Guide To Harvard Referencing For Tourism Students

Guide to Harvard referencing for Tourism students

James Kennell November 2009

Why reference?

To acknowledge the debt you owe to other people whose ideas have helped you to produce your own work

To show that you have carried out research and that your work is based on more than your own opinion

To play your part in the community of tourism knowledge-makers

Because it is a university regulation!

What system of referencing do we use?

We use the Harvard system This is sometimes called the ‘author,

date’ method because of the way you write your references in this system

Many universities and colleges use this system, but not all. So even if you have learnt about referencing before, you will need to make sure you are doing it correctly at Greenwich

How to reference...

No-one is born knowing how to reference.

It is a skill that you can learn so, You will need to practice and, Sometimes you will get it wrong, but You WILL get better at it!

The rules

The first rule of referencing club is...

“Follow the rules!”

The second rule of referencing club is...

“Always have a copy of the rules with you when you are writing or

researching”

Following the rules

The next slides you will see cover the rules for referencing that you need to follow when you are researching and writing

There is a template for each kind of referencing and an example from the tourism field

If you find something that you can’t work out how to reference, ask a member of staff and we will always help you!

An important distinction

You need to know the difference between direct and indirect quotation.

Direct – this is where you use the exact words of your source. You place them in “...” marks and copy them directly.

Indirect – this is where you use someone else’s ideas or findings, but write them up in your own words

Direct and indirect quotation

Whether you are copying someone’s words (direct) or making use of their ideas (indirect), you must ALWAYS include a reference

This does not just cover words, but also tables, figures, images, graphs, charts, data...everything that came from someone else’s work!

Your reference list (or bibiliography)

As well as providing in-text references, you must also list all the sources you have used in producing your work, in a list at the end of your work.

You should put all your sources together, in one list

You should list your sources alphabetically, by the author’s surname

In these slides, you will see how to produce the full references for all your sources, so that you can include them in this list

How to reference...Books (1) In your text (after the quotation)

(Author, date) – indirect quotation (Author, date: page number) – direct quotation

Examples Tourist spaces are areas of contention and

potential conflict (Franquesa & Morrell 2007). Generally, coastal resorts have been under-

researched, despite being the “main tourism destination for many holidaymakers” (Agarwal & Shaw 2007: 1).

How to reference...Books (2)

In your reference list Author surname, first initial (year) Book

Title, Publisher’s Location: Publisher Examples

Smith, M. (2003) Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies, London: Routledge

Urry, J. (2002) The Tourist Gaze 2nd ed., London: Sage

How to reference...Chapters in edited collections

In your text: Use the name of the author of the chapter you are

using and follow the rules for books In your reference list

Author surname, first initial (year) ‘title of chapter’ in Editor surname, first initial (ed). Title of Book, Publisher’s Location: Publisher, chapter pages

Example Gale, T. (2007) 'The Problems and Dilemmas of

Northern European Post-mature Coastal Tourism Resorts' in Agarwarl, S. & Shaw, G. (ed) Managing Coastal Tourism Resorts: A Global Perspective, Clevedon: Channel View Publications, pp. 21-39

How to reference...Journal articles

In your text Follow the same rules as for books (are you

seeing a pattern yet?)

In your reference list Author surname, first initial. (year) ‘Title of

Article’ in Title of Journal, Volume number, Issue Number, pages of the article

Example▪ Agarawal, S. (2005) 'Global-Local Interactions in

English Tourist Resorts: Theoretical Perspectives' in Tourism Geographies, Vol. 7, No.4, pp.351-372

How to reference...websites

In your text Follow the same rules as for books DO NOT give the web address

This will cause you three problems:1. Identifying the author2. Identifying the year3. Identifying the page

How to reference...websites (2)

Identifying the author: Sometimes this will be easy.▪ If it is written by a named journalist▪ An individual is highlighted on the website as

having produced that information Often this will be more difficult▪ If you can’t see an author’s name...▪ Use the name of the organisation who have

produced the website

How to reference...websites (3)

Identifying the year If there is no date on the information you

are using....or, If there is no ‘updated on’ information on

the website...then, Use the date that you accessed the site

How to reference...websites (3) Identifying the page

This should be the title of the webpage you are using

This could be the title given to a piece of information – like the title of a news story, for example

Or it could be an overall title, like ‘home page’ or ‘about us’

If in doubt, look at the top of your browser window – the title of the page will always come up there.

How to reference...websites (4) Referencing in your text

Tourism development in Folkestone is based around a creative quarter (Creative Foundation 2009)

In your reference list Author (year) ‘Title of page’ [online]Available from: web addressDate you accessed this source

Example Creative Foundation (2009) 'The regeneration story‘

[online] available from: http://www.creativefoundation.org.uk/regeneration.html

Accessed 21st April 2009

Some final thoughts...

Not everything that you want to include in your sources will fit into the categories of books, journals and websites

BUT – there is a method for referencing every kind of source material, including video, radio, magazines, podcasts and even graffiti!

This resource will be updated every time one of you requests information about how to reference something new, so...

If you want advice on how to produce a reference for something that isn’t covered in these slides then email me...

[email protected]

I will post updated versions of these slides when you contact me with queries, and I’ll email you all to let you know!

The final, final thought....

You can’t learn perfect referencing overnight and it’s not the most exciting thing in the world (as if you needed telling...), but learning how to do it well will help you to improve your grades and show everyone that your ideas are well researched and worth listening to!