Gross and Habitual Neglect of Duties cases

8/16/2019 Gross and Habitual Neglect of Duties cases

1/34

GROSS AND HABITUAL NEGLECT OF DUTIES

CITIBANK, N.A v. GATCHALIAN

G.R. No. 111222

January 18, 1!

FACTS"

#$%&%&on$r 'an( r$)$&v$* %+&r%yon$ -1/ a00&)a%&on 3ro4 a$5$* A#BCI $40oy$$ 3or

%+$ &uan)$ o3 C&%&'an( )r$*&% )ar*, 0o0uary (no6n a 7a%$r)ar*. A C&%&'an( $40oy$$

v$r&3&$* 'y 0+on$ %+$ *a%a 6+&)+ a00$ar$* on %+$ a00&)a%&on 3or4. I% 6a For$n)$ $r$n*&a, a

$)r$%ary o3 %+$ A#BCI G$n$ra 7ana5$r, 6+o an6$r$* %+$ )+$)( )a. T+$ a00&)a%&on 6$r$

%+$n a00rov$* an* %+$ )orr$0on*&n5 n$6 an* un&5n$* )r$*&% )ar* 6$r$ &u$*. #$%&%&on$r

'an(9 0o&)y & 3or n$6 an* un&5n$* )r$*&% )ar* %o '$ r$$a$* ony %o %+$ )ar*+o*$r)on)$rn$* or %+$&r *uy au%+or&:$* r$0r$$n%a%&v$. Ho6$v$r, a C&%&'an( $40oy$$ 4ay +&4$3

%a($ *$&v$ry o3 n$6 an* un&5n$* )r$*&% )ar* a3%$r a))o40&+&n5 a Car* #uOu% R$;u$%

For4 6+$r$&n %+$ $40oy$$ au4$ %+$ r$0on&'&&%y o3 *$&v$r&n5 %+$ a4$ %o %+$ )ar*+o*$r

)on)$rn$*.

T$r$&%a Su0na*, an $40oy$$ o3 0$%&%&on$r 'an( an* For$n)$ $r$n*&a, %oo( *$&v$ry o3

1 )r$*&% )ar* &u$* &n %+$ na4$ o3 %+$ a&* a$5$* A#BCI )r$*&% a00&)an%. On %+$ o%+$r

+an*, on ! $0ara%$ o))a&on, r$0on*$n% Lon&o 0$ronay 0&)($* u0 %+$ n$6y a00rov$* an*

un&5n$* )r$*&% )ar* &u$* %o %+$ o%+$r < a$5$* A#BCI $40oy$$ an* *$&v$r$* %+$4 %o

$r$n*&a.

In Juy 12, 0$%&%&on$r 'an( *&)ov$r$* %+a% %+$ )r$*&% )ar* a00&)a%&on o3 %+$ a$5$*

A#BCI $40oy$$ 6$r$ 3&)%&%&ou. #$r r$0or% o3 %+$ #N#Cr&4$ La'ora%ory, Su0na* an*

$r$n*&a 3a&3&$* %+$ &5na%ur$ o3 %+$ a$5$*

a00&)an%. 2 A3%$r 5$%%&n5 %+$ )r$*&% )ar*, %+$ %6o u$* %+$4 %o 0ur)+a$ 5oo* an* ava& o3

$rv&)$ 3ro4 a))r$*&%$* )o44$r)&a $%a'&+4$n% 6or%+ 4or$ %+an #2==,===.==. #$%&%&on$r

'an( r$;u&r$* r$0on*$n% Lon&o %o $>0a&n. In +$r r$0y, Lon&o a*4&%%$* +$ 0$ronay

0&)($* u0 < )r$*&%. S+$ a$5$*y 6an%$* %o +$0 %+$ 'an( *$&v$r ?3a%, )o40$%$n% an* 0ro'$4

3r$$ $rv&)$ %o )&$n%.? S+$ *&)a&4$* (no6$*5$ %+a% %+$ A#BCI a00&)an% 6$r$ 3&)%&%&ou. S+$ao *$n&$* 0ar%&)&0a%&on &n %+$ 3rau*u$n% u$ o3 a&* )r$*&% )ar*.

On Nov$4'$r 1, 12, %+$ )o44&%%$$ r$)o44$n*$* %+$ %$r4&na%&on o3 r$0on*$n%9

$40oy4$n% 6&%+ %+$ 'an( 3or o o3 %ru% an* )on3&*$n)$ an* 5ro n$5&5$n)$. #$%&%&on$r 'an(

a*o0%$* %+$ )o44&%%$$9 r$)o44$n*a%&on an* no%&3&$* r$0on*$n% o3 +$r &44$*&a%$

*&4&a. T+$ 'an( ao %$r4&na%$* %+$ $rv&)$ o3 Su0na*. In a**&%&on, &% 3&$* a )a$ 3or $%a3a


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%+rou5+ 3a&3&)a%&on o3 0r&va%$@)o44$r)&a *o)u4$n% a5a&n% 'o%+ Su0na* an* $r$n*&a.

#uruan% %o %+$&r $>&%&n5 Co$)%&v$ Bar5a&n&n5 A5r$$4$n%, 0$%&%&on$r 'an( an* r$0on*$n%

un&on r$3$rr$* Lon&o9 *&4&a %o %+$ Gr&$van)$ 7a)+&n$ry 'u% %+$ a%%$r 3a&$* %o r$ov$ %+$

)on%rov$ry. A a n$>% %$0, %+$ 0ar%&$ u'4&%%$* %+$ )a$ 3or r$ou%&on %o voun%ary ar'&%ra%or

Dr. Jo$ C. Ga%)+a&an. On %+$ 'a& o3 %+$ r$)or* an* %+$ $v&*$n)$ 0r$$n%$* 'y 0$%&%&on$r 'an(,

voun%ary ar'&%ra%or Dr. Ga%)+a&an r$n*$r$* a *$)&&on or*$r&n5 %+$ r$&n%a%$4$n% o3 r$0on*$n%

Lon&o 6&%+ou% 0ay4$n% o3 'a)(6a5$.

ISSUE" +$%+$r or no% r$0on*$n% & 5u&%y o3 5ro n$5&5$n)$

RULING"

R$0on*$n% ar'&%ra%or 5rav$y a'u$* +& *&)r$%&on &n 3&n*&n5 %+a% Lon&o *&* no%

)o44&% 5ro n$5&5$n)$ &n %+$ 0$r3or4an)$ o3 +$r *u%y. Gro n$5&5$n)$ &40&$ a 6an% or

a'$n)$ o3 or 3a&ur$ %o $>$r)&$ &5+% )ar$ or *&&5$n)$, or %+$ $n%&r$ a'$n)$ o3 )ar$. I% $v&n)$ a

%+ou5+%$ *&r$5ar* o3 )on$;u$n)$ 6&%+ou% $>$r%&n5 any $33or% %o avo&* %+$4.

A o3 %+$ a)% an* o4&&on o3 r$0on*$n% Lon&o 6$r$ &n 0a%$n% v&oa%&on o3 0$%&%&on$r

'an(9 0o&)y %+a% an $40oy$$ 4ay %a($ *$&v$ry o3 n$6y a00rov$* an* unu$* )r$*&% )ar*

&u$* &n ano%+$r9 na4$, 'u% &n *o&n5 o, +$@+$ au4$ %+$ r$0on&'&&%y o3 *$&v$r&n5 %+$

)r$*&% )ar* %o %+$ )ar*+o*$r )on)$rn$* or %o %+$ a%%$r9 *uy au%+or&:$* r$0r$$n%a%&v$.

$ ao ru$ %+a% r$0on*$n% Lon&o9 n$5&5$n)$ & 'o%+ 5ro an* +a'&%ua. I% 6a

0rov$* %+a% +$ 0&)($* u0 %+$ n$6y a00rov$* )r$*&% )ar* on 3&v$ -!/ $0ara%$ o))a&on an*

*$&v$r$* %+$ a4$ %o $r$n*&a an* %+$ a%%$r9 4$$n5$r. C$r%a&ny, %+$$ r$0$%&%&v$ a)% an*

o4&&on '$0$a( o3 +a'&%ua&%y.

R$0on*$n% Lon&o9 $40oy4$n% $rv&)$ 3or %6$n%y%6o -22/ y$ar 6ou* no%, 'y &%$3,

4&%&5a%$ +$r n$5&5$n)$, $0$)&ay &n v&$6 o3 %+$ u'%an%&a o &n)urr$* 'y 0$%&%&on$r 'an(. A

)orr$)%y 0o&n%$* ou% 'y r$0on*$n% voun%ary ar'&%ra%or" T+$ Un&on9 )a&4 3or )o40a&ona%$

u%&)$ on E4y9 22 y$ar o3 $rv&)$ an* a 3&r% o33$n*$r 4$r&% )an% )on&*$ra%&on. T+$ on5$r an

$40oy$-$/ %ay &n %+$ $rv&)$ o3 %+$ )o40any, %+$ 5r$a%$r & +& r$0on&'&&%y 3or (no6$*5$

an* )o40&an)$ 6&%+ %+$ nor4 o3 )on*u)%, an* %+$ )o*$ o3 *&)&0&n$ o3 %+$ )o40any. . .


3/34



4/34


ALIAO v. COURT OF A##EALS

G.R. No. 121

Juy =, 2==

FACTS"

On January 18, 1, 0$%&%&on$r 6a a'$n% 3ro4 6or( 6&%+ou% 0$r4&&on or no%&)$ %o +&

&44$*&a%$ u0$r&or. I% %urn$* ou% %+a% +$ 6$n% %o Ba)oo* C&%y an* 6a on$ o3 %+o$ arr$%$*

*ur&n5 a ra&* &n %+$ +ou$ o3 on$ ?To%o Ru&:,? a u0$)%$* *ru5 0u+$r an* 6a 'rou5+% %o %+$

Ba)oo* #o&)$ S%a%&on aon5 6&%+ 3our -/ o%+$r u0$)%. #$%&%&on$r 6a a($* %o $>0a&n 6&%+&n2 +our 6+y +$ +ou* no% '$ %$r4&na%$* a a r$u% o3 %+$ ra&* an* %+$ )+ar5$ a5a&n% +&4 3or

v&oa%&on o3 R$0. A)% No. 2! a a4$n*$*. #$%&%&on$r a$5$*y 6a no% a'$ %o an6$r

&44$*&a%$y &n)$ +$ 6a &n a& an* r$)$&v$* a&* 4$4oran*u4 ony on January =, 1,

a%+ou5+ +& 6&3$ +a* $ar&$r r$)$&v$* %+$ 4$4oran*u4 on January 28, 1. On January 2,

1, %+$ 0$%&%&on$r 6a *&4&$* 3or 3a&ur$ %o an6$r a&* 4$4oran*u4.

On F$'ruary 1, 1, %+$ 0$%&%&on$r 6ro%$ %o %+$ #r$&*$n% o3 NC $>0a&n&n5 +& &*$

an* a(&n5 3or *u$ 0ro)$. NC )an)$$* &% No%&)$ o3 T$r4&na%&on an* 5ran%$* %+$ 0$%&%&on$r

r$;u$%. T+$ 0$%&%&on$r 6a %+$n 0a)$* un*$r 0r$v$n%&v$ u0$n&on an* an &nv$%&5a%&on

)o44&%%$$ 6a or5an&:$* %o )on*u)% %+$ 0ro'$.

A no%&)$ o3 +$ar&n5@&nv$%&5a%&on 6a $n% %o %+$ 0$%&%&on$r. A3%$r %+$ &nv$%&5a%&on

a%%$n*$* 'y %+$ 0$%&%&on$r an* +& )oun$, %+$ &nv$%&5a%&on )o44&%%$$ r$)o44$n*$* %+$

*&4&a o3 0$%&%&on$r. A no%&)$ o3 %$r4&na%&on 6a %+$n $n% %o 0$%&%&on$r &n3or4&n5 +&4 o3 +&

%$r4&na%&on 3ro4 %+$ $rv&)$ 3or $r&ou 4&)on*u)% an* 5ro an* +a'&%ua n$5$)% o3 *u%y. T+$

0$%&%&on$r r$)$&v$* %+$ no%&)$ 'u% *&* no% 3&$ a 5r&$van)$ )on)$rn&n5 %+$ no%&)$ o3 %$r4&na%&on.


5/34


#$%&%&on$r 3&$* a Co40a&n% a5a&n% NC 3or &$5a u0$n&on, &$5a *&4&a,

'a)(6a5$, aary *&33$r$n%&a 3or aary &n)r$a$ an* o%+$r '$n$3&% 5ran%$* a3%$r +& *&4&a

a 6$ a 3or 4ora an* $>$40ary *a4a5$ an* a%%orn$y 3$$. In &% An6$r, NC a$5$*

%+a% 0$%&%&on$r 6a *&4&$* on )+ar5$ o3 $r&ou 4&)on*u)%, an* 5ro an* 6&3u n$5$)% o3

*u%y.

A3%$r *u$ 0ro)$$*&n5, %+$ La'or Ar'&%$r 3oun* no u%&3&a'$ r$aon %o 0a)$ %+$

0$%&%&on$r un*$r 0r$v$n%&v$ u0$n&on a %+$r$ 6a no $r&ou or &44&n$n% %+r$a% %o %+$ &3$ or

0ro0$r%y o3 +& $40oy$r or )o6or($r. Ho6$v$r, %+$ La'or Ar'&%$r 3oun* %+$ *&4&a o3 %+$

0$%&%&on$r 3ro4 NC %o '$ va&* *u$ %o a'$n%$$&4 an* %ar*&n$. T+$ La'or Ar'&%$r +$* %+a%

3r$;u$n% a'$n%$$&4 an* %ar*&n$ o3 %+$ 0$%&%&on$r )on%&%u%$* no% ony 6&3u *&o'$*&$n)$ 'u%

ao 5ro an* +a'&%ua n$5$)% o3 *u%&$, 6+&)+ ar$ va&* 5roun* 3or %$r4&na%&on o3 $40oy4$n%.

H$ %r$$* %+a% %+$ 0$%&%&on$r 3r$;u$n% a'$n)$ 6&%+ou% 0ro0$r $av$ o3 a'$n)$ 6a no% ony

un3a&r %o NC an* %+$ 0$%&%&on$r )o$40oy$$ 'u% ao $% an un*$&ra'$ $>a40$ %o %+$

$40oy$$ un*$r +& u0$rv&&on, )on&*$r&n5 %+a% %+$ 0$%&%&on$r 6a no% a 4$r$ ran(an*3&$$40oy$$ 'u% on$ 6+o o6$* 4or$ %+an %+$ uua 3$a%y %o %+$ or5an&:a%&on.

On a00$a %o %+$ NLRC, %+$ a%%$r a33&r4$* %+$ *$)&&on o3 %+$ La'or Ar'&%$r, u%a&n$*

%+$ a%%$r 3&n*&n5 o3 3a)%, an* 4a*$ &% o6n 3&n*&n5 on %+$ a00r$+$n&on o3 %+$ 0$%&%&on$r 3or

0o$&on o3 0ro+&'&%$* *ru5. #$%&%&on$r %+$n 3&$* a #$%&%&on 3or C$r%&orar& un*$r Ru$ ! '$3or$

%+$ Cour% o3 A00$a 'u% %+& 6a *&4&$* 3or a)( o3 4$r&%

ISSUE" +$%+$r or no% %+$ 0$%&%&on$r 6a va&*y *&4&$* 3ro4 $40oy4$n% on %+$ 5roun* o3 $r&ou 4&)on*u)% an* 5ro +a'&%ua n$5$)% o3 *u%&$, &n)u*&n5 +a'&%ua %ar*&n$ an*

a'$n%$$&4.

RULING"

#$%&%&on$r *&4&a 3ro4 $40oy4$n% & va&* an* u%&3&$*. For an $40oy$$

*&4&a %o '$ va&*, -a/ %+$ *&4&a 4u% '$ 3or a va&* )au$ an* -'/ %+$ $40oy$$ 4u% '$

a33or*$* *u$ 0ro)$. S$r&ou 4&)on*u)% an* +a'&%ua n$5$)% o3 *u%&$ ar$ a4on5 %+$ u%)au$ 3or %$r4&na%&n5 an $40oy$$ un*$r %+$ La'or Co*$ o3 %+$ #+&&00&n$. Gro n$5&5$n)$

)onno%$ 6an% o3 )ar$ &n %+$ 0$r3or4an)$ o3 on$ *u%&$. Ha'&%ua n$5$)% &40&$ r$0$a%$*

3a&ur$ %o 0$r3or4 on$ *u%&$ 3or a 0$r&o* o3 %&4$, *$0$n*&n5 u0on %+$ )&r)u4%an)$. T+$

La'or Ar'&%$r 3&n*&n5 %+a% 0$%&%&on$r +a'&%ua a'$n%$$&4 an* %ar*&n$ )on%&%u%$ 5ro an*

+a'&%ua n$5$)% o3 *u%&$ %+a% u%&3&$* +& %$r4&na%&on o3 $40oy4$n% ar$ u33&)&$n%y u00or%$*

'y $v&*$n)$ on r$)or*. #$%&%&on$r r$0$a%$* a)% o3 a'$n)$ 6&%+ou% $av$ an* +& 3r$;u$n%


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%ar*&n$ r$3$)% +& &n*&33$r$n% a%%&%u*$ %o an* a)( o3 4o%&va%&on &n +& 6or(. 7or$ &40or%an%y,

+& r$0$a%$* an* +a'&%ua &n3ra)%&on, )o44&%%$* *$0&%$ $v$ra 6arn&n5, )on%&%u%$ 5ro

4&)on*u)% un$>0$)%$* 3ro4 an $40oy$$ o3 0$%&%&on$r %a%ur$. T+& Cour% +a +$* %+a%

+a'&%ua a'$n%$$&4 6&%+ou% $av$ )on%&%u%$ 5ro n$5&5$n)$ an* & u33&)&$n% %o u%&3y

%$r4&na%&on o3 an $40oy$$.

N$$*$ %o ay, o &rr$0on&'$ an $40oy$$ &($ 0$%&%&on$r *o$ no% *$$rv$ a 0a)$ &n

%+$ 6or(0a)$, an* &% & 6&%+&n %+$ 4ana5$4$n% 0r$ro5a%&v$ o3 NC %o %$r4&na%$ +&

$40oy4$n%. Ev$n a %+$ a6 & o&)&%ou o3 %+$ 6$3ar$ o3 $40oy$$, &% 4u% ao 0ro%$)% %+$

r&5+% o3 an $40oy$r %o $>$r)&$ 6+a% ar$ )$ary 4ana5$4$n% 0r$ro5a%&v$. A on5 a %+$

)o40any $>$r)&$ o3 %+o$ r&5+% an* 0r$ro5a%&v$ & &n 5oo* 3a&%+ %o a*van)$ &% &n%$r$% an* no%

3or %+$ 0ur0o$ o3 *$3$a%&n5 or )&r)u4v$n%&n5 %+$ r&5+% o3 $40oy$$ un*$r %+$ a6 or va&*

a5r$$4$n%, u)+ $>$r)&$ 6& '$ u0+$*.

ORIENT E#RESS #LACE7ENT #HILI##INES v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS

CO77ISSION

G.R. No. 11


7/34


Jun$ 11, 1<

FACTS"

An%on&o For$ 6a +&r$* a )ran$ o0$ra%or 6&%+ a 4on%+y aary o3 US!==.==

-SR1,==/ 3or 1 y$ar, u'$)% %o a 4on%+ 0ro'a%&onary 0$r&o*, 'y Or&$n% E>0r$ #a)$4$n%

#+&&00&n$ &n '$+a3 o3 &% 3or$&5n 0r&n)&0a Na*r&)o Sau*& L&4&%$* -NADRICO/. Ho6$v$r, a3%$r

ony on$ -1/ 4on%+ an* 3&v$ -!/ *ay &n Sau*& Ara'&a, For$ 6a r$0a%r&a%$* %o %+$ #+&&00&n$.

Con$;u$n%y, +$ 3&$* a )o40a&n% 6&%+ %+$ #+&&00&n$ Ov$r$a E40oy4$n% A*4&n&%ra%&on

-#OEA/ 3or +av&n5 '$$n %$r4&na%$* 3ro4 6or( 3or no va&* r$aon. ORIENT E#RESS an*

NADRICO )oun%$r$* %+a% For$ 6a %$r4&na%$* 3or 0oor o' 0$r3or4an)$ a +o6n &n

+& #$r3or4an)$ Evaua%&on S+$$% *a%$* 7ay 11 an* 3or +& un)oo0$ra%&v$ 6or( a%%&%u*$.

On 1 Juy 12 %+$ #OEA r$n*$r$* a *$)&&on &n 3avor o3 )o40a&nan% +o*&n5 %+a%

6+$n %+$ 5roun* &nvo($* 3or %+$ *&4&a o3 an $40oy$$ 6a &n)o40$%$n)y or 0oor o'

0$r3or4an)$ &% 4u% '$ +o6n %+a% %+$ r$aona'$ %an*ar* o3 6or( 0r$)r&'$* 'y %+$ $40oy$r

6$r$ 4a*$ (no6n %o %+$ $40oy$$ an* %+a% %+$ $%%$r 3a&$* %o )on3or4 %o u)+ %an*ar*. In %+$

)a$ o3 r$0on*$n% For$, &% 6a o'$rv$* %+a% n$&%+$r ORIENT E#RESS nor NADRICO

0o&n%$* ou% %+$ r$aona'$ %an*ar* o3 6or( r$;u&r$* o3 For$ 'y 6+&)+ +& &n)o40$%$n)y 6a

a*u*5$* 4u)+ $ *&* %+$y 0$)&3y +o6 %+$ a%%$r 3a&$* %o &v$ u0 %o u)+ r$aona'$

%an*ar*. H$n)$, +& *&4&a 6a un6arran%$*. A a )on$;u$n)$, ORIENT E#RESS an*

NADRICO 6$r$ or*$r$* o&n%y an* $v$ray %o 0ay r$0on*$n% An%on&o F. For$ %+$ u4 o3

US!,1. or &% 0$o $;u&va$n% r$0r$$n%&n5 aar&$ 3or %+$ un$>0&r$* 0or%&on o3 %+$)on%ra)%.

T+$ Na%&ona La'or R$a%&on Co44&&on -NLRC/ a33&r4$* %+$ #OEA *$)&&on on

a00$a. In a**&%&on, &% ru$* %+a% %+$ *$&5na%&on o3 For$ a 3oor4an &n%$a* o3 )ran$ o0$ra%or

3or 6+&)+ +$ 6a +&r$* v&oa%$* +& $40oy4$n% )on%ra)%. T+$ NLRC )on)u*$* %+a% &n)$ For$

n$v$r 6or($* a )ran$ o0$ra%or, +& 3or$&5n $40oy$r )ou* no% +av$ o'$rv$* an* a$$* +&

0$r3or4an)$ a u)+ an* %+$n )o4$ u0 6&%+ a 0$r3or4an)$ $vaua%&on +$$%, $0$)&ay

)on&*$r&n5 +& )on&%$n% )a&4 %+a% +$ 6a 4a*$ %o 6or( a 3oor4an &n%$a*. A 4o%&on 3or

r$)on&*$ra%&on 3&$* 'y ORIENT E#RESS an* NADRICO 6a u'$;u$n%y *$n&$*.

ISSUE" +$%+$r or no% %+$ *&4&a & va&*

RULING"

T+$ $rv&)$ o3 an $40oy$$ +&r$* on a 0ro'a%&onary 'a& 4ay '$ %$r4&na%$* 6+$n +$

3a& %o ;ua&3y a a r$5uar $40oy$$ &n a))or*an)$ 6&%+ r$aona'$ %an*ar* 4a*$ (no6n 'y


8/34


%+$ $40oy$r %o %+$ $40oy$$ a% %+$ %&4$ o3 +& $n5a5$4$n%. An%on&o *&4&a )anno% '$

u%a&n$* on %+& 5roun* '$)au$ Or&$n% E>0r$ 3a&$* %o 0$)&3y %+$ r$aona'$ %an*ar* 'y

6+&)+ An%on&o a$5$* 0oor 0$r3or4an)$ 6a $vaua%$*, 4u)+ $ %o 0rov$ %+a% u)+ %an*ar*

6$r$ 4a*$ (no6n %o +&4 a% %+$ %&4$ o3 +& r$)ru&%4$n%.

No %an*ar* 6+a%o$v$r 'y 6+&)+ u)+ 0ro'a%&onary 0$r&o* )ou* '$ +ur*$* 6a

0$)&3&$* an* 4a*$ (no6n %o +&4. Du$ 0ro)$ *&)%a%$ %+a% an $40oy$$ '$ a00r&$* '$3or$+an*

o3 %+$ )on*&%&on o3 +& $40oy4$n% an* o3 %+$ %$r4 o3 a*van)$4$n% %+$r$&n. #r$)&$y, &40&)&%

&n Ar%. 281 o3 %+$ Co*$ & %+$ r$;u&r$4$n% %+a% r$aona'$ %an*ar* '$ 0r$v&ouy 4a*$ (no6n

'y %+$ $40oy$r %o %+$ 0ro'a%&onary $40oy$$a% %+$ %&4$ o3 +& $n5a5$4$n%, a )orr$)%y

u55$%$* 'y %+$ #OEA. O'v&ouy, u)+ an $$n%&a r$;u&r$4$n% 6a no% 4$% 'y 0$%&%&on$r,

$v$n au4&n5 %+a% For$9 a$5$* una%&3a)%ory 0$r3or4an)$ 6a %ru$. B$&*$, una%&3a)%ory

0$r3or4an)$ & no% on$ o3 %+$ u% )au$ 3or *&4&a un*$r %+$ La'or Co*$.


9/34


A.7. ORETA CO., INC., v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS CO77ISSION

G.R. No.


10/34


ISSUE" +$%+$r r$0on*$n% Grua 6a &$5ay %$r4&na%$* 'y 0$%&%&on$r

RULING"

T+$ a$5$* 5roun* o3 una%&3a)%ory 0$r3or4an)$ r$&$* u0on 'y 0$%&%&on$r 3or

*&4&&n5 r$0on*$n% Grua & no% on$ o3 %+$ u% )au$ 3or *&4&a 0rov&*$* &n %+$ La'or

Co*$. N$&%+$r & &% &n)u*$* a4on5 %+$ 5roun* 3or %$r4&na%&on o3 $40oy4$n% un*$r Ar%&)$ II

o3 %+$ )on%ra)% o3 $40oy4$n% $>$)u%$* 'y 0$%&%&on$r )o40any an* r$0on*$n% Grua. 7or$ov$r,

0$%&%&on$r +a 3a&$* %o +o6 0roo3 o3 %+$ 0ar%&)uar a)% or o4&&on )on%&%u%&n5 %+$

una%&3a)%ory 0$r3or4an)$ o3 Grua o3 +& *u%&$, 6+&)+ 6a a$5$*y *u$ %o +& 0oor 0+y&)a

%a%$ a3%$r %+$ a))&*$n%.

In v&$6 o3 %+$ 3or$5o&n5, %+$ *&4&a o3 r$0on*$n% Grua v&oa%$* %+$ $)ur&%y o3

%$nur$ un*$r %+$ )on%ra)% o3 $40oy4$n% 6+&)+ 0$)&3&)ay 0rov&*$ %+a% %+$ )on%ra)% %$r4 +a

'$ 3or a 0$r&o* o3 %6$v$ -12/ )a$n*ar 4on%+. Con$;u$n%y %+$ r$0on*$n% Grua +ou* '$

0a&* +& aary 3or %+$ un$>0&r$* 0or%&on o3 +& )on%ra)% o3 $40oy4$n% 6+&)+ & %$n -1=/ 4on%+.

FLORES v. FUNERARIA NUESTRO

G.R. No. L8=

A0r& 1!, 188

FACTS"

#$%&%&on$r 0ou$ H$r4&n&o an* H$r4&n&a For$ +a* 6or($* 3or r$0on*$n% For%una%o

Nu$%ro &n +& 3un$ra 0aror (no6n a Fun$rar&a Nu$%ro &n)$ Jun$, 1


11/34


H$r4&n&o For$ an* r$0on*$n% For%una%o Nu$%ro +a* an a%$r)a%&on, *ur&n5 6+&)+ %+$

3or4$r 6a 0+y&)ay aau%$* 'y %+$ a%%$r an* u33$r$* a 0un)%ur$* 6oun* on %+$ o6$r an*

an a'ra&on &n %+$ )a0uar r$5&on -L/. H$r4&n&o 6a %r$a%$* a% %+$ Ba%aan #rov&n)&a Ho0&%a

an* u'$;u$n%y, +$ 3&$* an a)%&on 3or &5+% 0+y&)a &nur&$ a5a&n% %+$ r$0on*$n%, 6+&)+ 6a

*o)($%$* a Cr&4&na Ca$ No. 22 o3 %+$ 7un&)&0a Cour% o3 #&ar, Ba%aan. R$0on*$n%,

+o6$v$r, )a&4$* %+a% +$ 4$r$y +ov$* %+$ ar4 o3 H$r4&n&o 6+$n %+$ a%%$r 0o&n%$* a 3&n5$r a%

+&4 an* u%%$r$* a'u&v$ r$4ar( a5a&n% +&4. A a r$u% o3 %+$ &n)&*$n% an* 3$ar&n5 3or +&

a3$%y, 0$%&%&on$r H$r4&n&o For$, %o5$%+$r 6&%+ +& 3a4&y, 6a )o40$$* %o va)a%$ +& &v&n5

;uar%$r a% %+$ 3un$ra 0aror an* +a* %o $$( 0ro%$)%&on 3ro4 %+$ In%$5ra%$* Na%&ona #o&)$ o3

#&ar, Ba%aan.

On Nov$4'$r 1!, 182, 0$%&%&on$r 3&$* a )o40a&n% a5a&n% r$0on*$n% 3or &$5a

*&4&a, un*$r0ay4$n% o3 &v&n5 ao6an)$, non0ay4$n% o3 3&v$ -!/ *ay &n)$n%&v$ $av$ an*

non0ay4$n% o3 ov$r%&4$ )o40$na%&on. T+$ r$0on*$n% *$n&$* %+$ $>&%$n)$ o3 $40oy$r

$40oy$$ r$a%&on 6&%+ %+$ 0$%&%&on$r an* 3ur%+$r a$5$* %+a% &n any $v$n% %+$ 0$%&%&on$r +a*a'an*on$* %+$&r 6or( on O)%o'$r =, 182.

On 7ay 2,18, La'or Ar'&%$r F$*$r&)o B$rnar*o r$n*$r$* a *$)&&on 3&n*&n5 %+a% no

$40oy$r$40oy$$ r$a%&on+&0 $>&%$* '$%6$$n %+$ 0ar%&$ an* *&4&&n5 %+$ )o40a&n%. H$

+$* %+a% H$r4&n&o For$ 6a 4$r$y a )on%ra)%ua 6or($r 0a&* on a 0&$)$6or( 'a&, 6+&$

H$r4&n&a For$ 6a a *o4$%&) +$0$r an* %+a% on O)%o'$r =, 182, %+$y a'an*on$* %+$&r

6or(. On a00$a, %+$ Na%&ona La'or R$a%&on Co44&&on, 6+&$ +o*&n5 %+a% an $40oy$r

$40oy$$ r$a%&on+&0 $>&%$* '$%6$$n %+$ 0ar%&$, 3oun* %+a% %+$ 0$%&%&on$r +a* a'an*on$* %+$&r

6or(, %+u 0r$)u*&n5 %+$4 3ro4 $$(&n5 r$&n%a%$4$n% 6&%+ 'a)(6a5$. Ho6$v$r, %+$

Co44&&on or*$r$* r$0on*$n% %o 0ay %+$ 0$%&%&on$r %+$&r &v&n5 ao6an)$ 3ro4 O)%o'$r 18=un%& O)%o'$r 182 6+$n %+$ $40oy4$n% r$a%&on 6$r$ $v$r$*.

ISSUE" +$%+$r or no% 0$%&%&on$r a'an*on$* %+$&r 6or(

RULING"

In 3&n*&n5 %+$ *&%an)$ o3 an $40oy$r$40oy$$ r$a%&on+&0 '$%6$$n r$0on*$n% an*

0$%&%&on$r, %+$ NLRC )o44&%%$* no 5rav$ a'u$ o3 *&)r$%&on. T+a% %+$ r$0on*$n% +a*

r$5&%$r$* %+$ 0$%&%&on$r 6&%+ %+$ So)&a S$)ur&%y Sy%$4 & 0roo3 %+a% %+$y 6$r$ &n*$$* +&

$40oy$$. T+$ )ov$ra5$ o3 So)&a S$)ur&%y La6 & 0r$*&)a%$* on %+$ $>&%$n)$ o3 an $40oy$r

$40oy$$ r$a%&on+&0. Ho6$v$r, %+$ ru&n5 o3 %+$ NLRC %+a% 0$%&%&on$r +a* a'an*on$* %+$&r

$40oy4$n% %o '$ )on%rary %o %+$ $v&*$n)$. To )on%&%u%$ a'an*on4$n%, %+$r$ 4u% '$ a )$ar an*


12/34


*$&'$ra%$ &n%$n% %o *&)on%&nu$ on$9 $40oy4$n% 6&%+ou% any &n%$n%&on o3 r$%urn&n5 'a)( . 2 T+$

r$)or* +o6 %+a% 0$%&%&on$r 6$r$ ony )o40$$* %o $av$ %+$ 0r$4&$, 6+&)+ %+$y r$5ar*$* a

%+$&r +o4$, 6+$n %+$ r$0on*$n% &n3&)%$* 0+y&)a &nur&$ u0on 0$%&%&on$r H$r4&n&o For$.

A00ar$n%y, 6+a% %+$y +a* 5&v$n u0 6a ony %+$&r 0a)$ o3 r$&*$n)$ 'u% no% %+$&r o'. T+$

&44$*&a%$ 3&&n5 o3 a )o40a&n% 3or &$5a *&4&a a5a&n% r$0on*$n% 6&%+ a 0ray$r 3or

r$&n%a%$4$n% +o6 %+a% 0$%&%&on$r 6$r$ no% a'an*on&n5 %+$&r 6or(.

Ho6$v$r, %+$ )&r)u4%an)$ &n %+& )a$ 4a($ %+$ r$&n%a%$4$n% o3 0$%&%&on$r no on5$r

3$a&'$ any 0o&'$ )on3ron%a%&on '$%6$$n %+$ 0ar%&$ &n v&$6 o3 %+$&r ar$a*y %ra&n$*

r$a%&on+&0 +ou* '$ avo&*$*.


13/34


SHOE7ART, INC v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS CO77ISSION

G.R. No.


14/34


ISSUE" +$%+$r or no% %+$ *$n&a o3 *u$ 0ro)$ un*$r %+$ )&r)u4%an)$ o3 %+& )a$ 4a($ %+$

*&4&a 3or u% )au$ o ar'&%rary an* &$5a a %o 6arran% r$&n%a%$4$n% an* 0ay4$n% o3

'a)(6a5$

RULING"

+&$ &% a00$ar %+a% S+o$4ar% 3a&$* %o o'$rv$ *u$ 0ro)$ &n %+$ %$r4&na%&on o3

Sor&ano9 $40oy4$n%, %+$ )$ary a00ar$n% )on)u&on &n %+& )a$ & %+a% r$0on*$n% Sor&ano &

no% $n%&r$y 6&%+ou% 3au%. S+$ 6a 5roy r$4& &n +$r *u%&$ %o6ar* +$r $40oy$r, a +o6n 'y

+$r 3r$;u$n%, 0roon5$* an* un$>0a&n$* a'$n)$. S+$ 6a &n%$r4&%%$n%y a'$n% 3ro4

S$0%$4'$r =, 181 %o O)%o'$r 1, 181 an* 3ro4 O)%o'$r 21, 181 un%& %+$ 0r$$n% )o40a&n%

3or &$5a *&4&a 6a 3&$* on O)%o'$r


15/34


AS#HALT AND CE7ENT #AERS INC v. LEOGARDO

G.R. No. L


16/34


6&%+ou% $av$ an* 5&v&n5 +&4 %+r$$ -/ *ay %o r$0y. H$ *&* no% r$0y. On S$0%$4'$r 2!,1


17/34


)$ary 4an&3$%$* +& &n%$n%&on %o a'an*on +& o' &n 3avor o3 $40oy4$n% 6&%+ Su0$r

S%ru)%ur$, In). 3or a +&5+$r aary.

F&nay, %+$ 3a)% %+a% San Juan 3&$* +& )o40a&n% %+$ *ay a3%$r +$ 6a &n3or4$* %+a% +$

6a *&4&$* n$5a%$ %+$ )a&4 %+a% +$ +a* a'an*on$* +& 6or(. I% & a r$)o5n&:$* 0r&n)&0$ %+a%

a'an*on4$n% o3 6or( 'y an $40oy$$ & &n)on&%$n% 6&%+ %+$ &44$*&a%$ 3&&n5 o3 a )o40a&n%

3or &$5a *&4&a, 3or &% & &o5&)a 3or an $40oy$$ %o a'an*on +& 6or( an* %+$n &44$*&a%$y

$$( r$&n%a%$4$n%. #$%&%&on$r 3a&$* %o 0rov$ u% )au$ 3or +& *&4&a. In 3a)%, &% 3a&$* %o

0r$$n% any $v&*$n)$ %+a% 6ou* u00or% a 3&n*&n5 o3 a'an*on4$n% o3 6or(.

#$%&%&on$r A0+a% an* C$4$n% #av$r, In). & or*$r$* %o r$&n%a%$ 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n%

Lor$%o San Juan %o +& 0r$v&ou 0o&%&on 6&%+ou% o o3 $n&or&%y r&5+% 6&%+ 'a)(6a5$ 3or a

0$r&o* o3 y$ar 6&%+ou% ;ua&3&)a%&on or *$*u)%&on. S+ou* r$&n%a%$4$n% no on5$r '$ 3$a&'$,

0$%&%&on$r & or*$r$* %o 0ay, &n a**&%&on %o 'a)(6a5$, $0ara%&on 0ay a 0rov&*$* 'y a6. T+$

*&4&a o3 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% I5na)&o &a3u$r%$ 'y 0$%&%&on$r & u0+$*.


18/34


EG#TAIR an* SAED EAT v. NLRC

G.R. No. L18!

F$'ruary 2)u$* a'$n)$, I 6&+ %o &n3or4 you %+a%

you ar$ r$&5n$* 3ro4 %+$ )o40any $33$)%&v$ 7ay , 1


19/34


ISSUE" +$%+$r or no% %+$r$ & a'an*on4$n% o3 6or(

RULING"

$ ar$ 'oun* 'y %+$ 3&n*&n5 o3 'o%+ %+$ a'or ar'&%$r an* %+$ NLRC %+a% Jo$0+ *&* no%

a'an*on +& o' 3ro4 January 2, 1


20/34


I% 6a *&)o$* %+a% 0$%&%&on$r a)%$* ar'&%rar&y, unu%&3&a'y an* 6&%+ou% any r$aon a%

a, Pan*Q +$ 6a %$r4&na%$* 3ro4 +& $40oy4$n% )on%rary %o %+$ 0rov&&on o3 Ar%&)$ 28 o3 %+$

La'or Co*$, a a4$n*$* 'y B.#. 1=. #r&va%$ r$0on*$n%Q +a '$$n &n %+$ $40oy 3or 3our y$ar

an* 3our 4on%+ o3 6+&)+ +$ +a '$$n r$n*$r&n5 3a&%+3u $rv&)$ an* 3oo6&n5 %+$ ru$ an*

r$5ua%&on o3 %+$ )o40any an* &n 3a)% +ou* +av$ '$$n 5&v$n 4or$ '$n$3&% %+a% ar$ n$)$ary

&n%$a* o3 %$r4&na%&n5 +& $40oy4$n%.

R&&n5 %o %+$&r *$3$n$, 0$%&%&on$r '$&$* %+$ a$5a%&on o3 %+$ 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n%. T+$y

)a&4$* %+a% 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% 6a no% &$5ay *&4&$* 3ro4 +& $40oy4$n% 'u% &% 6a +$

6+o +a a'an*on$* +& 6or(. An$n% %+$ &u$ o3 %$r4&na%&on, 3ro4 D$)$4'$r 2, 18 u0 %o

F$'ruary 2!, 1=, %+$ 0an% 6a no% &n 3u o0$ra%&on an* $40oy$$ *&r$)%y )onn$)%$* 6&%+ %+$

0an% &n)u*&n5 +$r$&n )o40a&nan% 6$r$ a*v&$* o3 %+$ +u%*o6n an* 6$r$ %o* no% %o r$0or% 3or

6or(. To 0rov$ %+a% 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% 6a no% %$r4&na%$* on January 2, 1= & %+$ 3a)% %+a% on

January 2, 1=, +$ $)ur$* an* 6a 5&v$n a )a+ a*van)$ o3 # *ay '$3or$ 0r&va%$

r$0on*$n% 6a 5&v$n %+$ a&* )a+ a*van)$.

Ano%+$r $v&*$n)$ %+a% 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% 6a no% *&4&$* & %+$ 3a)% %+a% 0$%&%&on$r

3or4ay a*v&$* +&4 %o r$0or% 3or 6or( on F$'ruary 2!, 1= . 6+&)+ 6a +an**$&v$r$* 'y

No& #a5&na6an. D$0&%$ '$&n5 a*v&$* %o r$0or% 3or 6or( 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% r$3u$*.

T+$ La'or Ar'&%$r )on)u*$* %+a% ?%+$ a$5a%&on %+a% &% 6a 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% 6+o +a*

a'an*on$* +& o' & '$&$* 'y %+$ 3a)% %+a% +$ &44$*&a%$y 3&$* +& )o40a&n% a3%$r +$ 6a

%$r4&na%$* 3ro4 +& 6or( on January 2, 1= an* %+a% %+$ r$0or%%o6or( $%%$r an* )a+a*van)$ &0 6$r$ *u'&ou, %+$ 3or4$r '$&n5 a 4$r$ a3%$r%+ou5+% an* %+$ a%%$r '$ar&n5 an

a$5$* 3or5$* &5na%ur$ o3 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n%. To%ay a5+a% ov$r %+$ *$)&&on o3 %+$ La'or

Ar'&%$r 6+&)+ %ru)( 0$%&%&on$r a 5roy )on%rary %o %+$ $v&*$n)$ 0r$$n%$* '$3or$ +&4,

0$%&%&on$r a00$a$* %o %+$ NLRC. Bu% %+$ NLRC *&* no% o'&5$. In%$a*, %+$ NLRC u0+$* %+$

3&n*&n5 o3 %+$ La'or Ar'&%$r.

ISSUE" +$%+$r or no% %+$r$ & a'an*on4$n% o3 6or(

RULING"

T+$ 0$%&%&on & &4'u$* 6&%+ 4$r&%. Un*$n&a'$ & %+$ ov$rr$&an)$ o3 'o%+ %+$ La'or

Ar'&%$r an* %+$ NLRC on %+$ no%&on %+a% %+$ 3&&n5 o3 a )o40a&n% 3or &$5a *&4&a &


21/34


&n)on&%$n% 6&%+ %+$ $40oy$r9 *$3$n$ o3 a'an*on4$n% 'y %+$ $40oy$$ o3 +& 6or(. +&$ %+$

'ur*$n o3 r$3u%&n5 a )o40a&n% 3or &$5a *&4&a & u0on %+$ $40oy$r, 3a&r 0ay a 6$

r$;u&r$ %+a%, 6+$r$ %+$ $40oy$r 0ro33$r u'%an%&a $v&*$n)$ o3 %+$ 3a)% %+a% &% +a* no%, &n %+$

3&r% 0a)$, %$r4&na%$* %+$ $40oy$$ 'u% &40y a&* +&4 o33 *u$ %o va&* r$aon, n$&%+$r %+$

La'or Ar'&%$r nor %+$ NLRC 4ay &40y &5nor$ u)+ $v&*$n)$ on %+$ 0r$%$>% %+a% %+$ $40oy$$

6ou* no% +av$ 3&$* %+$ )o40a&n% 3or &$5a *&4&a &3 +$ +a* no% &n*$$* '$$n *&4&$*. T+&

& )$ary a non $;u&%ur r$aon&n5 %+a% )an n$v$r va&*y %a($ %+$ 0a)$ o3 %+$ $v&*$n)$ o3 'o%+

%+$ $40oy$r an* %+$ $40oy$$.

T+$ La'or Ar'&%$r an* %+$ NLRC, &n%$a* o3 a% $a% r$v&$6&n5 6+a%$v$r )oun%$rva&&n5$v&*$n)$ 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% +a* v&av& 0$%&%&on$r9 a3or$*$)r&'$* *o)u4$n%ary 0roo3, &40y6$0% un*$r %+$ ru5 %+$ &u$ o3 ayo33 an* a'an*on4$n% o3 6or(, r$y&n5 a %+$y *&* on %+$$ar&$r 4$n%&on$* no%&on o3 %+$ &n)on&%$n)y '$%6$$n %+$ 3&&n5 o3 a )o40a&n% 3or &$5a*&4&a an* %+$ &n%$r0o&n5 o3 %+$ *$3$n$ o3 a'an*on4$n% 'y %+$ $40oy$$ o3 +& 6or(. T+$La'or Ar'&%$r an* %+$ NLRC & %+u 5u&%y o3 4&a00r$)&a%&n5 %+$ 3a)% an* r$n*$r&n5 u*54$n%

on *u'&ou 3a)%ua an* $5a 'a&. In o%+$r 6or*, +$r$&n aa&$* *$)&&on ar$ &u%ra%&v$ o3 a 0a%$n% )a$ o3 5rav$ a'u$ o3 *&)r$%&on.


22/34


SAJONAS v. NLRC

G.R. No. L28

7ar)+ 1!, 1=

FACTS"

So4$%&4$ &n %+$ 3&r% 6$$( o3 A0r&, 1


23/34


On %+$ )+ar5$ o3 una%&3a)%ory a%%$n*an)$ or +a'&%ua %ar*&n$, %+$r$ & no *&0u%$ %+a%

0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% +a* a %an*&n5 r$;u&r$4$n% %+a% a u0$rv&or an* *$%a&4$n o3 &% L$o

#+ar4a)$u%&)a *$0ar%4$n%, 6+&)+ &n)u*$ 0$%&%&on$r, +ou* r$0or% %o %+$ o33&)$ a% 8"== o9)o)(

&n %+$ 4orn&n5 'u%, a 3oun* 'y r$0on*$n% )o44&&on, %+& ru$ 6a +a'&%uay v&oa%$* 'y

0$%&%&on$r.

$ a5r$$ 6&%+ 0u'&) r$0on*$n% %+a% %+$ a)% o3 &nu'or*&na%&on, )ou0$* 6&%+ +a'&%ua

%ar*&n$, ar$ u33&)&$n% )au$ 3or 0$%&%&on$r9 *&4&a, $0$)&ay )on&*$r&n5 %+$ 3a)% %+a% %+$

$40oy$$ &nvov$* &n %+& )a$ 6$r$ no% 4$r$ ran( an* 3&$ $40oy$$ 'u% u0$rv&or 6+o

o6$* 4or$ %+an %+$ uua 3$a%y %o %+$ or5an&:a%&on an* 6$r$, %+$r$3or$, $>0$)%$* %o a*+$r$ %o &%

ru$ &n an $>$40ary 4ann$r. #$%&%&on$r *&* no% $v$n r$3$)% u0on an* )on&*$r %+$ un*$&ra'$

$>a40$ %+a% %+$y 6$r$ $%%&n5 %o %+o$ 6+o 6$r$ un*$r %+$&r u0$rv&&on.

RIAL E7#IRE INSURANCE GROU# v. NLRC

G.R. No.


24/34


4a*$ an &n0$)%or o3 %+$ F&r$ D&v&&on 6&%+ a 4on%+y aary o3 #8!.== 0u ao6an)$ an*

o%+$r '$n$3&%.

On O)%o'$r 1!, 18, 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% Ro5$&o R. Cor&a 6a *&4&$* 3ro4 6or(,

a$5$*y, on %+$ 5roun* o3 %ar*&n$ an* un$>)u$* a'$n)$. A))or*&n5y, +$ 3&$* a )o40a&n%

6&%+ %+$ 7&n&%ry o3 La'or an* E40oy4$n% -7OLE/, an* &n a D$)&&on *a%$* 7ar)+ 1, 18!,

La'or Ar'&%$r T$o*or&)o L. Ru&: r$&n%a%$* +&4 %o +& 0o&%&on 6&%+ 'a)( 6a5$. #$%&%&on$r 3&$*

an a00$a 6&%+ %+$ Na%&ona a'or R$a%&on Co44&&on -NLRC/ 'u%, &n a R$ou%&on *a%$*

Nov$4'$r 1!, 18!, %+$ a00$a 6a *&4&$* on %+$ 5roun* %+a% %+$ a4$ +a* '$$n 3&$* ou% o3

%&4$. H$n)$, %+$ &n%an% 0$%&%&on.

ISSUE" +$%+$r or no% r$0on*$n% 6a &$5ay *&4&$*

RULING"

T+$ R$v&$* Ru$ o3 %+$ Na%&ona La'or R$a%&on Co44&&on ar$ )$ar an* $>0&)&%

an* $av$ no roo4 3or &n%$r0r$%a%&on. 7or$ov$r, &% & an $$4$n%ary ru$ &n a*4&n&%ra%&v$ a6 %+a%

a*4&n&%ra%&v$ r$5ua%&on an* 0o&)&$ $na)%$* 'y a*4&n&%ra%&v$ 'o*&$ %o &n%$r0r$% %+$ a6

6+&)+ %+$y ar$ $n%ru%$* %o $n3or)$, +av$ %+$ 3or)$ o3 a6, an* ar$ $n%&%$* %o 5r$a% r$0$)%

-E0ano v. #+&&00&n$ $%$ran A*4&n&%ra%&on, 1< SCRA 1 P18!Q/.

Un*$r %+$ a'ov$;uo%$* 0rov&&on o3 %+$ R$v&$* NLRC Ru$, %+$ *$)&&on a00$a$* 3ro4 &n

%+& )a$ +a '$)o4$ 3&na an* $>$)u%ory an* )an no on5$r '$ u'$)% %o a00$a.

Ev$n on %+$ 4$r&%, %+$ ru&n5 o3 %+$ La'or Ar'&%$r a00$ar %o '$ )orr$)% %+$ )on&%$n%

0ro4o%&on &n ran( an* aary o3 %+$ 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% &n*&)a%$ +$ 4u% +av$ '$$n a +&5+y

$33&)&$n% 6or($r, 6+o +ou* '$ r$%a&n$* *$0&%$ o))a&ona a0$ &n 0un)%ua&%y an* a%%$n*an)$.

#$r3$)%&on )anno% a3%$r a '$ *$4an*$*. #$%&%&on & *&4&$*.

CANDO v. NLRC

G.R. No. 1


25/34


S$0%$4'$r 1, 1=

FACTS"

#$%&%&on$r 6a a $n&or *&%r&'u%&n5 )$r( &n F&&0&na Ban( an* a ran(&n5 o33&)$r o3 %+$

$40oy$$ un&on. In S$0%$4'$r 18, %+$ un&on *$)ar$* a %r&($ a5a&n% %+$ r$0on*$n% 'an(

6+&)+ a%$* aroun* a 4on%+. T+$r$a3%$r, %+$n 7&n&%$r o3 La'or Ba O0$ &u$* an or*$r

$no&n&n5 %+$ %r&($ an* *&r$)%&n5 %+$ %r&(&n5 6or($r %o r$%urn %o 6or(. Ina4u)+ a %+$ un&on

r$3u$* %o )o40y 6&%+ %+$ a&* or*$r, %+$ 7&n&%ry o3 La'or an* E40oy4$n% &u$* ano%+$r

or*$r *a%$* O)%o'$r 2, 18 &n%ru)%&n5 %+$ 6or($r %o r$%urn %o 6or( un*$r %+$ a4$ %$r4 an*

)on*&%&on o'%a&n&n5 '$3or$ %+$ %r&($. +&$ %+$ %r&(&n5 $40oy$$ 3oo6$* %+$ r$%urn%o6or(

or*$r, %+$ 0$%&%&on$r %& 3a&$* %o r$0or% 3or 6or(. H& a'$n)$ 6a %o a% 3or ;u&%$ o4$ %&4$.

T+$ 0$%&%&on$r 4ana5$* %o 3&$ an a00&)a%&on %o 5o on o33&)&a $av$ 3ro4 Nov$4'$r ! %o

21, 18. In 3&n$, +o6$v$r, +$ *&* no% r$0or% 3or 6or( 3ro4 O)%o'$r 2, 18 %o %+$ $n* o3

F$'ruary 18!a 0$r&o* o3 4or$ %+an 3our 4on%+. H& %&4$ )ar* 3or %+$ 4on%+ o3 D$)$4'$r

18 an* January 18! r$)&%$* $n%r&$ &($ ?un&on 4a%%$r? an* ?+$ar&n5.? H& %&4$ )ar* 3or

F$'ruary 18!, +o6$v$r, 6a *$vo&* o3 any $n%ry. A &n a, +& a'$n)$ 3ro4 O)%o'$r 2, 18

u0 %o %+$ $n* o3 F$'ruary 18! 6$r$ unau%+or&:$*, av$ 3or %+$ 'r&$3 0$r&o* )ov$r&n5 +&

a00&)a%&on %o 5o on o33&)&a $av$.

T+$ r$0on*$n% 'an( &n%ru)%$* %+$ 0$%&%&on$r %o $>0a&n &n 6r&%, 6&%+&n 8 +our, 6+y

a00ro0r&a%$ *&)&0&n$ 4$aur$ +ou* no% '$ %a($n a5a&n% +&4 &n v&$6 o3 +& nu4$rou

a'$n)$ I% 6a ony on 7ar)+ 0$)%$* %o '$ a6ar$ o3 %+$ ru$ an*


26/34


r$5ua%&on o3 %+$ 'an( r$5ar*&n5 $av$ o3 a'$n)$. A o'$rv$* 'y %+$ Co44&&on, %+$

a'$n)$ o3 %+$ 0$%&%&on$r 6$r$ no% au%+or&:$*. On %+& )or$, +& *&4&a a00$ar %o '$

6arran%$*.

H& ar5u4$n% %+a% +& a'$n)$ 6$r$ non$%+$$ )on*on$* 'y +& u0$r&or +a no $5a

'a&. T+$ r$0on*$n% 'an( %oo( %$0 %o oo( &n%o +& a$5$* v&oa%&on@ o3 'an( ru$ an*

r$5ua%&on 5ov$rn&n5 $av$ o3 a'$n)$. An &nv$%&5a%&on $nu$* 6+$r$ +$ 6a 5&v$n %+$

o00or%un&%y %o *$3$n* +&4$3. In *u$ %&4$, *&)&0&nary 4$aur$ 6$r$ %a($n a5a&n% +&4.

B$&*$, %+$ 0$%&%&on$r *&* no% +o6 any 0roo3 o3 %+$ a$5$* )on*ona%&on on %+$ 0ar% o3 +&

u0$r&or.

A &n a, %+$ Cour% & )onv&n)$* %+a% %+$r$ & u'%an%&a $v&*$n)$ %o u00or% %+$

;u$%&on$* *$)&&on o3 %+$ r$0on*$n% Co44&&on. H& v&oa%&on o3 %+$ ru$ an* r$5ua%&on o3

%+$ 'an( 5ov$rn&n5 a'$n)$ o3 $40oy$$ 6a *$4on%ra%$* &n %+$ )our$ o3 an &nv$%&5a%&on on

%+$ 4a%%$r. H$ 6a 5&v$n a )+an)$ %o *$3$n* +&4$3 &n %+$ &nv$%&5a%&on. H& %$%&4ony '$3or$

%+$ a'or ar'&%$r 6a, a% %+$ $a%, +ar*y &n a))or* 6&%+ +& $>0ana%&on a %o +& a'$n)$.

Ina4u)+ a %+$ 3&n*&n5 o3 3a)% 4a*$ 'y %+$ r$0on*$n% Co44&&on ar$ u00or%$* 'y

u'%an%&a $v&*$n)$, %+$ a4$ 6& '$ a))or*$* r$0$)% an* 3&na&%y.


27/34


#HILI##INE LONG DISTANCE TELE#HONE CO7#AN v. TEESG.R. No. 1!11 Nov$4'$r 1!, 2=1=

FACTS"R$0on*$n% 6a $40oy$* a C$r( o3 #LDT un%& +$ 6a %$r4&na%$* '$)au$ +$ v&oa%$*

%+$ -/ unau%+or&:$* $av$ o3 a'$n)$ )o44&%%$* 6&%+&n y$ar, )on%rary %o %+$ 0o&)y o3 #LDT.Fro4 1= an* 12, %+$r$ 6$r$ &n%an)$ o3 unau%+or&:$* $av$ o3 a'$n)$ 3ro4 %+$R$0on*$n%. On %+$ 3&na &n%an)$, %+$ $>0ana%&on o3 T$v$ 6a un4$r&%or&ou, 6+&)+ $* %o +&*&4&a. H$ 3&$* a )o40a&n% o3 &$5a *&4&a '$3or$ %+$ La'or Ar'&%$r. T+$ Ar'&%$r 3oun* ou% %+a% %+$ *&4&a 6a $5a, 'u% &% or*$r$* #LDT %o 5&v$ 2=,=== 0+0 %o T$v$. T$v$ a00$a$* %o %+$ NLRC, 6+&)+ r$v$r$* %+$ Ar'&%$r *$)&&on. I% u0+$* %+$va&*&%y o3 %+$ a'$n)$ on a))oun% o3 T$v$ 6&3$ +av&n5 )o40&)a%&on *ur&n5 )+&*'&r%+. #LDT3&$* a 0$%&%&on 3or C$r%&orar& 6&%+ %+$ CA, 6+&)+ a33&r4$* %+$ *$)&&on o3 %+$ NLRC. T+$ CA3oun* %+a% r$0on*$n%9 )o40or%4$n% )anno% '$ )+ara)%$r&:$* a 5rav$ o a %o )on%&%u%$ 5rav$4&)on*u)% %+a% +& 3&r% %6o $av$ o3 a'$n)$ 6$r$ a%&3a)%or&y u%&3&$*.

ISSUE" +$%+$r %+$ )on*u)% o3 T$v$ 6arran% an* u%&3&$ *&4&a

RULING"Ev$n au4&n5 %+a% r$0on*$n%9 a'$n%$$&4 )on%&%u%$ 6&3u *&o'$*&$n)$, u)+

o33$n$ *o$ no% 6arran% r$0on*$n%9 *&4&a.No% $v$ry )a$ o3 &nu'or*&na%&on or 6&3u*&o'$*&$n)$ 'y an $40oy$$ r$aona'y *$$rv$ %+$ 0$na%y o3 *&4&a. T+$r$ 4u% '$ ar$aona'$ 0ro0or%&ona&%y '$%6$$n %+$ o33$n$ an* %+$ 0$na%y.

+&$ 4ana5$4$n% +a %+$ 0r$ro5a%&v$ %o *&)&0&n$ &% $40oy$$ an* %o &40o$a00ro0r&a%$ 0$na%&$ on $rr&n5 6or($r, 0uruan% %o )o40any ru$ an* r$5ua%&on, +o6$v$r,u)+ 4ana5$4$n% 0r$ro5a%&v$ 4u% '$ $>$r)&$* &n 5oo* 3a&%+ 3or %+$ a*van)$4$n% o3 %+$$40oy$r &n%$r$% an* no% 3or %+$ 0ur0o$ o3 *$3$a%&n5 or )&r)u4v$n%&n5 %+$ r&5+% o3 %+$


28/34


$40oy$$ un*$r 0$)&a a6 an* va&* a5r$$4$n%. T+$ Cour% & 6on% %o r$&%$ra%$ %+a% 6+&$ an$40oy$r +a &% o6n &n%$r$% %o 0ro%$)%, an* 0uruan% %+$r$%o, &% 4ay %$r4&na%$ an $40oy$$ 3or a u% )au$, u)+ 0r$ro5a%&v$ %o *&4& or ay o33 an $40oy$$ 4u% '$ $>$r)&$* 6&%+ou% a'u$ o3 *&)r$%&on.I% &40$4$n%a%&on +ou* '$ %$40$r$* 6&%+ )o40a&on an* un*$r%an*&n5.T+$$40oy$r +ou* '$ar &n 4&n* %+a%, &n %+$ $>$)u%&on o3 a&* 0r$ro5a%&v$, 6+a% & a% %a($ & no%

ony %+$ $40oy$$ 0o&%&on, 'u% +& v$ry &v$&+oo*,+& v$ry 'r$a*'a($%.

CALI#A v. NLRCG.R. No. 111Au5u% , 2=1=

FACTS"

On Juy 1, 1, a Co40a&n% 3or &$5a *&4&a, un3a&r a'or 0ra)%&)$, un*$r0ay4$n%

o3 6a5$ an* 1%+ 4on%+ 0ay, non0ay4$n% o3 $rv&)$ &n)$n%&v$ $av$ 0ay, ov$r%&4$ 0ay,

0r$4&u4 0ay 3or +o&*ay, r$% *ay, n&5+% +&3% ao6an)$ an* $0ara%&on 0ay 6a 3&$* 'y +$r$&n

0$%&%&on$r E0&*&o Ca&0ay, %o5$%+$r 6&%+ A3r$*o 7&&on an* Ern$%o D&4aan%a a5a&n% +$r$&n 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% Tr&an5$ A)$ Cor0ora%&on -Tr&an5$/ an* Jo$ L$$.

Ca&0ay an* %+$ o%+$r )o40a&nan% a$5$* &n %+$&r #o&%&on #a0$r %+a% &n %+$ )our$ o3

%+$&r $40oy4$n%, %+$y 6$r$ no% 5&v$n any 0$)&3&) 6or( a&5n4$n% %+$y 0$r3or4$* var&ou

(&n* o3 6or( &40o$* u0on %+$4 'y L$$ &n *&)+ar5&n5 %+$&r 3un)%&on, %+$y 6$r$ r$;u&r$* 'y

L$$ %o 6or( 3or +our a *ay, '$5&nn&n5 3ro4


29/34


So)&a S$)ur&%y Sy%$4 *$0&%$ %+$&r *$n&a, L$$ )o*$* Ca&0ay an* 7&&on %+& &n)&*$n%

a%$r $* %o %+$&r *&4&a &n %+$ a4$ 4on%+. #r&va%$ r$0on*$n% )oun%$r$* %+a% %+$ %$r4&na%&on

o3 Ca&0ay an* %+$ o%+$r )o40a&nan% 6a 3or a va&* or u% )au$ an* %+a% *u$ 0ro)$ 6a

o'$rv$*. T+$y )a&4$*, a4on5 o%+$r, %+a% Ca&0ay 6a on a'$n)$ 6&%+ou% $av$ -AOL/

%a%u 3ro4 Nov$4'$r 2, 18 u0 %o Nov$4'$r 10a&n %+$&r a'$n)$, 6&%+ a 6arn&n5 %+a% %+$&r 3a&ur$ 6ou* '$ )on%ru$* a a'an*on4$n% o3 6or(. Ao, 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% $rv$* on 0$%&%&on$r an* %+$ o%+$r )o40a&nan% a no%&)$ o3 %$r4&na%&on a r$;u&r$* 'y a6. #r&va%$ r$0on*$n% )o40&an)$ 6&%+ a&* r$;u&r$4$n%, %a($n%o5$%+$r 6&%+ %+$ o%+$r )&r)u4%an)$ a'ov$*&)u$*, ony 0rov$ 0$%&%&on$r an* %+$ o%+$r )o40a&nan% a'an*on4$n% o3 %+$&r 6or(.


30/34


NATIONAL BOOKSTORE v. CAG.R. No. 1


31/34


*$0o&% 6&%+ INTERBANK 0a)$* on %o0. T+$r$a3%$r, 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% 4aa 0u% %+$ 0a%&)

'a5 &n&*$ +$r )a'&n$% 6+&)+ +$ a))or*&n5y o)($*.

#r&va%$ r$0on*$n% r$%r&$v$* 3ro4 %+$ A&%an% 7ana5$r %+$ 4on$y ar$a*y )oun%$* an*

0a)$* &n&*$ %+$ $a$* 0a%&) 'a5 %o '$ 0&)($* u0 'y %+$ rov&n5 %$$r o3 INTERBANK an*

#CIB. Bu% '$3or$ '$&n5 *$0o&%$*, %+$ 4on$y 6a a5a&n )oun%$*. T+$ a4oun% 3or *$0o&% %o

#CIB 6a 3oun* +or% o3 #2,

7ana5$4$n% 0a)$* 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% un*$r 0r$v$n%&v$ u0$n&on $33$)%&v$ &44$*&a%$y.

#$%&%&on$r Na%&ona Boo(%or$, a3%$r 3&n*&n5 %+$ $>0ana%&on o3 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n%

una%&3a)%ory, no%&3&$* %+$4 on 2 Au5u% 12 o3 %+$ %$r4&na%&on o3 %+$&r $rv&)$ 3or 5ro

n$5$)% o3 *u%y an* o o3 )on3&*$n)$ %o %a($ $33$)% &44$*&a%$y an* 6&%+ou% 0r$u*&)$ %o

a00ro0r&a%$ $5a a)%&on %+a% %+$ 7ana5$4$n% 4ay %a($ 3or %+$ r$%&%u%&on o3 %+$ 4&&n5

Co40any 3un*.

#r&va%$ r$0on*$n% 3&$* a )o40a&n% 3or &$5a *&4&a a5a&n% 0$%&%&on$r '$3or$ %+$ La'or

Ar'&%$r 6+o ru$* &n 3avor o3 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% on 2= Jun$ 1. A))or*&n5 %o %+$ La'or

Ar'&%$r, %+$ *o)u4$n%ary an* %$%&4on&a $v&*$n)$ 0r$$n%$* 'y %+$ 0ar%&$ +o6$* %+a% a%+ou5+

0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% 6$r$ a33or*$* *u$ 0ro)$ '$3or$ '$&n5 *&4&$*, %+$&r *&4&a 6a no%

3oun*$* on va&* an* u%&3&a'$ 5roun* a 0rov&*$* un*$r Ar%. 282 o3 %+$ La'or Co*$, a

a4$n*$*. T+u, %+$ La'or Ar'&%$r *$)ar$* 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% %o '$ $n%&%$* %o r$&n%a%$4$n%

6&%+ 0ay4$n% o3 3u 'a)( 6a5$ un*$r Ar%. 2$r%&n5 any $33or% %o avo&* %+$4. A 0$rua o3 %+$ r$)or* o3 %+$ )a$

*o$ no% &n any 6ay +o6 %+a% 0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% 6$r$ $v$n r$4o%$y n$5&5$n% o3 %+$&r *u%&$

o a %o )au$ %+$ o o3 0$%&%&on$r Na%&ona Boo(%or$ 3un*. #r&va%$ r$0on*$n% 6$r$ a'$ %o

&u%ra%$ 6&%+ )an*or an* &n)$r&%y %+$ 0ro)$*ur$ %+$y %oo( 0r&or %o %+$ o 6+&)+ 6a 6&%n$$*


32/34


'y an $40oy$$ o3 0$%&%&on$r Na%&ona Boo(%or$. T+$y 6$r$ &n 3a)% u'$)%$* %o a %+orou5+ 'o*y

$ar)+ 'y 0$%&%&on$r Na%&ona Boo(%or$ a*y 5uar* '$3or$ $av&n5 %+$&r 0a)$ o3 6or( on %+$

*a%$ &n &u$, a )a&4 no% )on%rov$r%$* 'y 0$%&%&on$r. 7or$ov$r, &% 6a no% $v$n +o6n %+a% %+$y

+a* a))$ %o %+$ vau% 6+$r$ %+$ 4on$y 6a ($0%.

S&5n&3&)an%y, &n or*$r %o )on%&%u%$ a u% )au$ 3or %+$ $40oy$$ *&4&a, %+$ n$5$)% o3

*u%&$ 4u% no% ony '$ 5ro 'u% ao +a'&%ua. T+u, %+$ &n5$ or &oa%$* a)% o3 n$5&5$n)$ *o$

no% )on%&%u%$ a u% )au$ 3or %+$ *&4&a o3 %+$ $40oy$$. $r&y, au4&n5 ar5u$n*o %+a%

0r&va%$ r$0on*$n% 6$r$ n$5&5$n%, a%+ou5+ 6$ 3&n* o%+$r6&$, &% )ou* ony '$ a &n5$ or an

&oa%$* a)% %+a% )anno% '$ )a%$5or&:$* a +a'&%ua, +$n)$, no% a u% )au$ 3or %+$&r *&4&a.

ST. LUKES 7EDICAL CENTER v. NOTARIOGR No. 1!21


33/34


O)%o'$r 2=, 2=1=

FACTS"S%. Lu($ 7$*&)a C$n%$r, In).$40oy$* r$0on*$n% a InHou$ S$)ur&%y Guar*. In

Au5u% 1, N&4aya E$)%ro Cor0ora%&on &n%a$* a )o$*)&r)u&% %$$v&&on -CCT/ y%$4 &n

%+$ 0r$4&$ o3 0$%&%&on$r +o0&%a %o $n+an)$ &% $)ur&%y 4$aur$ an* )on*u)%$* an or&$n%a%&on$4&nar 3or %+$ &n+ou$ $)ur&%y 0$ronn$ on %+$ 0ro0$r 6ay o3 4on&%or&n5 v&*$o )a4$ra,u'$)% %o )$r%a&n 5u&*$&n$.

On D$)$4'$r =, 1, r$0on*$n% 6a on *u%y 3ro4 "== 0.4. %o "== a.4. o3 %+$3oo6&n5 *ay, D$)$4'$r 1, 1. H& 6or( )on&%$* 4a&ny o3 4on&%or&n5 %+$ v&*$o)a4$ra. In %+$ $v$n&n5 o3 D$)$4'$r =, 1, Ju%&n T&'on, a 3or$&5n$r 3ro4 7auro, 7ar+aIan*, %+$n a%%$n*&n5 %o +& y$aro* *au5+%$r, 6+o 6a a*4&%%$* &n)$ D$)$4'$r 2=, 1 a%roo4 2!0ana%&on o3 r$0on*$n% %o '$ una%&3a)%ory, 0$%&%&on$r +o0&%a,$rv$* on r$0on*$n% a )o0y o3 %+$ No%&)$ o3 T$r4&na%&on, *&4&&n5 +&4 on %+$ 5roun* o3 5ron$5&5$n)$@&n$33&)&$n)y un*$r S$)%&on 1, Ru$ II o3 &% Co*$ o3 D&)&0&n$.

T+u, r$0on*$n% 3&$* a Co40a&n% 3or &$5a *&4&a a5a&n% 0$%&%&on$r, $$(&n5r$&n%a%$4$n% 6&%+ 0ay4$n% o3 3u 'a)(6a5$ 3ro4 %+$ %&4$ o3 +& *&4&a u0 %o a)%uar$&n%a%$4$n%, 6&%+ou% o3 o o3 $n&or&%y r&5+% an* o%+$r '$n$3&%. #$%&%&on$r )oun%$r$* %+a%%+$y va&*y *&4&$* r$0on*$n% 3or 5ro n$5&5$n)$ an* o'$rv$* *u$ 0ro)$ '$3or$%$r4&na%&n5 +& $40oy4$n%.

ISSUE" +$%+$r or no% 0$%&%&on$r 6a &$5ay *&4&$*

RULING"#$%&%&on$r a)( o3 u% )au$ an* non)o40&an)$ 6&%+ %+$ 0ro)$*ura r$;u&&%$ &n

%$r4&na%&n5 r$0on*$n% $40oy4$n% r$n*$r %+$4 5u&%y o3 &$5a *&4&a.Con$;u$n%y,r$0on*$n% & $n%&%$* %o r$&n%a%$4$n% %o +& 3or4$r 0o&%&on 6&%+ou% o o3 $n&or&%y r&5+% an* 0ay4$n% o3 'a)(6a5$. Ho6$v$r, &3 u)+ r$&n%a%$4$n% 0rov$ &40ra)%&)a'$, an* +ar*y &n %+$ '$% &n%$r$% o3 %+$ 0ar%&$, 0$r+a0 *u$ %o %+$ a0$ o3 %&4$ &n)$ +& *&4&a, or &3 +$ *$)&*$no% %o '$ r$&n%a%$*, r$0on*$n% +ou* '$ a6ar*$* $0ara%&on 0ay &n &$u o3 r$&n%a%$4$n%.

Un*$r Ar%&)$ 282 -'/ o3 %+$ La'or Co*$, an $40oy$r 4ay %$r4&na%$ an $40oy$$3or 5ro an* +a'&%ua n$5$)% o3 *u%&$. N$5$)% o3 *u%y, %o '$ a 5roun* 3or *&4&a, 4u% '$


34/34


'o%+ 5ro an* +a'&%ua. Gro n$5&5$n)$ )onno%$ 6an% o3 )ar$ &n %+$ 0$r3or4an)$ o3 on$*u%&$. Ha'&%ua n$5$)% &40&$ r$0$a%$* 3a&ur$ %o 0$r3or4 on$ *u%&$ 3or a 0$r&o* o3 %&4$,*$0$n*&n5 u0on %+$ )&r)u4%an)$. A &n5$ or &oa%$* a)% o3 n$5&5$n)$ *o$ no% )on%&%u%$a u% )au$ 3or %+$ *&4&a o3 %+$ $40oy$$. Un*$r %+$ 0r$va&&n5 )&r)u4%an)$, r$0on*$n%$>$r)&$* +& '$% u*54$n% &n 4on&%or&n5 %+$ CCT )a4$ra o a %o $nur$ %+$ $)ur&%y 6&%+&n

%+$ +o0&%a 0r$4&$. $r&y, au4&n5 ar5u$n*o %+a% r$0on*$n% 6a n$5&5$n%, a%+ou5+ %+&Cour% 3&n* o%+$r6&$, %+$ a0$ or &na)%&on )ou* ony '$ r$5ar*$* a a &n5$ or &oa%$* a)% o3 n$5&5$n)$ %+a% )anno% '$ )a%$5or&:$* a +a'&%ua an*, +$n)$, no% a u% )au$ 3or +& *&4&a.

Gross and Habitual Neglect of Duties cases

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