

• Check the ability of the plant to receive

the waste

• Assess compliance with treatment and

emissions

• Establish the treatment procedure and

resulting cost

• Help preparing the contract

Preliminary Acceptation



Before trucks are unloaded :

• Compare actual content of the delivery

truck with samples pre-accepted

• Gives the OK for unloading

• Direct the truck to the right reception area

depending on characteristics

Reception



SAMPLING

Reception control



Key element of the plant operation

• Daily operations ( acceptance, storage,

treatment)

• Monitoring of all operations, organize the

correct sampling of all streams coming in

or going out, preparation of annual

reports for the administration

• Insure compliance of emissions

• Research and development for new

capacities, new customers, develop

recovery processes

General



Key equipments

• pH meter

• Spectrophotometer for “rapid” presence

checking (metals, cyanides, phenols…)

• X Fluorescence elements measurements

• ICP

• Gas Chromatography

• TOC meter

• Calorific value analysis

• Oven

General



Reception Pre-treatment



ADMINISTRATIVE RECEPTION

IDENTIFICATION / SORTING

LIQUID UNPACKING

UNPACKING Weighing

Interim Storage

SOLIDS / PASTEUSE UNPACKING

MATERIAL RECOVERY

TO TREATMENT

Otherdestination

UNPAKING FOR DIRECT TREATMENT

STORAGES

Basic acceptation scheme

Reception Pre-treatment



Phisical charaacteristicsl

Recoverables ?

High metal content , acid,

soda,.. potential for « high tech »

recovery : electrochemistry, resins, …)

Material Recovery

Yes

Organique /

minéral ?Minéral

No

Critères : pH, PCI faible

pH, metals, TOC, phénol

Minéral Physico-Chimical

recoverable

High CV without

contaminants

(hydrocarbons), solvents

without halogens,

Energy recovery

yes No

Calorific value

Organics

simplified orientation scheme for liquid waste

Aqueux

No

PCVCI, pH, métaux, % sédiment, PCB, halogènes…

CV, pH, métal content,

% sédiment, biodegradability

yesi

Biological treatment Evapo-incineration

Incineration

Simplified orientation of treatment process



PhysicalCharacteristicsSolid

Recoverables ?

High metal content, silica,.. + compatibility

with pre-treatment (washing, magnetic

separation, cryogenic separation,…)

Material Recovery

Yes

Organic /

minéral ?

Minéral

No

Very low CV

Leacheability, Mechanical

resistance

Landfilling directly or after stabilization

Recoverables ?

High plastic content (PEHD) +

compatibility pre-treatment

(washing)

Material or energy Recovery

Yes

i

No

CV

Pre-treatment,

Flash point odors, metals, halogens, ph

Pre-treatment + incinération

Organic

Simplified scheme for solids treatment

Simplified orientation of treatment process



Basic pre-treatment scheme

Emptying of incoming containers

Intermediate storage

Container pressing

Shredder in a separate building

Protected storage of incoming waste

Transit Pre-treatment



Treatment



The purpose of the treatment is either to destroy

the hazardousness of the waste or to recover

molecules , chemicals or “products”

All operations must comply with regulations and

“standards” concerning emissions health and

safety.

The treatment processes must be adapted to the

physico-chemical characteristics of the waste and

the technical performances achievable by the

different processes

Treatment



• Physical

• Chemical

• Physical and chemical

• Biological

• Thermal :destructive, thermo-metallurgy, “pyrolysis”

Most treatments leave residues for disposal

Treatment



Manual separation - removes selected wastes by visual inspection

Sorting by categories

Neutralisation

Sedimentation Precipitation - removes from liquid phase, water treatment

Centrifuging - removes water content

Filtration

Solvent extraction

Adsorption

Soil purification

Sludge drying

Physical Treatment



1-Outlet

2-Choc Absorber d

3-hydraulic Motor

4-knifes

5-hoper

6-Tooth like guide

7-Frame

:shredder (source SID)

Shredding



Shredding



Flocculation precipitation: aggregates fine constituents or chemicals in solution

Neutralization

Detoxification

Solvent extraction: uses immiscible solvent to dissolve organic material in aqueous solution

Solvent recycling

Desorption - separates volatile components from liquid by passing through gas stream

Ion exchange - exchange with dissolved ionic species through contact with resin

Physico-chemical treatment



Chemical addition Flocculation Sedimentation

Source: Guyer, Howard H Industrial processes and waste stream management, Wiley

Physico-chemical treatment

Typical lay out



Biological treatment



• Cost Effective for huge quantities of waste

water, since the pollution is biodegradable

• Tolerant to changes in waste composition -

these may result in a short period of inactivity,

but do not halt the process

Advantages of biological waste treatment



• Wastewater treatment is the most widely used

application of biological treatment e.g. for

industries such as paper manufacture and

recycling, food processing, tanneries and the

pharmaceutical industry, and for landfill leachate

Also:

• In-situ bio-remediation of contaminated soil

• Slurry-phase treatment

• Land treatment

• Co-composting

Scope of treatment application



• Enables treatment without excavation and

removal of contaminated material

• An aerobic process

• Enhances natural biodegradation

• Influenced by hydro-geological factors

• Can reduce contamination to acceptable

levels in relatively short time e.g. 1-2 years

In-situ bio-remediation



Thermal treatment



Thermal treatment of waste:

Incineration : destruction of hazardous molecules

allows energy recovery, materials recycling

Pyrolysis

Gasification

allows recovery of useful materials

Thermal treatment



Thermal treatment of waste: legal obligations:

• Combustion temperature ( 850 or 1100°C)

• Post combustion chamber with residence time 2 seconds at above

temperature

• Energy recovery

• Gas cleaning

• Emission limit values

• Residues to be treated according to local legislation

• Gas treatment residues “hazardous”

Thermal treatment



solids

Packed

Waste

Liquids

Bulk

Transfer

pumps

Direct injection for

reacting waste

Dedicated storages for

bulk and unpacked

waste

Reception pit

Dedicated

Injectors

Rotary

Kiln

To shredder

Typical feeding arrangement

Incineration



Solids feed hopper

Main Burner

Dedicated

liquid

injectors

Refractory Lining

Bottom ash

water cooled

extraction

To the heat

recovery boiler

Post combustion

burner

Rotary Kiln and post combustion

courtesy SarpIndustries

Incineration



Circulating fluidised bedBubbling fluidised bed

Source: Guyer, Howard H Industrial processes and waste stream management, Wiley

Fluidized bed combustion



Source: Indaver

Example of flue gas cleaning technology



Reactor

Reagent after treatment

Inlet Gas

Treated gas to

stack

Gas Cleaning: Bag filter with chemical injection

Incineration



Water injection

Gas Inlet

Soda injection

Gas outlet to

stack

Packing

Acid column Basic column

De-concentrating

drainDrain

atomization

Gas Cleaning WET PROCESS

Courtesy Sarp Industries

Drops

collector

Incineration



Water

Soda

Gas from

boiler

300 to 400°C

Treated gas

200 to 250°C

Turbine

Atomiser

water

Ashes

Inlet gas

300°C / 400°C

Exit gas

200 / 250°C

ashes

Gas cooling with or without chemical injection courtesy Sarp inustries

Incineration



Emissions from incineration

Continuous monitoring for:

HCl, CO, dust, SO2, HF, TOC, Nox, O2

Monthly measurement for:

9 heavy metals

Twice a year (soon to be semi continuous):

PCDD/PCDF

ALSO monitored: wastewater and solid residues

Emissions



Landfilling



It is now quite everywhere recognized three different types of landfills

• Hazardous waste ( class1) to receive

hazardous waste

• Municipal waste (non hazardous) the

recent “landfill” ban restricting

acceptance to “pre-treated waste”

• Inert landfills mainly for “stable”

construction and demolition waste

Types of landfills



Well chosen, properly designed site

Bottom liner - to protect soil and groundwater

Leachate collection and treatment - to prevent contamination of

groundwater

Landfill gas collection and flaring or energy generation ( if appropriate )

Provisions for Final cover, after care

Components of a “State of the art landfill design”



Compaction (fire prevention, odour prevention)

Waste control at entrance

Daily coverage of the “active part of the landfill

Maintenance of drains, flare..

Components of a “State of the art landfill design”



Landfilling



Water tight material

Geomembrane (PEHD)

Geotextile (protection)

Draining layer

Collecting pipe

Geotextile

Waste

Standard design

Landfilling



Landfilling



Stabilisation and solidification

of hazardous wastes



Converts waste into insoluble rock-like materials

Stabilisation - treats waste to minimise migration

Solidification - uses cement-based process

Encapsulation - encloses waste within casing or layer of inert

substance

Recommended for inorganic hazardous wastes

A pre-treatment step prior to landfill disposal

Stabilisation and Solidification



Types of binders used:

• Cement-based

• Portland cement, cement kiln dust

• Lime/limestone/quicklime

• Lime/fly ash, lime kiln dust

• Lime/ other natural and artificial pozzolana based systems

Solidification



• Air pollution control residues

• Metal sludge wastes

• Dredging sludge

• Filter press cake

• Tannery wastes

• Contaminated soils

• Lagoon sludge

Plus other PREDOMINANTLY inorganic

wastes - all are likely to contain some organics

Wastes typically treated by Stabilisation / Solidification



• 28 day strength from any 1 day of production will

not be less than 700 kPa. No individual sample to

have strength less than 350kPa

• Permeability at 28 days less than 1x10-7 m/s

• No supernatant after S/S waste standing 24 hours

• Leaching properties: defined by legislation

typically includes concentration limits in the leacate on

pH, TOC, Total cyanide, total phenol, ammonia

Heavy metals (Zn, Hg, Cr), total metal limit and total

organic or organo-metallic pesticides

Treated waste specification


Hazardous Waste Management - International Solid Waste ... Training 2011... · IRAQ Waste Management To reduce risks of inadequate controls on hazardous wastes including: •Health

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