Harshn i it new

CHAPTER – I

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INDUSTRY PROFILE

The textile industry is a term used for industries primarily concerned with the

design or manufacture of clothing as well as the distribution and use of textiles. The

textile industry occupies a unique place in our country. One of the earliest to come

into existence in India, it accounts for 14% of the total Industrial production,

contributes to nearly 30% of the total exports and is the second largest employment

generator after agriculture.

Textile Industry is providing one of the most basic needs of people and the

holds importance; maintaining sustained growth for improving quality of life. It has a

unique position as a self-reliant industry, from the production of raw materials to the

delivery of finished products, with substantial value-addition at each stage of

processing; it is a major contribution to the country’s economy. Its vast potential for

creation of employment opportunities in the agricultural, industrial, organized and

decentralized sectors & rural and urban areas, particularly for women and the

disadvantaged is noteworthy. Although the development of textile sector was earlier

taking place in terms of general policies, in recognition of the importance of this

sector.

Prior to the manufacturing processes being mechanized, textiles were

produced in the home, and excess sold for extra money. Most cloth was made from

either wool, cotton, or flax, depending on the era and location. For example, during

the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern

Europe, without any knowledge of what it came from other than that it was a plant;

noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton

must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as

fact the now-preposterous belief: “There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which

bore tiny lambs on the ends of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they

bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungry.” This aspect is retained

in the name for cotton in many European languages, such as German Baumwolle,

which translates as “tree wool”. By the end of the 16 th century, cotton was cultivated

throughout the warmer regions in Asia and the Americas. In Roman times, wool, linen

1

and leather clothed the European population: the cotton of India was a curiosity that

only naturalists had heard of, and silk, imported along the Silk Road from China, was

an extravagant luxury. The use of flax fibre in the manufacturing of cloth in northern

Europe dates back to Neolithic times.

Cloth was produced in the home, and the excess woven cloth was sold to

merchants called clothiers who visited the village with their trains of pack-horses.

Some of the cloth was made into clothes for people living in the same area and a large

amount of cloth was exported.

The process of making cloth depends slightly on the fiber being used, but there

are three main steps: preparation of fibers for spinning, spinning, and weaving or

knitting. The preparation of the fibers differs the most depending on the fiber used.

Flax requires retting and dressing, while wool requires carding and washing. The

spinning and weaving processes are very similar between fibers though.

Spinning evolved from twisting the fibers by hand, to use of a drop spindle, to

a spinning wheel. Spindles or parts of them have been found in very, very old

archaeological sites; they may represent one of the earliest pieces of technology

available to humankind was invented in India between 500 and 1000 AD. It reached

Europe via the Middle East in the European Middle Ages.

Weaving, done on a loom has been around for as long as spinning. There are

some indications that weaving was already known in the Paleolithic. An indistinct

textile impression has been found at Pavlov, Moravia. Neolithic textiles are well

known from finds in pile dwellings in Switzerland. One extant fragment from the

Neolithic was found in Fayum at a site which dates to about 5000 BCE. There are

many different types of looms, from a simple loom that dates back to the Vikings, to

the standard floor loom.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Early fabrics are produced by the simple weaving procedures which are

striking beauty and designs; the range of patterns of colors is wide, with patterns

produced in different parts of world showing distinctive local features.

Yarns and cloth were dyed & printed from very early time. Specimens of

dyed fabrics have been found in roman regions of the 2nd century. There is evidence of

production of printed textiles in India during the 4th century B.C.

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The first knitting machine was installed in the year 1893 in oriented Hosiery

Ltd, founded by late AnadraPrasad Mukherjee, who was called as father of hosiery in

India. The present hosiery industries are located in Kolkata, Tirupur, Mumbai, and

Kanpur. Though the hosiery industries in India are 100 years old it’s really started

picking up since after Independence.

INDUSTRY STRUCTURE

The textile industry is vertically-integrated across the value chain and extends

from fibre to fabric to garments. At the same time, it is a highly-fragmented sector,

and comprises small-scale, non-integrated spinning, weaving, processing and cloth

manufacturing enterprises.

The textile sector has always been an important part of people’s lives in India.

Much before industrialization, hand weavers and handloom workers contributed to the

growth of the industry. The government framed policies during 1950-1970 for the

development of SSIs in the sector; as a result, the power loom and handloom sectors,

mainly small and medium scale enterprises, were decentralised.

TEXTILE SECTOR REMAINS HIGHLY-FRAGMENTED

The textile segment is highly fragmented and many large textile companies are

also conglomerates of medium-sized mills. According to the statistics released by the

Ministry of Textiles, the entire textile industry is highly fragmented except the

spinning sub-segment. The organised sector contributes more than 95% of spinning,

but hardly 5% of weaving fabric. SSIs perform the bulk of weaving and processing

operations. The unorganised sector forms the bulk of the industry, comprising

handlooms, powerlooms, hosiery and knitting, and also readymade garments, khadi

and carpet manufacturing units. The organised mill sector consists of spinning mills

involved only in spinning activities and composite mills where spinning, weaving and

processing activities are carried out under a single roof. These organised units are

mostly independent and small scale in nature unlike the composite units that

undertake all activities together.

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The textile industry of India operates largely in the form of clusters - mostly

natural clusters - with roughly 70 textile clusters producing 80% of the country’s total

textiles. Based on a UNIDO study conducted on SME clusters in India, some of the

key textile clusters in India are:

Panipat, accounts for 75% of the total blankets produced in the country

Tirupur, responsible for 80% of the country’s hosiery exports

Ludhiana, accounts for 95% of India’s woolen knitwear produced.

As on January 2009, there were 1,828 mills in the organised sector in India. Of

these, 177 mills were composite mills and 1,651 mills were spinning mills. The cloth

production in the organised mills sector has increased from 1,496 mn sq mtrs in 2002-

03 to a projected 1,796 mn sq mtrs in 2008-09 (P). Despite the increase in the

production, the organised sector contributes merely 3% to the total fabric production

of the country. The remaining 97% of the fabric is produced in the unorganised sector.

The competitiveness of composite mills has declined in comparison to

powerlooms in the decentralised segment. Policy restrictions relating to labour laws

and the fiscal advantages enjoyed by unorganised sectors are two of the major

constraints that are responsible for the decline. The number of composite mills in

India decreased from 285 in 1999-00 to 177 in January 2009.

The powerloom segment is the largest manufacturer of fabric in the

unorganised sector. The segment produces a wide variety of grey and processed cloth.

According to the Ministry of Textiles, as on December 31, 2008, India had nearly 2.2

mn powerlooms that were distributed across 482,000 units.

INDIAN ADVANTAGE IN RAW MATERIAL

The Indian economy has primarily been an agriculture-driven economy. The

vast stretches of land, resources and climatic conditions aid the production of varied

raw materials for different industrial purposes. Historically, India has been known for

its high-quality cotton, jute and other natural fibre. Over the years, however, the

domestic industry has progressed and diversified into many types of fibre and yarn,

both natural and man-made. The textile industry in India includes almost all types of

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textile fibres – natural fibres such as cotton, jute, silk and wool; synthetic / man-made

fibres such as polyester, viscose, nylon, acrylic and polypropylene (PP) and multiple

blends of such fibres and filament yarns such as partiallyoriented yarn (POY). The

type of yarn used is dictated by the end product that is manufactured.

The man-made textile industry comprises fibre and filament yarn

manufacturing units of cellulosic and non-cellulosic origin. The cellulosic fibre/yarn

industry is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Textiles, while the

noncellulosic industry is under the administrative control of the Ministry of

Chemicals and Fertilisers.

As seen, the abundant availability of raw material is one of the important

advantages of the Indian textile industry. It is well-established that India possesses a

natural advantage in terms of raw material availability. India is the largest producer of

jute, the second-largest producer of cotton and silk and among the largest producers of

wool across the world.

COTTON STAGE

Prior to the manufacturing processes being mechanized, textiles were

produced in the home, and excess sold for extra money. Most cloth was made from

either wool, cotton, or flax, depending on the era and location. For example, during

the late  medieval  period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in

northern Europe, without any knowledge of what it came from other than that it was

a plant; noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that

cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350,

stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: "There grew there [India] a wonderful tree

which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable

that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungry." This aspect is

retained in the name for cotton in many European languages, such

as German Baumwolle, which translates as "tree wool". By the end of the 16th

century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions in Asia and

the Americas. In Roman times, wool, linen and leather clothed the European

population: the cotton of India was a curiosity that only naturalists had heard of, and

silk, imported along the Silk Road from China, was an extravagant luxury.

5

The use of flax fibre in the manufacturing of cloth in Northern Europe dates

back to Neolithic times.

Cloth was produced in the home, and the excess woven cloth was sold to

merchants called clothiers who visited the village with their trains of pack-horses.

Some of the cloth was made into clothes for people living in the same area and a large

amount of cloth was exported.

The process of making cloth depends slightly on the fiber being used, but there

are three main steps: preparation of fibers for spinning, spinning,

and weaving or knitting. The preparation of the fibers differs the most depending on

the fiber used. Flax requires retting and dressing, while wool requires carding and

washing. The spinning and weaving processes are very similar between fibers though.

Spinning evolved from twisting the fibers by hand, to use of a drop spindle, to

a spinning wheel. Spindles or parts of them have been found in very, very old

archaeological sites; they may represent one of the earliest pieces of technology

available to humankind. was invented in India between 500 and 1000 AD[1] It

reached Europe via the Middle East in the European Middle Ages.

Weaving, done on a loom has been around for as long as spinning. There are

some indications that weaving was already known in the Palaeolithic. An indistinct

textile impression has been found at Pavlov, Moravia. Neolithic textiles are well

known from finds in pile dwellings in Switzerland. One extant fragment from

the Neolithic was found in Fayum at a site which dates to about 5000 BCE. There are

many different types of looms, from a simple loom that dates back to the Vikings, to

the standard floor loom.

HISTORY DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The key British industry at the beginning of the 18th century was the

production of textiles made with wool from the large sheep-farming areas in

the Midlands and across the country (created as a result of land-clearance

and enclosure). Handlooms  and spinning wheels were the tools of the trade of

the weavers in their cottages, and this was a labour-intensive activity

providing employment throughout Britain, with major centers being the West

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Country; Norwich and environs; and the West Riding of Yorkshire. The export trade

in woolen goods accounted for more than a quarter of British exports during most of

the 18th century, doubling between 1701 and 1770 [1]. Exports of the cotton industry

– centered in Lancashire – had grown tenfold during this time, but still accounted for

only a tenth of the value of the woolen trade.

The textile industry grew out of the industrial revolution in the 18th Century

as mass production of clothing became a mainstream industry. Starting with the flying

shuttle in 1733 inventions were made to speed up the textile manufacturing process.

In 1738 Lewis Paul and John Wyatt patented the Roller Spinning machine and

the flyer-and-bobbin system. Lewis Paul invented a carding machine in 1748, and by

1764 the spinning jenny had also been invented. In 1771, Richard Arkwright used

waterwheels to power looms for the production of cotton cloth, his invention

becoming known as the water frame. In 1784, Edmund Cartwright invented the power

loom. With the spinning and weaving process now mechanized, cotton mills cropped

up all over the North West of England, most notably in Manchester and its

surrounding towns of Ashton-Under-Lyne, Stalybridge and Dukinfield.

Textile mills originally got their power from water wheels, and thus had to be

situated along a river. With the invention of the steam engine, in the 1760s to 1800s,

mills no longer needed to be along rivers.

POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Many of the cotton mills, like the one in Lowell MA, in the US originally

started with the intention of hiring local farm girls for a few years. The mill job was

designed to give them a bit more money before they went back to the farm life. With

the inflow of cheap labor from Ireland during the potato famine, the setup changed, as

the girls became easily replaceable. Cotton mills were full of the loud clanking of the

looms, as well as lint and cotton fiber. When the mills were first built, a worker would

work anywhere from one to four looms. As the design for the loom improved so that

it stopped itself whenever a thread broke, and automatically refilled the shuttle, the

number of machines a worker could work increased to up to 50.

Originally, power looms were shuttle-operated but in the early part of the 20th

century the faster and more efficient shuttleless loom came into use. Today, advances

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in technology have produced a variety of looms designed to maximize production for

specific types of material. The most common of these are air-jet looms and water-jet

looms. Industrial looms can weave at speeds of six rows per second and faster.

By the later 20th Century, the industry in the developed world had developed a

bad reputation, often involving immigrants in illegal "sweat shops" full of people

working on textile manufacturing and sewing machines being paid less than minimum

wages. This trend has resulted due to attempts to protect existing industries which are

being challenged by developing countries in South East Asia, the subcontinent and

more recently, Central America. Whilst globalization has seen the manufacturing

outsourced to overseas labor markets, there has been a trend for the areas historically

associated with the trade to shift focus to the more white collar associated industries

of fashion design, fashion modeling and retail.

Areas historically involved heavily in the "rag trade" include  London  and 

Milan  in  Europe, SoHo district in New York City, the Flinders Laneand Richmond.

VISION ON TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Government of India, by having continuous interaction with various Textile

sectors and Export Promotion Council, draft a vision, which has to achieve within the

year of 2010. The following are the objectives:

Indian textile market share among global competitors has to be increased to

eight per cent from the present of four per cent level

Exporting textiles to the tune of $ 50 billion within 2010

Growth in Indian textile economy from the current $ 37 billion to the $ 85

billion

Creation of 12 million job opportunities in textile sector and

Modernization of textile industry in order to compete with global giants

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1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING

The objective of the internship is to understand the different activities taking

place within the organization, function of departments and their interdependences.

The main objectives of the internship are:

To get a good picture about the challenges and opportunities faced by the

business entity.

To know about the functioning of the major department such as Marketing,

Personnel, Finance, Production, and Quality etc.

To interact with managers at various levels of the organizational

hierarchy and understand their functions.

To study the quality assurance procedures and techniques adopted for

keeping the national and international standards.

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CHAPTER -II

2. COMPANY PROFILE

2.1 HISTORY OF THE COMPANY

HARSHINI TEXTILES PVT LTD, is one of leading hosiery unit in india.

This is a private limited company and founded by Mr.Selvam in the year 1986 which

is located in the main area of Anaimalai it is started with the idea of invoking himself

in to hosiery industry and also to provide employment opportunities to the society.

Our valuable experience in the field of quality knitted garment manufacturing,

helped us attain the “Government of India Recognized Export House” status.

Ever since inception, the company has profound emphasis in manufacturing

quality garments and to deliver the products at the right time. An unerring focus on

quality and quest for perfection right from the raw material to the finished product has

made possible the end product truly flawless.

The company is also conscious of its social obligations and employees

welfare measures and our social policy is fully in accordance with the laws of our

country.

2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY:

To increase the production and profit.

To satisfy the customer’s needs and wants.

To maintain the quality of the product.

To satisfy the workers by giving bonus.

To maintain a global standard.

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The main benefit of the modernization already undertook by the company are:

a) Machine productivity will increase by at least 1.5 times.

b) Quality of yarn manufactured will improve considerably and there by price

Realization is higher.

c) Labour productivity will improve reasonably and the same has enabled the

company to reduce its cost of production

d) Electricity consumption per kilogram of yarn produced has come down owing

to better machine productivity

e) Waste production will come down significantly and yarn Realization has

improved thereby cost of raw materials had come down.

2.3 FUTURE PLANS:

Productivity and utilization of existing resources are to be improved. To be

certified ISO -14001:2004 to ensure contribution to environment and society.

Environmental management system is under implementation. The firm has recently

acquired product certification like Oak- Tex standard 100 class I.

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2.4 ORGANIZATIION CHART

General Manager

Production manager

Marketing Manager

Finance Manager

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Chairman/ Managing Director

Purchase Manager

HR Manager

Assistant Assistant

Workers

Assistant Assistant Assistant

CHAPTER-III

3. FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS

3.1 PURCHASE DEPARTMENT

Purchase department purchases machine, raw materials (cotton) spare parts

and other consumables that are required to carry out the production without any

hindrance. On receiving purchase requisition from various departmental heads, store

manager places order for the required goods with the supplier. Periodically, the

storekeeper has to verify that physical stock matches with the book record.

Based on the minimum reorder quantity, order are to be placed. Proper

accounts are to be maintained about receipt and issues of stocks. Steps should be

taken to place orders before material is fully exhausted or before reaching danger

level.

Raw material, cotton is purchased from Andhra Pradesh, Maharastra, Madhya

Pradesh, etc., Machine spares are purchased from the company. They include local

purchase also like Vilupuram, Coimbatore, Palladam etc.,

PURCHASE FUNCTIONS

Source identification

Source identification involves the identification of suppliers from which

purchase are to be made.

Source selection

Source selection involves selecting the best supplier from different suppliers,

which is based on desired quality, quantity, price, service etc.

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Vendor rating

Vendor rating is done on the basis of product, price of the materials and the

reports from the production department in the case of latex or chemicals.

Receipt of material

Materials are collected by the receipt store and the details will be given to the

section for inspection . Number of items passed, rejected and the reason for rejection

if any will be specified. Receipts store will then prepare materials receipt report and

then sent it to the concerned sections i.e.; purchase and accounts .The original will be

retained by the receipt store.

TYPES OF PURCHASE:

Cash purchase

Credit purchase

DOCUMENT MAINTAINED BY THE PURCHASE DEPARMENT:

Purchase indents received from the Department Head

Enquiry

Quotation

Purchase Order

3.2 STORES DEPARTMENT

The stores department is having the only work of recording the goods which

are purchased and produced goods in the stores department. The maintain whatever

the goods that come in and goes out and this department is maintained by the

production department head because the department has got close relationship with

the finished good and the raw materials.

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3.3 PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

The production department is the main thing which is very expensive one as

the money invested there is always high. The production department follows certain

steps i.e. process for the production of finished goods.

The production department set standards and targets for each section of the

production process. The quantity and quality of products coming out of production

line are closely monitored. In businesses focusing on lean production, quality is

monitored by all employees at every stage of production rather than at the end as is

case for businesses using a quality control approach.

Production means “processes and methods employed in transformation of

tangible and intangible”.

The production process followed by the production department is as follows,

ACTIVITIES OF PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

a) Developing the product service

b) Establishment of proper organization structure

c) Selection of personnel

d) Establishment and maintenance of factory building, plant and

equipment

e) Management of purchases, storage and transportation of raw

materials

f) Ensuring effective production control

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PRODUCTION PROCESS

Under this process cotton is converted in to yarn. The steps that are to be

followed and there is sequence is presented in this chapter. The following are the

different stages of the sequence of process in the process of spindles.

Production process consists of six steps. In each and every step, the processed

cotton is given a name and at last it is named as ‘YARN’.

Production Process involves the following stages:

BLOW ROOM

CARDING

DRAWING

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PACKING

MIXING

OPEN END SPINNING

MIXING

There will be a lot of difference in the quality of cotton within a bale as well as

from bale in the bulk of cotton. If yarn is produced from a single variety, there will be

a wide fluctuation in the yarn quality. In order to produce yarn of high quality,

various cottons are mixed up and the impurities in the raw cotton are removed.

With the help of mixing, the mill tries to maintain the following aspects

uniform over a long period.

a. Quality of Raw Material

b. Cost of Raw Material

c. Process particulars

d. Yarn quality and cost

Mixing also helps to overcome the processing difficulties because of variation

in cotton quality.

BLOW ROOM

A spinning mill receives cotton in the form of hand pressed bales. The

bales of cotton also contain lot of impurities. The loose cotton has to be prepared into

a suitable package form.

“Opening Action” is a process of converting large tufts of cotton into small

tufts

Cleaning Action is process where impurities are removed from the cotton

Lap is a process where loose cotton is transformed into a regulated sheet. Lap

is most suited for transportation and for further processing namely carding

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CARDING

Under carding process, fibers are separated as individual fibers. The

complete process of opening to the stage of individual fibers is known as “Carding

Action”. It is also termed as fiber-to-fiber separation.

Remaining impurities that are present after blow room process is purified in

carding stage. Complete impurities are removed in the carding process.

After impurities are removed from the cotton in carding stage, a thin sheet of

fibers known as ‘Web’ is obtained. The web is condensed into a narrow stand or rope

of fibers called as “Sliver”. This long length of sliver with small diameter is stored

into a container known as “Can” to be fed to further process.

DRAWING

The fibers in card sliver are placed in a very irregular fashion. It is not suitable

to produce good quality. Hence, it is necessary to parallelize the fibers. Parallelization

is done at the drawing machine. Carding sliver are doubled and drafted in drawing.

This helps to arrange the fibers parallel to each other and parallel to the axis if sliver.

The next stage is the draw room where the machines are split

into two. They are:

■ Breaker

■ Finisher

Both the machines do the same process the silver form of cotton is fed into

the machine. Here the 6 ends of silver (cotton) are fed and thin places are

compensated to get an uniform silver.

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OPEN END SPINNING

This is the last stage. In this stage the uniform silver from of cotton is

converted into yarn

QUALITY CONTROL

This department is responsible for testing the quality of the material, sent by

the different types of departments. Testing is carried out in order to ascertain whether

any fault is occurred during the course of production so that the defects are avoided or

rectified.

PACKING AND DISPATCH

The cones are converted with plastic bags. In this mill number of 40 bags are

again packed in woven sacks consists of 52 kg. Proper precautions are taken to avoid

chances of damage and delay in transits.

According to this institution, the finished yarns are dispatched to Mumbai.

These package are sold to Mumbai, Coimbatore, Tirupur, Somanur, Erode and other

places of Maharastra.

PACKING PROCESS

Consolidate Order

Check to packing list

Protect and pack

Address and label

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3.4 HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT

HUMAN RESOURCE management is primarily concerned with the human

resource of the enterprise and includes procurement, development, monetary and

non- monetary compensation, integration and maintenance of personnel for

contributing towards accomplishment of collective goals.

OBJECTIVES OF HR HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT

a) To contribute welfare of society by promoting job opportunities and creating

most productive and profitable jobs, so that people remain contented, co-

operative and effective and that discontent among workers or imbalance in

their employment is avoided.

b) To contribute to welfare of the individual workers by providing him with

adequate monetary and non-monetary compensation, security, job satisfaction

and suitable opportunities for all-round development

c) To ensure that various positions in the enterprise are, and to be occupied by

competent, contented and effective employees and they are afforded all

opportunities to put in their best performance in an atmosphere free from any

physical or mental tension

d) To recognize the workers’ to form union’s ant to influence their leaders to

promote self-discipline among workers and work united to achieve maximum

efficiency and economy in the organization’s working

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FUNCTIONING OF THE COMPANY :

The working time is related to working hours over time and days of rest,

intervals, etc. is is administered as per the rules and regulations of the factoriesact

1948.

They work regularly for 8 hours and the shift system is also stipulated to 8

hours. they work for 48 hours on the basis of 6 days in a week.

Compensatory Holiday :

o A weekly holiday is granted for all the employes. hence the question of

compensatory holiday does not arise.

Interval of Rest :

o The working hours for employees are fixed in the company as shown 8

hours a day and interval of rest for half an hour.

Maintenance Of Buliding :

o The company is bulit with asound construction and aqequate care is

taken for its safe structure.

Production Details :

o The production details facility is about 6000 pieces per day and their

production lead time is of 75/90/120 days. the process minimum

style /colour as 1000 pieces colour / styles.

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FUNCTIONS OF HR DEPARTMENT

MINIMUM WAGES

Minimum wages as per government order has been complied with. To certain

categories, company has been paying more than the minimum wages prescribed by

the government. Employees are well treated and motivated by Healthy and Safety

Work Environment. Pried and tested mineral water is supplied to employees.

ESI AND PF FACILITIES

ESI and PF Facilities are extended to all employees irrespective of age,

length of service, section etc.

TYPE OF WORKERS

There are two types of workers they are skilled workers and semi skilled

workers.

TIMEKEEPING

Through Time card system employees worked time is calculated. Each

employee are given time card.

WAGES

The monthly wage bill of Rs 15 Lakhs is paid every month. Daily wages given

are;

Skilled labours -Rs 60

Unskilled labours -Rs 110

LEAVE

Once in 20 days leave is given to the workers on a rotation basis. Leave for

workers are given on special occasions like May 1, ayodha pooja, deepavali, etc…if

the company is on leave they give one day salary.

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BONUS

The company gives 11.2% as a bonus for special occasions.

OFFICE

25 members are working in the office these employees are permanent.

SALARY SYSTEM

Salary system includes;

Basic - 60%

FDA - 22%

Others - 18%

FUTURE PLAN:

To achieve export value of $70 billion by 2013

Modernization and consolidation for creating a globally competitive

industry over the corresponding period of the previous year.

The future outlook of the industry looks by providing and rising

employment opportunities in both urban and rural markets.

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3.5 FINANCE DEPARTMENT

Finance is lifeblood of the business. It is the pivotal around which all business

activities move. In fact, all-important managerial decisions are subject to availability,

cost profitability, safety and liquidity of financing.

OBJECTIVES OF FINANCE DEPARTMENT

a) To ensure enough funds for various requirements of business

b) To provide sufficient flexibility in financial planning so that there is perfect

matching between business needs and finance raised or which is proposed to

be raised

c) To raise and maintain funds at the lowest cost possible

d) To ensure adequate liquidity of funds so that the business is never short of

liquid cash to pay off current liabilities

e) To achieve safety of investments as also secure maximum profit-ability to

money invested

f) To maintain credit-worthiness and a good image of the good business among

creditors, bankers, shareholders and members of the public

g) To secure to owners a fair return to capital invested by them

h) To achieve maximum efficiency in the enterprise through proper planning,

organization and control of financial resources

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VARIOUS BOOK MAINTAIN

CASH BOOK

In this book only the cash transactions are recorded .The amounts received are

bettered in the cash book daily by preparing cash receipts and bank receipts.

BANK BOOK

All the transactions done by the bank are recorded in this book.

PURCHASE BOOK

All purchasing invoice are recorded in this book.

SALES BOOK

All the sales invoice are recorded in this book

DEBTOR NOTE

Customer transaction and dealer transaction are recorded in the debtor part.

CREDITOR NOTE

Purchasing agents’ transactions are recorded in the creditor part. In this debtor

and creditor various accounts such as bank account, income to the company expenses

done are recorded and maintained.

JOURNAL BOOK

In this adjustment entries are recorded debit note, credit note details are

maintained in this book.

The finance department use to maintain financial statement, ledger, etc using

the FoxPro

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3.6 SALES & MARKETING DEPARTMENT

In the modern world, marketing problems are becoming more and more

complex. First today’s market is the buyer’s market, the needs, buying capacities and

habits of buyers need to be carefully studied to break their resistance to a particular

product. Secondly, the market today is no longer confined to a small area. It extends

to far-flung areas, even to foreign lands. This involves problems of transportation,

payments, advertising, and export and import barriers. Thirdly, there is increasing

competition from local as well as foreign producers.

FUNCTIONS OF MARKETING

1. Assessing consumer demand, which involves a study of the market potential

so as to decide the questions as to

a) What to produce

b) How much to produce and

c) At what price to sell

2. Creating ability to provide goods, i.e., in case the goods to be sold have to be

bought; then their adequate supply must be ensured, and if these have to be

manufactured, then the required productive capacity and ability, viz ., plant,

equipment, know-how, labour and raw material should be made readily

available.

3. Ensuring adequacy of finance depending on the production costs and the

length of time-interval between production and sales

4. Establishing a suitable organization-structure to ensure co-ordination between

anticipated sales and production rate, to arrange necessary finance at the right

time and to make suitable adjustments keeping the view the changes in

demand

5. Selecting the market, to decide on the quality of goods to be produced and

price to be fixed. This will also help in deciding whether the existing or new

market should be given major attention

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6. Assessing the extent of competition to decide which of the following courses

would meet it most effectively

A. A cheaper product

B. Production at lower cost

C. A more attractive product or

D. More appealing advertising

7. Choosing the right channels of distribution and the right media of advertising

STRUCTURE OF SALES NETWORK

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LAKSHMI SPINNERS(MANUFACTURER)

DISTRIBUTOR

CUSTOMER

WHOLESALER

RETAILER

CHAPTER – IV

CONCLUSION

Data relating to production process was collected from the labours. It was so

beneficial that almost all department functions were observed practically.

We are thankful to the factory manager. Spinning master accounts officer and

other department heads and everyone who helped us to make this industrial training a

grand success.

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