Page 1
Gunnar Heinsohn
Scythian Kurgans and the “Royal Tombs of Ur“
Materials for the identification of the “-3rd” millennium
“Royal Tombs” of Ur (Bible-fundamentalist date) as actually 1st millennium burials of
Scythians rulers (ancient Greek dates) who according to this author are known in the
cuneiform literature as the enigmatic Guti (Qutheans) who – according to ancient Greek
historiography – helped Iranian Medes and Mesopotamian Chaldaeans to destroy the -
8th/7th century Empire Assyrians with Ninos as greatest and Sharakos as last ruler who -
according to this author - are known in cuneiform as -23rd century (Bible-
fundamentalist dates) imperial “Old-Akkadians” with Naramsin as greatest and
Sharkalisharri as last ruler
Kandersteg / Switzerland
Symposium in honour of ALFRED DE GRAZIA
approaching his nineteeth anniversary
6 to 8 June 2009
Page 2
Approximate extent of East Iranian languages.
The 1st century BC is shown in orange
Page 3
Location of the ruins of Ur
Page 4
Herodotos of Halicarnassos [-5th century]: The History, Book 1; 74, 103 ff.
“A horde of the nomad Scythians / sought refuge in the land of the Medes. / Kyaxares /
who at first dealt well with these Scythians, being suppliants for his protection; and
esteeming them very highly he delivered boys to them to learn their speech and the art of
shooting with the bow. / Kyaxares / first banded the men of Asia into separate divisions,
that is to say, he first arrayed apart from one another the spearmen and the archers and the
horsemen. / And having gathered together all his subjects he marched upon Nineveh / And
when he had fought a battle with the Assyrians and had defeated them, while he was
sitting down before Nineveh there came upon him a great army of Scythians, and the
leader of them was Madyas the son of Protohyas, king of the Scythians. These had
invaded Asia / and / had come to the land of Media. / Then the Medes fought with the
Scythians, and having been worsted in the battle they lost their power, and the Scythians
obtained rule over all Asia. Thence they went on to invade Egypt; and when they were in
Syria which is called Palestine, Psammetichos king of Egypt met them; and by gifts and
entreaties he turned them from their purpose, so that they should not advance any further. /
For eight-and-twenty years then the Scythians were rulers of Asia. / Then Kyaxares
with the Medes, having invited the greater number of them to a banquet, made them drunk
and slew them; and thus the Medes recovered their power, and had rule over the same
nations as before; and they also took Nineveh / and made the Assyrians subject to them
excepting only the land of Babylon.”
Where are the remains of those Scythians in Mesopotamia?
Page 5
What would allow tombs that are Biblically dated around
-2600 to accomodate Scythian influence in the Near East
around -600? Ur„s stratigraphy!
• Conventional dates Evidence dates
• (Bible-fundamentalist before -300) (Tied to ancient Greek historiography)
Strata of
• Nippur Ur
• ______________________________________________________________________________________
• -300 2 (Hellenism) -300
• Hiatus of 300 to 1700 years
• -2000 3 (Old-Babylonians) Nebukadnezar wall (-600) -500/-400
• -2200/-2100 V (End of Old Akkad) Ur Nammu Mausoleum (UrIII) -600/-500
• -2600 to-2300 VII+VI SIS* 2 +1 (Royal Tombs**) -700/-600
• -2700 VIII SIS 3 -750/-700
• -2800 XI+X+IX SIS 8 to 4 -800/-750
• -3000 XIX+XIII+XII Flood layer -850/-800
• -4500 to -3000 XX-XV ----- -1000/-850
• * SIS= “Seal Impression Strata“ derived from pit in cemetery.
• ** Woolley dated tombs first to -3000 ff., later to -2600. Today they are dated as late as Ur III (-2100 ff.).
•• -Nammu tomb
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The so-called Royal Tombs of Ur
A total of about 1,850 burials were uncovered. Less than one percent, i.e.,
only 16 were described as untypical or "royal tombs" containing many valuable
artifacts, including the Standard of Ur. Most of the “royal tombs” were dated by Leonard
Woolley to about -2600. The finds included the unlooted tomb of a “queen” thought to be
Queen Shubad (Akkadian: Puabi) – the name is known from a cylinder seal found in the
tomb, although there were two other seals lacking names in the same tomb. The name
Shubad (Puabi) is not found in the “Sumerian” kinglist. Therefore, cautious scholars
merely call her “Lady Puabi”.
EARLY DYNASTIC I Ur (-2700 to -2600).
The Sumerian King List names eight antediluvian kings who supposedly reigned for tens
of thousands of years, but it is not known if these names have any historical basis. The
royal tombs of Ur contain the graves of a certain Mes-Kalam-dug as well as some
A-Kalam-dug, among others, that probably date to this period.
1st Dynasty of Ur (-2600 to -2370).
Epigraphic evidence, however, shows that these dynasties (and a dynasty at Mari) were all
contemporary and date to c. 2700–2600 B.C.E. Many rulers known from contemporary
inscriptions are not found in the King Lists.
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Surprising Discoveries and an Enigmatic Absence
-3rd millennium -2nd millennium -1st millennium
Bible-Fundamentalist Pseudo-Astronomical Ancient Greek
Date Sothic Date Date
Mesopotamian cuneiform texts Hittite cuneiform texts Greeks texts
______________________________________________________________________
Guti/Gutaens/Qutheans Gasga Scythians
Enigmatic + powerful Enigmatic + powerful Well known
troublemakers + con- troublemakers + troublemakers
querors of Mesopotamia conquerors of Anatolia + conquerors
of the Near East
that supposedlyleft no traces
in Akkadian
or Hittite texts.
Page 8
Ur in the “Sumerian” Kinglist [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr211.htm]
Lines 134-147:
In Urim, Mec-Ane-pada became king; he ruled for 80 years. Mec-ki-aj-Nanna (ms. P2+L2 has
instead: Mec-ki-aj-nuna), the son of Mec-Ane-pada, became king; he ruled for 36 (ms. P2+L2 has
instead: 30) years. Elulu ruled for (mss. L1+N1, P2+L2, P3+BT14 have:) 25 years. Balulu ruled for
(mss. L1+N1, P2+L2, P3+BT14 have:) 36 years. (mss. L1+N1, P2+L2 have:) 4 kings; they ruled for
(mss. L1+N1, P2+L2, P3+BT14 have:) 171 years. Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was
taken to Awan.
[The first dynasty is believed to have ended by an attack of Sargon of Akkad around 2340 BC. Not
much is known about the so-called second dynasty, when the city supposedly was in eclipse. Only
burials are attributed to “Ur II.” No “Sumerian” text counts the dynasties. Thus a 2nd dynasty is not
really attested for.]
Lines 341-354: [“Ur-III” Dynasty; actually IInd Dynasty]
In Urim, Ur-Namma became king; he ruled for 18 years. Culgi, the son of Ur-Namma, ruled for 46
(mss. Su3+Su4, TL have instead: 48) (ms. P5 has instead: 58) years. Amar-Suena, the son of Culgi,
ruled for 9 (ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: 25) years. Cu-Suen, the son of Amar-Suena, ruled for 9 (ms. P5
has instead: 7) (ms. Su1 has instead: 20 + X) (ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: 16) years. Ibbi-Suen, the son
of Cu-Suen, ruled for 24 (mss. P5, Su1 have instead: 25) (ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: 15) (ms. TL has
instead: 23 (?)) years. 4 kings; they ruled for 108 years (mss. J, P5, Su1, Su3+Su4 have instead: 5
kings; they ruled for (ms. P5 has:) 117 (ms. Su1 has instead: 120 + X) (ms. Su3+Su4 has instead:
123) years). Then Urim was defeated (ms. P5 has instead: Then the reign of Urim was abolished).
(ms. Su3+Su4 adds:) The very foundation of Sumer was torn out (?). The kingship was taken to Isin.
Page 9
Since there is no 2nd dynasty at Ur, it must have been the city‟s first dynasty that was
brought down by the „Old-Akkadians“ (-24th century; Bible-fundamentalist date.)
Since the ruthless Guti (Qutheans) helped the “Sumerians” to bring down the
Naramsin-“Old-Akkadians” in the -23rd century (Bible-fundamentalist date) like the
Scythians helped the Chaldaeans and the Medes to bring down the Ninos-Assyrians in
the -7th century (date of ancient Greek historiography), Guti/Qutheans=Scythians
must have had bases somewhere in Mesopotamia. After all, “for eight-and-twenty
years then the Scythians were rulers of Asia” (Herodotus).
The author claims, since 1988 (DIE SUMERER GAB ES NICHT), that one of these bases
must have been located at Ur before the emergence of its “IIIrd” dynasty (factually its
IInd dynasty) because one finds kurgan type graves with human sacrifices of vassals
and servants that are widely known from the realms of the Scythians. Therefore, the
“Royal” tombs of Ur should not only contain indigenous Mesopotamean artefacts but
also motifs and items influenced by the culture known from Guti/Quthean=Scythian
sites.
Thesis on “Royal Toms” Ur as a temporary -7th century Scythian base
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Who were the people buried in Ur‟s “Royal Tombs”?
The question still begs an answer!
“Who then were the people who received such rites?”
(P.R.S. Moorey, Ur of the Chaldees, Ithaca/NY, 1982, 89 f.)
“Many scholars have wrestled with the questions of who the people were
who were entitled to such extraordinary ritual attention in their death”
(Susan Pollock, Ancient Mesopotamia, Cambridge, 1999, 211.)
“Did the graves really contain remains of Sumerian royalty? /
The mortuary practices in the Royal Tombs are unparalleled
elsewhere in Mesopotamia, and they seem to have been an
aberration unique to Ur within Sumerian culture?”(Paul G. Bahn, The Archaeology Detectives, Lewes/East Sussex, 2001, 136 f.;
emphasis added.)
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Worn teeth of common “Sumerians” (eating grain with stone and sand debris)
versus
much better preserved teeth of people in the “Royal tombs” of Ur (eating meat?)
“I have never seen human teeth worn down to the degree found in the al-„Ubaid people
(in the vicinity of Ur, and older than the “Royal tombs”). In eight of them – four men
and four women – the upper incisors were worn down almost to the level of their
sockets / but caries was almost entirely absent. / Dr. Buxton reports the extreme degree
of wear to be seen in the teeth of the Kishites (“Sumerian” city of Kish) of the latter
part of the third millennium (slightly younger than the “Royal tombs” of Ur). /
In the Ur (“Royal tombs”) group – also much less tooth wear. / The wear, making all
allowances for the age of the individuals, was much less in men and women of Ur”
(Arthur Keith, “Report on the Human Remains”,
in Ur Excavations, vol. I, Oxford, 1927, 217 ff.
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Well known Rulers
without traces in Mesopotamia?
“For eight-and-twenty years then the SCYTHIANS were rulers of Asia”(HERODOTUS).
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Unknown (“Alien”) Rulers
Buried in the Royal Tombs of Ur:
“In Sumerian literature there was no hint of human sacrifice
forming part of a royal funeral, and such a practice was alien to
all known Sumerian tradition”
(Leonard WOOLLEY, The Excavations at Ur: A Record of Twelve
Years’ Work, NY, 1963, 78; emphasis added).
Page 13
A SYNOPSIS OF PARALLES BETWEEN
UR‟S “ROYAL TOMBS” AND SCYTHIAN KURGANS
Many of these parallels were first pointed out by
Charles GINENTHAL (Pillars of the Past, New York, 2003) in his defence of the
author‟s identification of the “Royal tombs” of Ur (Bible-fundamentalist date of
-2600) with tombs of Scythian princes dominating Mesopotamia in the -7th century
(dates of ancient Greek historiography).
See further Charles Ginenthal,
“Arguments of Straw: Dwardu Cardona and Pillars of the Past”, in The Velikovskyan,
Vol. VII, No. 1, 2006; Supplement 2007).
Page 14
Female Warrriors or Amazones with whetstones
in “Sumerian” Royal tombs as well as Scythian kurgans
“One grave, tomb 1054, left Wooley perplexed. / In the stone chamber itself was a host
of weapons, including a dagger at the side of the principal occupant. But there was one
hitch: Woolley determined that the remains were those of a woman. / Her skeleton was
found wearing a hair ribbon, two golden wreaths, and a gold pin, all typical for high-
status women. / A gold head piece and a dagger and whetstone at her waist was typical
for Sumerian men. / Also in the stone chamber were a bronze ax, dagger, and hatchet. /
Other researchers attribute these weapons to the male attendants in the room. But
McCaffrey notes that the attendants lack rings, weapons on their bodies, or any sign of
elite materials, suggesting that they were [sacrificed] servants.
(Andrew Lawler,“Ur‟s Xena: A Warrior Princess of Sumeria”, in Science, 5 August
2005: 868-869.)
“In this (Scythian grave) were two skeletons; the main burial was of a woman, but at
her feet lay the body of a young man of about eighteen years old. It was fairly rich. /
Next to her lay a bronze mirror. / To her left at the head end lay two iron spear points,
and / a smooth square plate that had been used as a whetstone. / Here is the grave of a
woman warrior of some social standing whose young male servant was killed to
accompany her on her death journey”
(Lynn Webster Wilde, On the Trail of the Women Warriors, New York, 2000, 47 f.)
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“Royal” tombs consisted of a vaulted or domed stone tomb chamber set at the bottom of
a deep pit, to which a sloped ramp going down some 5 meters provided access. The
principal body lay in the chamber, buried with substantial quantities of goods, sometimes
including a sled or wheeled vehicles pulled by oxen or equids. Personal and household
attendants lay in the tomb chamber with the deceased ruler or princess (lady, queen).
Leonard Woolley at Ur (1922)
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The “Sumerians” developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type
of roof. The tomb featured a vaulted chamber set at the bottom of a deep
"death pit";
“Sumerian” corbelled vault
“Royal tomb” at Ur (discovered 1927 by Woolley).
Principles of corbelled arch
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“Sumerian” corbelled vault
“Royal tomb” at Ur (discovered 1927 by Woolley).
Stairways leading to tomb chambers
Page 18
Later “Sumerian” corbelled vault tomb
ascribed to king Ur Nammu
(Ur III period; -21st century).
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Scythian corbelled vault tomb from
Kurgan Velyka Blyznytsia
(Ukraine, Taman Peninsula, -7th/-6th century; Ellen
Reeder, Scythian Gold, New York, 1999, 88.)
Page 20
Scythian corbelled vault from
Kurgan Koloba (Kul-Oba)
(Ukraine, Taman Peninsula, -7th/-6th
century; Gold der Skythen,
Neumuenster 1993, 110).
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Scythian sloped ramp into burial pit(E.D. Philipps, The Royal Hordes: Nomad Peoples of the Steppes, New York,
1965.)
Kurgan Construction
“A sloping trench of varying length had to be sunk in the virgin soil” (Tamara Talbot Rice, The Scythians, New York, 1957, 95.)
Page 22
“Sumerian” tent structure under vault of “Royal tombs
(no image):
“The top of the (corbelled) dome had been built over a centering
(temporary wooden framework) supported by stout beams
which ran right through the stone work”
(Sumer: Cities of Eden, Time-Life Books, 1993, 91)
Scythian tent structure under Kurgan Kostromskaja Stanica
(Gold der Skythen, Neumuenster 1993, 44.)
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PG 1237 “Royal Tomb”/Ur is known as the 'Great death
pit' because so many bodies were found. There were 74
bodies, 68 of them women.
“Sumerian” Tomb PG 1237 with
sacrificial victims
(“Royal Tombs” from “Ur I”).
British Museum.
Page 24
Scythian Kurgan tomb with sacrificial animals
(Kostromskaja Stanica; -7th/-6th century.
Gold der Skythen, Neumuenster 1993, 45)
Page 25
Scythian Kurgan tomb of high lady with sacrificial victims
(including young child (2), body guard (3), kitchen lady (4), and
coach man (5). From Tolstaja Mogila; -350)
(Veronique Schiltz, Die Skythen und andere Steppenvoelker,
Muenchen 1994, 367)
Page 26
“Sumerian” Tomb PG 800 with sacrificial
victims (“Royal Tombs” from “Ur I”). British
Museum
(www.mesopotamia.co.uk/tombs/explore/exp
_set.html)
Page 27
„Sumerian“ cart and men with typical helmets/caps
and coats
“Royal Standard” from a “Royal tomb”; -2600
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„Sumerian“ cart from “Royal tomb” (-2600)
Page 29
„Sumerian“ ox drawn cart from “Royal tomb” (-2600)
Page 30
Scythian cart (-600)
Frank Tippet, The First Horsemen, New York, 1974
Page 31
„Sumerian“ men with typical helmets/caps
“Royal Standard” from a “Royal tomb”; -2600
Page 32
Scythian men with typical caps and coats
Darius Palace at Persepolis
-500 (Veronique Schiltz, Die Skythen und andere Steppenvoelker, Muenchen 1994, 367)
Page 33
Close up to preceding frieze
Darius Palace at Persepolis
Page 34
Scythian warriors with typical helmets/caps Kul-Oba (Koloba) Kurgan
(decoration on golden bowl from -4th century; Veronique Schiltz, Die Skythen und andere
Steppenvoelker, Muenchen 1994, 173).
„Sumerian“ warriors “Royal Standard”. Ur “Royal tombs”. Modern toy reconstruction.
Page 35
Scythian warrior (fighting a Greek knight)
with typical helmet/cap.
Gold der Skythen, 97
Page 36
The Sumerian craftsmanship with wood, stone, ivory, semi-precious stones and, above all,
gold was astonishing. The evidence is before us at the British Museum in London, the
University Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and, nearer its origins, at the Baghdad
Museum in Iraq. Gold cups, helmets, bracelets, garlands and chains of delicate workmanship
are now on display that reveal an exceptional understanding of how to exploit gold's
malleability, ductility and resilience. "Sumerian jewellery fulfilled practically all the
functions which were to occur during the course of history," the jewellery historian Guido
Gregorietti observed. "In fact, there were more different types of jewellery than there are
today."
The treasures reveal how well the Sumerian goldsmiths understood working with gold. They
used different alloys and cast cold either solid or hollow ornaments. Using the lost-wax
technique, they chased veins on leaves or grooves on beads. Jugs or cups could be beaten into
shape from a flat sheet of gold, using sophisticated heat treatment. They beat gold into thin
foil or ribbon. "Sumerian work is flavoured with amazing sophistication … delicacy of touch,
fluency of line, a general elegance of conception," wrote jewellery expert Graham Hughes.
"All suggest that the goldsmiths' craft emerged almost fully fledged in early Mesopotamia."
[http://info.goldavenue.com/info_site/in_arts/in_civ/in_civ_sumer.html]
The Miracle of the way too early skills of
“Sumerian” goldsmiths
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“Sumerian” Gold Work
“Sumerian” Ceremonial dagger
“Looking at this remarkable ceremonial dagger it is hard to believe it was made
about 4000 years ago. The blade was made of gold, its shaft of blue lapis lazuli
decorated with gold. The dagger does not look like any of the other Sumerian art;
therefore, it is hard to believe it was made there. It actually looks more like Islamic
art with its fine decorations; in fact an expert once took it to be Arab work of the
thirteenth century CE.” (Woolley, Excavations, 60).
Page 38
Scythian dagger V-IV c. B.C.
Gold der Skythen, 223
Page 39
“Sumerian” Artwork
Silver Head of a Lion or Panther, ca. 2650-2550 B.C.
Silver, lapis lazuli and shell (11 cm height, 12 cm width)
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and
Anthropology.
Page 40
Scythian Panther (gold)
Scythian shield emblem in the form of a panther
700-650 BC.
Page 41
Scythian Artwork
Semi-cylindrical hollowed object of uncertain purpose (part of a throne?) with lion-head
terminals and a pair of ram heads on each side with an ovoid knob between them. The semi-
cylindrical surface is divided into rectangles and triangles to form fields for amber inlay.
Parts of the knobs are granulated and inlaid with amber. Gold and amber. 19.2 cm. long.
Kelermes. VII-VI c. B.C.
Page 42
“Sumerian” Jewellery
Lady (“Queen”) Shubad’s (Akkadian: Puabi) headdress
(diadem) composed of gold, lapis lazuli and carnelian. It,
along with several other pieces of jewellery, was also
excavated from the Royal Tombs. Notice the "flowers" or
"rosettes" on top of the headdress and how they are similar
to those on the ram's thicket and how they each have eight
points
Page 43
Oversized “Sumerian” Jewellery
Headdress of the Lady Shubad (Akkadian:
Puabi), ca. 2650-2550 B.C.
Gold, lapis lazuli and carnelian (36 cm height of
comb, 2.7 cm diameter of hair rings, 11 cm
diameter of earrings). University of Pennsylvania
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
The headdress is much wider than a female skull.
For this oversized jewellery to fit a woman
comfortably her had would have to be twice the
normal width and height of a woman’s head.
To not fall on the woman‟s shoulders it must
“have been supported by padding or (an
enormous) whig” (University of Pennsylvania
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology,
photo caption.)
Page 44
“Wealthy Scythian women, it seems, were literally covered in gold from head to toe,
wearing such items as a headdress covered in 243 gold plaques depicting gorgon
heads, rosettes, lotuses and palmettes, a dress decorated with gold plates showing
various fantastical scenes, and shoes also appliqued in gold. A rare depiction of a
Scythian woman, on a golden diadem excavated one hundred years ago, is probably
of the principal Scythian deity, Tabiti (cat. #40). Here she holds a mirror, objects
frequently found in women's burials throughout Central Asia (several bronze
examples are in this exhibit), and is surrounded by men playing instruments and
participating in ritual drinking.”
Gold of the Nomads. Brooklyn Museum of Art
October 13, 2000 - January 21, 2001
[http://www.athenapub.com/8goldnom.htm]
Page 45
Oversized Scythian Jewellery
Royal crown, Tillia Tepe (Afghanistan). -1st century.
The headdress is much wider than a female skull. For this oversized
jewellery to fit a woman comfortably her had would have to be twice the
normal width and height of a woman’s head.
Therefore they are “mounted on leather or red felt, to carved wooden
crowns or sculptured leather castles”
(Tamara Talbot Rice, The Scythians, New York, 1957, 145.)
Page 46
Scythian wooden crown as base for
oversized headdress jewellery
Gold der Skythen, 159
Page 47
“Sumerian” Jewellery
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and
Anthropology Wreath (Mesopotamian, ca. 2650-2550 B.C.).
Found in the "Great Death Pit" at Ur. Gold, lapis lazuli and
carnelian. L. 42.7 cm.
Page 48
“Sumerian” Jewellery
Gold foil and faience diadems
from Lady Pu-abi’s tomb, Ur, c.
2500 bc. (British Museum).
Page 49
Scythian Jewellery
Necklace (goldfoil) from
Chertomlyk/Karagodeaushkh/Kekuvatski
Page 50
“Sumerian” Jewellery
University of Pennsylvania Museum of
Archaeology and Anthropology
Wreath (Mesopotamian, ca. 2650-2550 B.C.).
Found in Puabi's death pit at Ur. Gold, lapis lazuli
and carnelian. L. 40 cm.
This wreath of gemstones
Page 51
Scythian Jewellery
Gold foil Ryzhanovka Kurgan necklace (Ukraine)
[www.uj.edu.pl/IRO/NEWSLET/IRC9/Chochorowski.html]
Page 52
“Sumerian” Jewellery with rosettes (-2600)
Part the jewellery of Queen Shubad (Akkadian: Puabi)
recoved from the Royal Tombs. The first two are decorated
"Spanish" combs while the third is a rosette pin. All of the
"flowers" or "rosettes" appear to be similar.
Page 53
Scythian Jewellery with rosettes
Scythian Diadem in the shape of a broad band
ornamented with flowers and rosettes alternating with
figurines of birds. There is an amber inlay in the central
rosette. The band has wire loops at the ends.
Gold. 66.8 cm. long, 7.2 cm. wide; Kelermes.VII-VI c.
B.C.
Page 54
Scythian Jewellery with rosettes
Gold foil Ryzhanovka Kurgan necklace (Ukraine)
[www.uj.edu.pl/IRO/NEWSLET/IRC9/Chochorowski.h
tml]
Page 55
Scythian Jewellery with rosettes
PECTORAL (Catalogue #172). Mid-4th c., Gold,
enamel
from Tovsta Mohyla, near Ordzhonikidze,
Dnipropetrovs'ka Oblast'.
UKRAINE.
Page 56
„Sumerian“ goat nibbling leafs
University of Pennsylvania Museum of
Archaeology and Anthropology
UR I “Ram in the Thicket” (“-2500”)
Page 57
„Sumerian“ goat nibbling leafs
British Museum: UR I “Ram in the Thicket”
(“-2500”)
Page 58
Scythian goats nibbling leafs
Relief animal desigh of an ceremonial hatchet.
Gold. 72 cm. long. Kelermes. VII-VI c. B.C.
Page 59
„Sumerian“ antithetic goats nibbling
leafs.
Royal Tombs Ur (-2600).
Carved from shell and highlighted with
bitumen.
(http://joseph_berrigan.tripod.com/ancientba
bylon/id13.html)
Scythian antithetic goats
(Veronique Schiltz, Die Skythen
und andere Steppenvoelker,
Muenchen 1994, 305)
Page 60
Scythian antithetic goats nibbling leafs
Lower part of an ceremonial hatchet handle.
Figures of goats standing on their hind legs
on either side of of a sacred tree.
Gold. 16.5 cm. diam., 9.7 cm. high.
Kelermes. VII-VI c. B.C.
Page 61
Scythian gold
Amphora with mouflon-shaped handles,
Achaemenid, 5th century B.C.. Filippovka,
kurgan 1, treasure pit 2. Gold; 9 x 7 1/8 in.
(23 x 18.1 cm). Archaeological Museum,
Ufa.
Page 62
„Sumerian“ Panther/Lioness-Eagle-Stag image (right)
Just as in Sumerian and Scythian (left) mythology, in
Hungarian mythology, the stag is also seen as a
mystical being with magical powers and whose role
was to indicate the will of god and to guide the
Hungarians accordingly.
[http://www.hunmagyar.org/mondak/stag.html]
Page 63
“Sumerian” Winged Panther/Lion-Headed Eagle
(“Imdugud”?) and Stags.
Sheets of copper on wood and bitumen.
Temple at Tell al-Ubaid (near Ur; -2900 to -2350).
Height 1.07. From the Early Dynastic. This copper
frieze was found in the temple at Ubaid, presumably to
be placed over the doorway. The panel has been cast in
high relief, with the heads of the three beasts cast
separately. Note that the head of the eagle breaks out of
the border of the frieze.
Page 64
Scythian winged panther
from -5th century
(Gold der Skythen, 85)
Page 65
“Sumerian” antithetic winged
panthers with snake caduceus.
Scythian antithetic panthers
(Veronique Schiltz, Die Skythen
und andere Steppenvoelker,
Muenchen 1994, 113)
Page 66
Scythian winged panthers
(Veronique Schiltz, Die
Skythen und andere
Steppenvoelker, Muenchen
1994, 304)
Page 67
“Sumerian” antithetic stags Ubaid near Ur; -2900 to -2350
Scythian antithetic stags
Belt buckle from Koban / Northern Ossetia. -1st century (Gold der Skythen, 41)
Page 68
Scythian Bronze Bridle Plaque in the Form of a
Resting Stag
Mid 5th century BC .Bronze . 4.7 x 4.7 cm . Krasnodar
region, Kuban area.
Seven Brothers burial mound
Page 69
Scythian stag with incised lion
[Kuloba/Kuloba/Kostromskaya]
Page 70
Scythian Stags
Left: 4th century B.C., Filippovka, kurgan 1, burial entryway.
Wood, gold, silver, and bronze; 19 1/4 x 11 3/8 x 15 3/8 in. (51 x 30 x 41 cm)
Archaeological Museum, Ufa.
Right: 4th century B.C., Filippovka, kurgan I, treasure pit 1.
Wood, gold, and silver; 16 1/8 x 8 1/2 in. (42 x 20 cm), H. of antlers 8 7/8 in. (22.5 cm).
Archaeological Museum, Ufa.
Page 71
Scythian Man-Panther-Stag
Pazyryk phase (5th-3rd Centuries B.C.).
Page 72
Scythian stag (Pazyryk; leather)(-450 to -250)
(Veronique Schiltz, Die Skythen und andere Steppenvoelker, Muenchen 1994, 276)
Page 73
“Sumerian” whig helmet
Electrotype replica of the gold 'Mes-Kalam-Dug' whig helmet from Ur.
Early Dynastic III, 2600 BC. 1 (The British Museum; original in the Iraq
Museum, Baghdad).
Page 74
Scythian gold work
Page 75
Scythian golden helmet
Kurgan Perederiewa Mogila - Donezk(Veronique Schiltz, Die Skythen und andere Steppenvoelker, Muenchen, 1994, 377)
Page 76
Scythian golden helmet
Kurhan Ak-Burun (-4th century)(Gold der Skythen, 129)
Page 77
Helmet (mask)
Thraco-Getian whig helmet from Scythia
Minor
(-7th c.; Constanta/Romania)
Page 78
Thraco-Getian whig helmet from
Scythia Minor
(-7th c.; Constanta/Romania)
Page 79
Scythia Minor (today: Dobruja in Romania and Bulgaria on the Black Sea)
Page 80
“Sumerian” Great Lyre with
scenes in trapezoid sections
from the "King's Grave" (front
panel) (Mesopotamian, ca.
2650-2550 B.C.). Shell and
bitumen. H. 33 cm.
© University of Pennsylvania
Museum of Archaeology and
Anthropology
Page 81
Scythian mirror back with scenes in
triangular sections
The back view of a round silver mirror with
raised edge and the ends of a two-pronged
handle in the center. The design has been
impressed on the gold leaf which covers the
whole of this side.
Silver and gold leaf. 17 cm. diam. Kelermes
VII-VI c. B.C.
Page 82
Scythian antithetic panthers/lions
Veronique Schiltz, Die Skythen und
andere Steppenvoelker, Muenchen
1994, 113
Page 83
Scythian antithetic motifVeronique Schiltz, Die Skythen und andere Steppenvoelker, Muenchen 1994, 113
Page 84
University of Pennsylvania Museum of
Archaeology and Anthropology
“Sumerian” Tumbler (Mesopotamian,
ca. 2650-2550 B.C.). Found in Puabi's
death pit at Ur. Electrum. H. 15.2 cm.
Page 85
University of Pennsylvania Museum of
Archaeology and Anthropology
“Sumerian” Tumbler (detail:
bottom) (Mesopotamian, ca. 2650-
2550 B.C.). Found in Puabi's death pit
at Ur. Electrum. H. 15.2 cm.
Page 86
Bottom of Scythian gold Bowl
Gold Bowl (detail: bottom)
Kelemes. VII-VI c. B.C.
(Gold der Skythen, 51)
Page 87
“Sumerian“ Gold
“Royal Tomb“ golden dishes
Page 88
Scythian gold
Amphora with antithetic mouflon-
shaped handles, Achaemenid, 5th
century B.C.. Filippovka, kurgan 1,
treasure pit 2. Gold; 9 x 7 1/8 in. (23 x
18.1 cm). Archaeological Museum,
Ufa.
Page 89
“Sumerian“ Gold
British Museum
Page 90
„Sumerian“ Gold
British Museum
Scythian Gold Cup
Iran, 4th - 3rd centuries BC
Page 91
“Sumerian” Lion Kill (with prey animal on its back)
Cosmetic Box with Inlaid Lid. Silver, lapis lazuli, shell.
H: 3.5 cm; Dm: across lid 6.4 cm. Early Dynasty IIIA,
about 2750 BC. University of Penns
Scythian Lion Kill (with prey animal
on its back)
(Veronique Schiltz, Die Skythen und
andere Steppenvoelker, Muenchen
1994, 148).
Page 92
Scythian Lion Kill (with prey animal placed on its back)
(Veronique Schiltz, Die Skythen und andere Steppenvoelker,
Muenchen 1994, 307)