Hand Held System

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HAND HELD SYSTEM

What is handheld system?

A handheld computer is a computer that can conveniently be stored in a pocket

(of sufficient size) and used while you're holding it. Today's handheld

computers, which are also called personal digital assistants (PDAs), can be

divided into those that accept handwriting as input and those with small

keyboards. The original handheld that accepted handwriting was Apple's

Newton, which was later withdrawn from the market. Today, the most popular

handheld that accepts handwritten input is the PalmPilot from 3Com. Philips,

Casio, NEC, Compaq, and other companies make handhelds with small

keyboards.

Windows CE and EPOC are two of the most widely used operating systems in

handheld computers.

Handheld computers are typically used for personal information manager (PIM)

types of applications: maintaining schedules, keeping names and phone

numbers, doing simple calculations, taking notes, and, with a modem,

exchanging e-mail and getting information from the Web. Keyboards have tiny

keys that take getting used to. Those that handle handwriting also impose

constraints and require some learning. Nevertheless, this class of computer is

widely sold and appreciated by many users.

Hewlett-Packard has recently introduced the first handheld computer with a

color display. A number of companies now combine voice and data telephone

service using cellular telephone or other wireless technologies with the

handheld computer in a single device.

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The Handheld PC was a hardware design for personal digital assistant (PDA)

devices running Windows CE. It provides the appointment calendar functions

usual for any PDA. The intent of Windows CE was to provide an environment

for applications compatible with the Microsoft Windows operating system, on

processors better suited to low-power operation in a portable device. Originally

announced in 1996, the Handheld PC is distinct from its more recent

counterparts such as the Palm-Size PC, Pocket PC, or smartphone in that the

specification provides for larger screen sizes as well as a keyboard.

To be classed as a Windows CE Handheld PC, the device must

Run Microsoft's Windows CE

Be bundled with an application suite only found through an OEM Platform

Release and not in Windows CE itself

Use ROM

Have a screen supporting a resolution of at least 480240

Include a keyboard

Include a PC card slot

Include an infrared (IrDA) port

Provide wired serial and/or Universal Serial Bus (USB) connectivity

Over time, these standards were routinely breached by manufacturers. For

instance, HP's first displays' widths were more than a third larger than that of

Microsoft's specification. Soon, all of their competition followed. Examples of

Handheld PC devices are the NEC MobilePro 900c, HP 320LX, HP Jornada

720, and Vadem Clio.

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Microsoft stopped developing for the Handheld PC in 2000, instead focusing

development on the Pocket PC and Windows Mobile. However, compatible

hardware continued to be produced for many years afterwards. HP and Sharp

both discontinued their Windows CE HPCs in 2002, while NEC was last to

leave the market in 2005. However, some manufacturers abandoned the format

even before Microsoft did, such as Philips and Casio.

Other handheld PCs may not use Windows CE. Windows CE devices which

match all of the hardware requirements of the H/PC specification but lack a

keyboard are known as Windows CE Tablet PC or Internet tablet devices.

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PDA (PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT)

A personal digital assistant (PDA ), also known as a palmtop computer ,

or personal data assistant is a mobile device that functions as a personalinformation manager. PDAs are largely considered obsolete with the

widespread adoption of smartphones .[4]

Nearly all current PDAs have the ability to connect to the Internet. A PDA has

an electronic visual display, enabling it to include a web browser, all current

models also have audio capabilities enabling use as a portable media player, and

also enabling most of them to be used as mobile phones. Most PDAs can access

the Internet, intranets or extranets via Wi-Fi or Wireless Wide Area Networks.

Most PDAs employ touchscreen technology.

The first PDA was released in 1984 by Psion, the Organizer. Followed

by Psion's Series 3, in 1991, which began to resemble the more familiar PDA

style. It also had a full keyboard .[5][6]

The term PDA was first used on January 7, 1992 by Apple Computer CEO John

Sculley at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas ,Nevada, referring to

the Apple Newton .[7]

In 1994, IBM introduced the first PDA with full mobile phone functionality,

the IBM Simon, which can also be considered the first smartphone. Then in

1996, Nokia introduced a PDA with full mobile phone functionality, the 9000

Communicator, which became the world's best-selling PDA. The

Communicator spawned a new category of PDAs: the "PDA phone", now called

"smartphone". Another early entrant in this market was Palm, with a line of

PDA products which began in March 1996.

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TYPICAL FEATURES

A typical PDA has a touchscreen for entering data, a memory card slot for data

storage, and IrDA, Bluetooth and/or Wi-Fi. However, some PDAs may not havea touch screen, using softkeys, a directional pad, and a numeric keypad or

a thumb keyboard for input; this is typically seen on telephones that are

incidentally PDAs.

In order to have the functions expected of a PDA, a device's software typically

includes an appointment calendar, a to-do list, an address book for contacts,

a calculator, and some sort of memo (or "note") program. PDAs with wireless

data connections also typically include an email client and a Web browser.

Touch screen

Many of the original PDAs, such as the Apple Newton and Palm Pilot, featured

a touchscreen for user interaction, having only a few buttons usually reserved

for shortcuts to often-used programs. Some touchscreen PDAs,including Windows Mobile devices, had a detachable stylus to facilitate making

selections. The user interacts with the device by tapping the screen to select

buttons or issue commands, or by dragging a finger (or the stylus) on the screen

to make selections or scroll.

Typical methods of entering text on touchscreen PDAs include:

A virtual keyboard, where a keyboard is shown on the touchscreen. Text is

entered by tapping the on-screen keyboard with a finger or stylus.

An external keyboard connected via USB, Infrared port, or Bluetooth. Some

users may choose a chorded keyboard for one-handed use.

Handwriting recognition, where letters or words are written on the

touchscreen, and the PDA converts the input to text. Recognition and

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computation of handwritten horizontal and vertical formulas, such as "1 + 2

=", may also be a feature.

Stroke recognition allows the user to make a predefined set of strokes on the

touchscreen, sometimes in a special input area, representing the various

characters to be input. The strokes are often simplified character shapes,

making them easier for the device to recognize. One widely known stroke

recognition system is Palm's Graffiti.

Despite rigorous research and development projects, end-users experience

mixed results with handwriting recognition systems. Some find it frustratingand inaccurate, while others are satisfied with the quality of the recognition .[8]

Touchscreen PDAs intended for business use, such as the BlackBerry and Palm

Treo, usually also offer full keyboards and scroll wheels or thumbwheels to

facilitate data entry and navigation.

Many touchscreen PDAs support some form of external keyboard as well.Specialized folding keyboards, which offer a full-sized keyboard but collapse

into a compact size for transport, are available for many models. External

keyboards may attach to the PDA directly, using a cable, or may use wireless

technology such as infrared or Bluetooth to connect to the PDA.

Newer PDAs, such as the HTC HD2, Apple iPhone, Apple iPod Touch,

and Palm Pre, Palm Pre Plus, Palm Pixi, Palm Pixi Plus, Google Android

(operating system) include more advanced forms of touchscreen that can

register multiple touches simultaneously. These " multi-touch" displays allow for

more sophisticated interfaces using various gestures entered with one or more

fingers.

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Memory cards

Although many early PDAs did not have memory card slots, now most have

either some form of Secure Digital (SD) slot or a CompactFlash slot. Although

designed for memory ,Secure Digital Input/Output (SDIO) and CompactFlash

cards are available that provide accessories like Wi-Fi or digital cameras, if the

device can support them. Some PDAs also have a USB port, mainly for USB

flash drives. [dubious discuss ] Some PDAs use microSD cards, which are

electronically compatible with SD cards, but have a much smaller physical size.

Wired connectivity

While early PDAs connected to a user's personal computer via serial ports or

another proprietary connection, [ specify ] many today connect via a USB cable.

Older PDAs were unable to connect to each other via USB, as their

implementations of USB didn't support acting as the "host".

Some early PDAs were able to connect to the Internet indirectly by means of anexternal modem connected via the PDA's serial port or "sync" connector ,[9] or

directly by using an expansion card that provided an Ethernet port.

Wireless connectivity

Most modern PDAs have Bluetooth, a popular wireless protocol for mobile

devices. Bluetooth can be used to connect keyboards, headsets, GPS receivers,

and other nearby accessories. It's also possible to transfer files between PDAs

that have Bluetooth.

Many modern PDAs have Wi-Fi wireless network connectivity and can connect

to Wi-Fi hotspots .[10] All smartphones, and some other modern PDAs, can

connect to Wireless Wide Area Networks, such as those provided by cellular

telecommunications companies.

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Older PDAs from the 90s to 2006 typically had an IrDA (infrared) port allowing

short-range, line-of-sight wireless communication. Few current models use this

technology, as it has been supplanted by Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. IrDA allows

communication between two PDAs, or between a PDA and any device with an

IrDA port or adapter. Some printers have IrDA receivers ,[11] allowing IrDA-

equipped PDAs to print to them, if the PDA's operating system supports it.

Universal PDA keyboards designed for these older PDAs use infrared

technology. [citation needed ] Infrared technology is low-cost and has the advantage of

being allowed aboard.

Synchronization

Most PDAs can synchronize their data with applications on a user's computer.

This allows the user to update contact, schedule, or other information on their

computer, using software such as Microsoft Outlook or ACT!, and have that

same data transferred to PDA or transfer updated information from the PDA

back to the computer. This eliminates the need for the user to update their datain two places.

Synchronization also prevents the loss of information stored on the device if it

is lost, stolen, or destroyed. When the PDA is repaired or replaced, it can be "re-

synced" with the computer, restoring the user's data.

Some users find that data input is quicker on their computer than on their PDA,since text input via a touchscreen or small-scale keyboard is slower than a full-

size keyboard. Transferring data to a PDA via the computer is therefore a lot

quicker than having to manually input all data on the handheld device.

Most PDAs come with the ability to synchronize to a computer. This is done

through synchronization software provided with the handheld, or sometime with

the computer's operating system. Examples of synchronization software include:

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HotSync Manager, for Palm OS PDAs

'Microsoft ActiveSync, used by Windows XP and older Windows operating

systems to synchronize with Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, and Windows

CE PDAs, as well as PDAs running iOS, Palm OS, and Symbian

Microsoft Windows Mobile Device Center for Windows Vista, which

supports Microsoft Windows Mobile and Pocket PC devices.

Apple iTunes, used on Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows to sync iOS

devices (such as the iPhone and iPod touch)

iSync, included with Mac OS X, can synchronize many SyncML- enabled

PDAs

BlackBerry Desktop Software, used to sync BlackBerry devices.

These programs allow the PDA to be synchronized with a personal information

manager, which may be part of the computer's operating system, provided withthe PDA, or sold separately by a third party. For example, the RIM BlackBerry

comes with RIM's Desktop Manager program, which can synchronize to both

Microsoft Outlook and ACT!.

Other PDAs come only with their own proprietary software. For example, some

early Palm OS PDAs came only with Palm Desktop, while later Palm PDAs

such as the Treo 650 have the ability to sync to Palm Desktop or Microsoft

Outlook. Microsoft's ActiveSync and Windows Mobile Device Center only

synchronize with Microsoft Outlook or a Microsoft Exchange server. [citation needed ]

Third-party synchronization software is also available for some PDAs from

companies like CommonTime [12] and CompanionLink .[13] Third-party software

can be used to synchronize PDAs to other personal information managers that

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are not supported by the PDA manufacturers (for example, GoldMine and IBM

Lotus Notes) .

Wireless synchronization

Some PDAs can synchronize some or all of their data using their wireless

networking capabilities, rather than having to be directly connected to a

personal computer via a cable.

Apple iOS devices, like the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad, can use

Apple's iCloud service (formerly MobileMe) to synchronize calendar, address

book, mail account, Internet bookmark, and other data with one or more

Macintosh or Windows computers using Wi-Fi or cellular data connections .[14]

Devices running Palm's webOS or Google' s Android operating system primarily

sync with the cloud. For example, if Gmail is used, information in contacts,

email, and calendar can be synchronized between the phone and Google's

servers.

RIM sells BlackBerry Enterprise Server to corporations so that corporate

BlackBerry users can wirelessly synchronize their PDAs with the

company's Microsoft Exchange Server, IBM Lotus Domino, or Novell

GroupWise servers .[15] Email, calendar entries, contacts, tasks, and memos kept

on the company's server are automatically synchronized with the BlackBerry .[16]

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Operating systems of PDAs

The most common operating systems preinstalled on PDAs are:

Palm OS

Microsoft Windows Mobile (Pocket PC) with a Windows CE kernel.

Android

iOS

WebOS

Other, rarely used operating systems:

EPOC, then Symbian OS (in mobile phone + PDA combos)

Linux (e.g. VR3, iPAQ ,[17] Sharp Zaurus PDA, Opie, GPE, Familiar

Linux [18] etc.)

Newton

QNX (also on iPAQ)

Automobile navigation

Some PDAs include Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers; this is

particularly true of smartphones. Other PDAs are compatible with external

GPS-receiver add-ons that use the PDA's processor and screen to display

location information .[19]

PDAs with GPS functionality can be used for automotive navigation. PDAs are

increasingly being fitted as standard on new cars.

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PDA-based GPS can also display traffic conditions, perform dynamic routing,

and show known locations of roadside mobile radar guns. TomTom, Garmin,

and iGO offer GPS navigation software for PDAs.

Medical and scientific uses

Many companies have developed PDA products aimed at the medical

profession's unique needs, such as drug databases, treatment information, and

medical news. Services such as AvantGo translate medical journals into PDA-

readable formats. WardWatch organizes medical records, providing reminders

of information such as the treatment regimens of patients to doctorsmaking ward rounds. Pendragon and Syware provide tools for conducting

research with, allowing the user to enter data into a centralized database using

their PDA. Microsoft Visual Studio and Sun Java also provide programming

tools for developing survey instruments on the handheld. These development

tools allow for integration with SQL databases that are stored on the handheld

and can be synchronized with a desktop- or server-based database.

PDAs have been shown to aid diagnosis and drug selection and some studies

have concluded that when patients use PDAs to record their symptoms, they

communicate more effectively with hospitals during follow-up visits.

The development of Sensor Web technology may lead to wearable bodily

sensors to monitor ongoing conditions, like diabetes or epilepsy, which wouldalert patients and doctors when treatment is required using wireless

communication and PDAs.

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Educational uses

As mobile technology becomes more common, it is increasingly being used as a

learning tool. Some educational institutions have embraced M-Learning,

integrating PDAs into their teaching practices.

PDAs and handheld devices are allowed in many classrooms for digital note-

taking. Students can spell-check, modify, and amend their class notes on the

PDA. Some educators [who? ] distribute course material through the Internet or

infrared file-sharing functions of the PDA. Textbook publishers have begun to

release e-books, or electronic textbooks, which can be uploaded directly to aPDA, reducing the number of textbooks students must carry .[20]

Software companies have developed PDA programs to meet the instructional

needs of educational institutions, such as dictionaries, thesauri, word

processing software, encyclopedias, and digital lesson planners.

Recreational uses

PDAs may be used by music enthusiasts to play a variety of music file formats.

Many PDAs include the functionality of an MP3 player.

Road rally enthusiasts can use PDAs to calculate distance, speed, and time. This

information may be used for navigation, or the PDA's GPS functions can be

used for navigation.

Underwater divers can use PDAs to plan breathing gas mixtures

and decompression schedules using software such as "V-Planner."

As of today, any smartphone can do this as well.

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HANDHELD GAME CONSOLE

Current 8th generation handhelds ,Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita.

A handheld game console is a lightweight, portable electronic device with a

built-in screen, game controls, and speakers .[1] Handheld game consoles are

smaller than home video game consoles and contain the console, screen,

speakers, and controls in one unit, allowing people to carry them and play them

at any time or place .[2][3]

In 1977, Mattel introduced the first handheld electronic game with the release

of Auto Race .[4] Later, several companies including Coleco and Milton

Bradley made their own single-game, lightweight table-top or handheld

electronic game devices .[5] The oldest true handheld game console with

interchangeable cartridges is the Milton Bradley Microvision in 1979 .[6]

Nintendo is credited with popularizing the handheld console concept with the

release of the Game Boy in 1989[3]

and as of 2014 continues to dominate thehandheld console marke t[7] with their Nintendo 2DS and 3DS systems .[8]

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Atari Lynx

Atari Lynx

In 1987, Epyx created the Handy Game; a device that would turn into the Atari

Lynx in 1989. It was the first color handheld console ever made, as well as thefirst with a backlit screen. It also featured networking support with up to 17

other players, and advanced hardware that allowed the zooming and scaling of

sprites. The Lynx could also be turned upside down to accommodate left-

handed players. However, all these features came at a very high price point,

which drove consumers to seek cheaper alternatives. The Lynx was also very

unwieldy, consumed batteries very quickly, and lacked the third-party supportenjoyed by its competitors. Due to its high price, short battery life, production

shortages, a dearth of compelling games, and Nintendo's aggressive marketing

campaign, and despite a redesign in 1991, the Lynx became a commercial

failure. Despite this, companies like Telegames helped to keep the system alive

long past its commercial relevance, and when new owner Hasbro released the

rights to develop for the public domain, independent developers like Songbird

have managed to release new commercial games for the system every year until

2004's Winter Games .

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TurboExpress

TurboExpress handheld

The TurboExpress was a portable version of the TurboGrafx, released in 1990

for $249.99 (the price was briefly raised to $299.99, soon dropped back to

$249.99, and by 1992 it was $199.99). Its Japanese equivalent was the PC

Engine GT.

It was the most advanced handheld of its time and could play allthe TurboGrafx-16' s games (which were on a small, credit-card sized media

called HuCards). It had a 66 mm (2.6 in.) screen, the same as the original Game

Boy, but in a much higher resolution. And could display 64 sprites at once, 16

per scanline, in 512 colors. Although the hardware could only handle 481

simultaneous colors. It had 64 kilobytes of RAM. The Turbo ran its two

6820 CPUs at 3.58 MHz in parallel.

The optional "TurboVision" TV tuner included RCA audio/video input,

allowing users to use TurboExpress as a video monitor. The "TurboLink"

allowed two-player play. Falcon , a flight simulator, included a "head-to-head"

dogfight mode that could only be accessed via TurboLink. However, very few

TG-16 games offered co-op play modes especially designed with the

TurboExpress in mind.

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Bitcorp Gamate

Gamate and game cards

The Bitcorp Gamate was the one of the first handheld game systems created in

response to the Nintendo Game Boy. It was released in Asia in 1990 and

distributed worldwide by 1991.

Like the Sega Game Gear, it was horizontal in orientation and like the Game

Boy, required 4 AA batteries. Unlike many later Game Boy clones, its internalcomponents were professionally assembled (no "glop-top" chips). Unfortunately

the system's fatal flaw was its screen. Even by the standards of the day, its

screen was rather difficult to use, suffering from similar motion blur problems

that were common complaints with the first generation Game Boys. Likely

because of this fact sales were quite poor, and Bitcorp closed by 1992. However

it has recently been discovered that new games continued to be published forthe Asian market, possibly as late as 1994. The total number of games released

for the system remains unknown.

Interestingly, Gamate games were designed for stereo sound, but the console

was only equipped with a mono speaker. To appreciate the full sound pallet, a

user must plug into the head phone jack. Doing so reveals very sophisticated

music.

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Sega Game Gear

Sega Game Gear

The Sega Game Gear was the third color handheld console, after the Lynx and

the TurboExpress. Released in Japan in 1990 and in North America and Europe

in 1991, it was based on the Sega Master System, which gave Sega the ability to

quickly create Game Gear games from its large library of games for the Master

System. While never reaching the level of success enjoyed by Nintendo, the

Sega Game Gear proved to be a fairly durable competitor, lasting longer than

any other Game Boy rivals.

While the Game Gear is most frequently seen in black or navy blue, it was also

released in a variety of additional colors: red, light blue, yellow, clear, and

violet. All of these variations were released in small quantities and frequently

only in the Asian market.

Following Sega's success with the Game Gear, they began development on a

successor during the early 1990s, which was intended to featurea touchscreen interface, many years before the Nintendo DS. However, such a

technology was very expensive at the time, and the handheld itself was

estimated to have cost around $289 were it to be released. Sega eventually

chose to shelve the idea and instead release the Sega Nomad, a handheld version

of the Mega Drive (Genesis), as the successor

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/handheld

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_PC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant

https://www.coursera.org/course/android

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_game_console