Greek War Independence 1

Greek War of IndependenceGreek War of Independence(March 25, 1821)(March 25, 1821)

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Fall of ConstantinopleFall of Constantinople

The Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 marked the end of in 1453 marked the end of Byzantine sovereignty and Byzantine sovereignty and the beginning of Ottoman the beginning of Ottoman rule in Greece. rule in Greece. At the height of the Ottoman At the height of the Ottoman Empires power (16th–17th Empires power (16th–17th century), it spanned three century), it spanned three continents, controlling much continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Middle East and North Africa.Africa.

Under Ottoman RuleUnder Ottoman RuleMany attempts were made at gaining their independence Many attempts were made at gaining their independence from the Ottoman Empirefrom the Ottoman Empire

From the early days of the Ottoman empire its army had From the early days of the Ottoman empire its army had been greatly improved by slave recruits, non Muslim been greatly improved by slave recruits, non Muslim captives from wars of expansion, but as the empire's captives from wars of expansion, but as the empire's expansion slowed the source of its troops declined. expansion slowed the source of its troops declined.

To make the difference the Ottomans created a To make the difference the Ottomans created a compulsory conscription, called devshirme by the Turks compulsory conscription, called devshirme by the Turks and and pedhomazoma, pedhomazoma, or child collection, by the Greeks.or child collection, by the Greeks.

Under this system non Muslim youth were forcibly taken Under this system non Muslim youth were forcibly taken as recruits for the so called new troops, the janissaries as recruits for the so called new troops, the janissaries (new soldiers), which they were brainwashed and (new soldiers), which they were brainwashed and converted to Muslim. converted to Muslim.

During those 400 years the Greeks kept their traditions, During those 400 years the Greeks kept their traditions, culture, language and religion alive thanks to their strong culture, language and religion alive thanks to their strong determinationdetermination

Rigas FeraiosRigas FeraiosBorn in 1757 in Velestino, ThessalyBorn in 1757 in Velestino, ThessalyDeeply influenced by the French Revolution he was Deeply influenced by the French Revolution he was the first who conceived and organized a the first who conceived and organized a comprehensive national movement aiming at the comprehensive national movement aiming at the liberation of all Balkan nationsliberation of all Balkan nationsBorn in Thessaly and raised in Constantinople he Born in Thessaly and raised in Constantinople he wrote articles for the Greek language newspaperswrote articles for the Greek language newspapers

His grievances against the Ottoman occupation of His grievances against the Ottoman occupation of Greece regarded its cruelty, the drafting of children Greece regarded its cruelty, the drafting of children between the ages of five and fifteen into military between the ages of five and fifteen into military service, the administrative chaos and systematic service, the administrative chaos and systematic oppression (including prohibitions on teaching oppression (including prohibitions on teaching Greek history or language), the confiscation of Greek history or language), the confiscation of churches and their conversion to mosques. churches and their conversion to mosques. Feraios was arrested, along with his co-Feraios was arrested, along with his co-conspirators, by Austrian officials in Trieste in 1797, conspirators, by Austrian officials in Trieste in 1797, he was handed over to Ottoman officials and was he was handed over to Ottoman officials and was later strangled to death in Belgrade.later strangled to death in Belgrade.Feraios' death ultimately fanned the flames of Feraios' death ultimately fanned the flames of Greek nationalism.Greek nationalism.

Rigas Feraios nationalist poem, the Rigas Feraios nationalist poem, the ThouriosThourios (war-song) (war-song)

GreekGreek Ὡς πότε παλικάρια, νὰ ζοῦμε στὰ Ὡς πότε παλικάρια, νὰ ζοῦμε στὰ

στενά, στενά, μονάχοι σὰ λεοντάρια, σταῖς ράχαις μονάχοι σὰ λεοντάρια, σταῖς ράχαις

στὰ βουνά; στὰ βουνά; Σπηλιαῖς νὰ κατοικοῦμε, νὰ Σπηλιαῖς νὰ κατοικοῦμε, νὰ

βλέπωμεν κλαδιά, βλέπωμεν κλαδιά, νὰ φεύγωμ᾿ ἀπ᾿ τὸν κόσμον, γιὰ τὴν νὰ φεύγωμ᾿ ἀπ᾿ τὸν κόσμον, γιὰ τὴν

πικρὴ σκλαβιά; πικρὴ σκλαβιά; Νὰ χάνωμεν ἀδέλφια, πατρίδα καὶ Νὰ χάνωμεν ἀδέλφια, πατρίδα καὶ

γονεῖς, γονεῖς, τοὺς φίλους, τὰ παιδιά μας, κι ὅλους τοὺς φίλους, τὰ παιδιά μας, κι ὅλους

τοὺς συγγενεῖς; τοὺς συγγενεῖς; [...] [...] Καλλιῶναι μίας ὥρας ἐλεύθερη ζωή, Καλλιῶναι μίας ὥρας ἐλεύθερη ζωή, παρὰ σαράντα χρόνοι, σκλαβιὰ καὶ παρὰ σαράντα χρόνοι, σκλαβιὰ καὶ

φυλακή. φυλακή.

EnglishEnglish For how long, o brave young men, For how long, o brave young men,

shall we live in fastnesses,shall we live in fastnesses, Alone, like lions, on the ridges in the Alone, like lions, on the ridges in the

mountains?mountains? Shall we dwell in caves, looking out Shall we dwell in caves, looking out

on branches,on branches, Fleeing from the world on account of Fleeing from the world on account of

bitter serfdom?bitter serfdom? Abandoning brothers, sisters, Abandoning brothers, sisters,

parents, homelandparents, homeland Friends, children, and all of our kin?Friends, children, and all of our kin? – [...][...] Better one hour of free life,Better one hour of free life, Than forty years of slavery and Than forty years of slavery and

prisonprison! !

Filiki Eteria ("Friendly Society") Filiki Eteria ("Friendly Society")

Feraios' martyrdom was to Feraios' martyrdom was to inspire three young Greek inspire three young Greek merchants, Nikolaos Skoufas, merchants, Nikolaos Skoufas, Manolis Xanthos, and Manolis Xanthos, and Athanasios Tsakalov.Athanasios Tsakalov.they founded, in 1814, the they founded, in 1814, the secret Filiki Eteria in Odessa, secret Filiki Eteria in Odessa, Ukraine (an important center of Ukraine (an important center of the Greek mercantile diaspora) the Greek mercantile diaspora) The Filiki rapidly expanded The Filiki rapidly expanded and by 1821 was ready for its and by 1821 was ready for its assault on the Ottoman assault on the Ottoman Empire.Empire.

Dance of ZalongoDance of ZalongoDuring the war between the Souliotes During the war between the Souliotes (Epirus, Greece) and Ali Pash in 1803, (Epirus, Greece) and Ali Pash in 1803, when the villages of Souli were being when the villages of Souli were being evacuated by the defeated population, evacuated by the defeated population, a group of 22 Souliot women and their a group of 22 Souliot women and their children were trapped by Muslim children were trapped by Muslim troops in the mountains of Zalongotroops in the mountains of Zalongo

In order to avoid capture and In order to avoid capture and enslavement, they threw first their enslavement, they threw first their children and then themselves off a children and then themselves off a steep cliff, committing suicide. They steep cliff, committing suicide. They did this while dancing and singing, did this while dancing and singing, jumping down one after the other. jumping down one after the other.

www.youtube.com/watch?www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZGAPbzUiqM&feature=relatedv=pZGAPbzUiqM&feature=related

Dance of ZalongoDance of ZalongoFarewell poor world,Farewell poor world,Farewell sweet life,Farewell sweet life,and you, my poor country,and you, my poor country,Farewell for everFarewell for ever

Farewell springs,Farewell springs,Valleys, mountains and hillsValleys, mountains and hillsFarewell springsFarewell springsAnd you, women of SouliAnd you, women of Souli

The fish cannot live on the landThe fish cannot live on the landNor the flower on the sandNor the flower on the sandAnd the women of SouliAnd the women of SouliCannot live without freedomCannot live without freedom

Farewell springs,Farewell springs,......

The women of SouliThe women of SouliHave not only learnt how to surviveHave not only learnt how to surviveThey also know how to dieThey also know how to dieNot to tolerate slaveryNot to tolerate slavery

Farewell springs,Farewell springs,

......

Έχε γεια καημένε κόσμε,έχε γεια γλυκιά ζωήΚαι ’συ δύστυχη πατρίδαέχε γεια παντοτινή.

Έχετε γεια βρυσούλεςλόγγοι, βουνά, ραχούλεςΈχετε γεια βρυσούλεςκαι σεις Σουλιωτοπούλες

Στη στεριά δε ζει το ψάριούτ’ ανθός στην αμμουδιάΚι οι Σουλιώτισσες δεν ζούνεδίχως την ελευθεριά.

Έχετε γεια βρυσούλες...

Οι Σουλιώτισσες δε μάθανγια να ζούνε μοναχάΞέρουνε και να πεθαίνουννα μη στέργουν στη σκλαβιά.

Έχετε γεια βρυσούλες...

Kleftes (Bandits)Kleftes (Bandits)Were bandits and warlike mountain folk who lived in Were bandits and warlike mountain folk who lived in the Greek countryside when Greece was a part of the the Greek countryside when Greece was a part of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Empire.

After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 the majority of After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 the majority of the plains of Greece fell entirely into the hands of the the plains of Greece fell entirely into the hands of the Ottoman Empire. The only territories that did not fall Ottoman Empire. The only territories that did not fall under Ottoman rule were the mountain ranges under Ottoman rule were the mountain ranges (populated by Greeks and inaccessible by Ottoman (populated by Greeks and inaccessible by Ottoman Turks), as well as a handful of islands and coastal Turks), as well as a handful of islands and coastal possessions under the control of Venice. possessions under the control of Venice.

Any surviving Greek troops in Greece, whether regular Any surviving Greek troops in Greece, whether regular Byzantine forces, local militia, or mercenaries had Byzantine forces, local militia, or mercenaries had either to join the Ottoman army as janissaries (new either to join the Ottoman army as janissaries (new soldiers), serve in the private army of a local Ottoman soldiers), serve in the private army of a local Ottoman notable, or fend for themselves. notable, or fend for themselves.

Many Greeks wishing to preserve their Greek identity, Many Greeks wishing to preserve their Greek identity, Orthodox Christian religion, and independence chose Orthodox Christian religion, and independence chose the difficult but liberated life of a bandit. the difficult but liberated life of a bandit.

Start of the RevolutionStart of the RevolutionPeloponnese was at the heart of the Peloponnese was at the heart of the revolutionrevolutionOn March 17, 1821, war was declared On March 17, 1821, war was declared on the Turks by the Maniotes in on the Turks by the Maniotes in Areopoli near Sparta. Areopoli near Sparta. An army of 2,000 Maniates under the An army of 2,000 Maniates under the command of Petros Mavromichalis command of Petros Mavromichalis advanced on the Messenian town of advanced on the Messenian town of Kalamata. Kalamata. The Maniates reached Kalamata on The Maniates reached Kalamata on March 21 and after a brief two-day March 21 and after a brief two-day siege it fell to the Greeks on the 23rd. siege it fell to the Greeks on the 23rd. The traditional legend is that the The traditional legend is that the Revolution was declared on March 25 Revolution was declared on March 25 the day of Evagelismos tis Theotokou the day of Evagelismos tis Theotokou in the Monastery of Agia Lavra so a in the Monastery of Agia Lavra so a double celebration to take place. double celebration to take place. That date has been established as the That date has been established as the official anniversary of the Revolution official anniversary of the Revolution and is celebrated as a national day by and is celebrated as a national day by all Greeks around the world.all Greeks around the world.

Theodoros KolokotronisTheodoros KolokotronisBorn in 1770 in PeloponneseBorn in 1770 in Peloponnese

Was a Greek generalWas a Greek general

One of the main reasons Greece won the warOne of the main reasons Greece won the war

In 1821 Kolokotronis formed a confederation of In 1821 Kolokotronis formed a confederation of irregular Moreot kleftes bands. irregular Moreot kleftes bands.

He tried to train and organize them secretly into He tried to train and organize them secretly into something resembling a modern army. something resembling a modern army.

Kolokotronis first action was the defence of Kolokotronis first action was the defence of Valtetsi, a village near Tripoli, which he Valtetsi, a village near Tripoli, which he liberated successfullyliberated successfully

Kolokotronis next was determined to take Kolokotronis next was determined to take Tripoli, the Ottoman provincial capital in the Tripoli, the Ottoman provincial capital in the Peloponnese, and moved into Arcadia with 300 Peloponnese, and moved into Arcadia with 300 Greek soldiers. Greek soldiers.

When he entered Arcadia his band of 300 When he entered Arcadia his band of 300 fought a Turkish force of 1,300 men and fought a Turkish force of 1,300 men and defeated them!defeated them!

On September 12, 1821, Tripoli was seized by On September 12, 1821, Tripoli was seized by Kolokotronis and his men.Kolokotronis and his men.

Theodoros Kolokotronis cont’d...Theodoros Kolokotronis cont’d...

He next commanded Greek troops He next commanded Greek troops in the siege of the coastal town of in the siege of the coastal town of Nafplion. He gathered the klepftes Nafplion. He gathered the klepftes together to march to the relief of an together to march to the relief of an under-strength Greek battalion that under-strength Greek battalion that was holding the fortress of Argos was holding the fortress of Argos together (in Nafplion). There he together (in Nafplion). There he met Turkish resistance and met Turkish resistance and eventually the fortress fell in eventually the fortress fell in December to the Greeks.December to the Greeks.

Kolokotronis is said to have ridden Kolokotronis is said to have ridden his horse up the steep slopes of his horse up the steep slopes of the fortress to celebrate his victory the fortress to celebrate his victory there there

He was truly a main figure in the He was truly a main figure in the Greek war for independenceGreek war for independence

Georgios KaraiskakisGeorgios KaraiskakisBorn in 1770 Karditsa, ThessalyBorn in 1770 Karditsa, Thessaly

was a famous Greek Kleftes, armatolos, was a famous Greek Kleftes, armatolos, milliatary commander, and a hero of the Greek milliatary commander, and a hero of the Greek War of IndependenceWar of Independence

He excelled as a KleftesHe excelled as a Kleftes - agile, cunning, brave - agile, cunning, brave and reckless - and rose quickly through the and reckless - and rose quickly through the ranks, eventually becoming a ranks, eventually becoming a protopalikaroprotopalikaro, or , or lieutenant.lieutenant.

He helped to lift the first siege of Messolonghi in He helped to lift the first siege of Messolonghi in 1823, and did his best to save the town from its 1823, and did his best to save the town from its second siege in 1826.second siege in 1826.

His most famous victory was at Arachova His most famous victory was at Arachova (Αράχωβα), where his army crushed a force of (Αράχωβα), where his army crushed a force of Turkish and Albanian troops.Turkish and Albanian troops.

He was killed in action on his name day, April He was killed in action on his name day, April 23, 1827 after being fatally wounded by a rifle 23, 1827 after being fatally wounded by a rifle shell in battle. shell in battle.

Karaiskaki Stadium in Neo Faliro, Piraeus is Karaiskaki Stadium in Neo Faliro, Piraeus is named after him as he was mortally wounded in named after him as he was mortally wounded in the area. Where Olympiacos CFP play.the area. Where Olympiacos CFP play.

Athanasios DiakosAthanasios DiakosBorn in Artotina, Phocis in 1788Born in Artotina, Phocis in 1788

A Greek military commander and a national hero.A Greek military commander and a national hero.

Served a number of kleftes leaders.Served a number of kleftes leaders.

Member of the Filiki Eteria.Member of the Filiki Eteria.

Diakos and a local brigand captain and friend, Diakos and a local brigand captain and friend, Vasilis Bousgos, led a contingent of fighters to Vasilis Bousgos, led a contingent of fighters to capture the town of Livadeia (central Greece) on capture the town of Livadeia (central Greece) on April 1, 1821. April 1, 1821.

After three days of vicious house-by-house After three days of vicious house-by-house fighting the town fell to the Greeks. fighting the town fell to the Greeks.

Hursid Pasha, a prominent Ottoman general, sent Hursid Pasha, a prominent Ottoman general, sent two of his most competent commanders from two of his most competent commanders from Thessaly at the head of 8,000 men with orders to Thessaly at the head of 8,000 men with orders to put down the revolt in Roumeli (the region in put down the revolt in Roumeli (the region in Central Greece that Livadeia was part of).Central Greece that Livadeia was part of).

Athanasios Diakos cont’d...Athanasios Diakos cont’d...

Diakos and his band, reinforced by the fighters of Diakos and his band, reinforced by the fighters of Dimitrios Panourgias and Yiannis Dyovouniotis, Dimitrios Panourgias and Yiannis Dyovouniotis, decided to halt the Ottoman advance into Roumeli decided to halt the Ottoman advance into Roumeli and split up into three sections. and split up into three sections.

Setting out from their camp in Lamia the Ottoman Setting out from their camp in Lamia the Ottoman Turks went on the attack. Turks went on the attack.

With the majority of the Greek force having fled, the With the majority of the Greek force having fled, the Ottomans concentrated their attack on Diakos's Ottomans concentrated their attack on Diakos's position at the Alamana bridge. position at the Alamana bridge.

Diakos chose to stay and fight with 48 men; they put Diakos chose to stay and fight with 48 men; they put up a desperate hand-to-hand struggle for a number up a desperate hand-to-hand struggle for a number of hours before being overwhelmed.of hours before being overwhelmed.

The severely wounded Diakos was taken before The severely wounded Diakos was taken before Vryonis, an Ottoman sergent, who offered to make Vryonis, an Ottoman sergent, who offered to make him an officer in the Ottoman army if he converted him an officer in the Ottoman army if he converted from Christianity to Islam.from Christianity to Islam.

Flag used by Athanasios Diakos

Athanasios Diakos cont’d...Athanasios Diakos cont’d...Diakos refused the offer, replying "I was born a Diakos refused the offer, replying "I was born a Greek, I shall die a Greek" ("Εγώ Γραικός Greek, I shall die a Greek" ("Εγώ Γραικός γεννήθηκα, Γραικός θε να πεθάνω"). The next γεννήθηκα, Γραικός θε να πεθάνω"). The next day he was put to death. day he was put to death.

According to popular tradition, as he was being According to popular tradition, as he was being led away to be executed, he said:led away to be executed, he said:

““what a time Charon chose to take me, now that what a time Charon chose to take me, now that the branches are flowering, and the earth grows the branches are flowering, and the earth grows grass (“Για δες καιρό που διάλεξε ο Χάρος να με grass (“Για δες καιρό που διάλεξε ο Χάρος να με πάρει, τώρα π' ανθίζουν τα κλαριά και βγάνει η πάρει, τώρα π' ανθίζουν τα κλαριά και βγάνει η γης χορτάρι”)”.γης χορτάρι”)”.

This was a metaphor for the independence and This was a metaphor for the independence and freedom of Greece.freedom of Greece.

The brutal manner of Diakos's death initially The brutal manner of Diakos's death initially struck fear into the populace of Roumeli, but his struck fear into the populace of Roumeli, but his final stand near Thermopylae, echoing the heroic final stand near Thermopylae, echoing the heroic defence of the Spartan King Leonidas, made him defence of the Spartan King Leonidas, made him a martyr (a person who sacrificed their freedom) a martyr (a person who sacrificed their freedom) for the Greek cause. for the Greek cause.

Laskarina BouboulinaLaskarina BouboulinaBorn in 1771 in a prison in ConstantinopleBorn in 1771 in a prison in Constantinople

Joined the Filiki Eteria as the only female Joined the Filiki Eteria as the only female member.member.

She bought arms and ammunitions at her own She bought arms and ammunitions at her own expense and brought them secretly to Spetses, expense and brought them secretly to Spetses, Peloppenso, in her ships, to fight "for the sake of Peloppenso, in her ships, to fight "for the sake of my nation." my nation."

Construction of the ship Construction of the ship AgamemnonAgamemnon was was finished in 1820. It was later one of the largest finished in 1820. It was later one of the largest warships in the hands of Greek rebels. warships in the hands of Greek rebels.

Her ship was a prominent figure in the many Her ship was a prominent figure in the many naval blockades that took part in Greecenaval blockades that took part in Greece

She used most of her fortune to provide food and She used most of her fortune to provide food and ammunition for the sailors and soldiers under her ammunition for the sailors and soldiers under her command.command.

She witnessed the fall of Tripolis in 1821 and She witnessed the fall of Tripolis in 1821 and there she met general Theodoros Kolokotronis. there she met general Theodoros Kolokotronis.

Later their children Eleni Bouboulina and Panos Later their children Eleni Bouboulina and Panos Kolokotronis would get married. Kolokotronis would get married.

Lord ByronLord ByronBorn in 1787 in London, England Lord Byron was regarded Born in 1787 in London, England Lord Byron was regarded as one of the greatest European Poetsas one of the greatest European Poets

Byron left Italy in July of 1823 to aid the Greeks in their fight Byron left Italy in July of 1823 to aid the Greeks in their fight against the Ottoman Turks. against the Ottoman Turks.

He sailed for Messolonghi in western Greece aiding He sailed for Messolonghi in western Greece aiding Alexandros Mavrokordatos, a Greek politician with military Alexandros Mavrokordatos, a Greek politician with military power.power.

Mavrokordatos and Byron planned to attack the Turkish-held Mavrokordatos and Byron planned to attack the Turkish-held fortress of Lepanto, at the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth. fortress of Lepanto, at the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth.

But before the expedition could sail he fell ill and died on April But before the expedition could sail he fell ill and died on April 19, 1824. his body was buried in England but his heart in 19, 1824. his body was buried in England but his heart in Greece,Greece,

It has been said that had Byron lived, he might have been It has been said that had Byron lived, he might have been declared King of Greece.declared King of Greece.

Byron was also a bitter opponent of Lord Elgin’s removal of Byron was also a bitter opponent of Lord Elgin’s removal of the Parthenon marbles from Greece, and "reacted with fury" the Parthenon marbles from Greece, and "reacted with fury" when Elgin's agent gave him a tour of the Parthenon, during when Elgin's agent gave him a tour of the Parthenon, during which he saw the missing friezes and metopes. which he saw the missing friezes and metopes.

He also carved his name into the base of one of the columns He also carved his name into the base of one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon, dating from his first visit to of the Temple of Poseidon, dating from his first visit to Greece, on his “Grand Tour” of Europe, in 1810-1811. Greece, on his “Grand Tour” of Europe, in 1810-1811.

Lord Byron – The Isles of GreeceLord Byron – The Isles of Greece

The mountains look on Marathon --The mountains look on Marathon --And Marathon looks on the sea;And Marathon looks on the sea;And musing there an hour alone,And musing there an hour alone,I dream'd that Greece might yet be I dream'd that Greece might yet be freefreeFor, standing on the Persians' grave,For, standing on the Persians' grave,I could not deem myself a slave.I could not deem myself a slave.......Must we but weep o'er days more Must we but weep o'er days more blest?blest?Must we but blush? – Our fathers bled.Must we but blush? – Our fathers bled.Earth! render back from out thy breastEarth! render back from out thy breastA remnant of our Spartan dead!A remnant of our Spartan dead!Of the three hundred grant but three,Of the three hundred grant but three,To make a new Thermopylae.To make a new Thermopylae.

Byron, Byron, The Isles of GreeceThe Isles of Greece

Map of GreeceMap of GreeceMap showing the original territory of Map showing the original territory of the Kingdom of Greece as laid down the Kingdom of Greece as laid down in the Treaty of 1832 (in dark blue).in the Treaty of 1832 (in dark blue).

On July 21, 1832, British Ambassador On July 21, 1832, British Ambassador to the Sublime Porte Sie Stratford to the Sublime Porte Sie Stratford Canning and the other representatives Canning and the other representatives of the Great Powers signed the Treaty of the Great Powers signed the Treaty of Constantinople, which set the of Constantinople, which set the boundaries of the new Greek Kingdom boundaries of the new Greek Kingdom at the Arta–Volos line.at the Arta–Volos line.

The population of the new state The population of the new state numbered 800,000, representing less numbered 800,000, representing less than one-third of the 2.5 million Greek than one-third of the 2.5 million Greek inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire. inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire.

During a great part of the next century, During a great part of the next century, the Greek state was to seek the the Greek state was to seek the liberation of the “unredeemed” Greeks liberation of the “unredeemed” Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, in accordance of the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the “Megali Idea”, i.e. the goal of with the “Megali Idea”, i.e. the goal of uniting all Greeks in one country.uniting all Greeks in one country.

Crete and Macedonia Crete and Macedonia IndependenceIndependence

Cretan participation in the revolution was Cretan participation in the revolution was extensive, but it failed to achieve liberation extensive, but it failed to achieve liberation from Turkish rule due to Egyptian from Turkish rule due to Egyptian intervention. and didn’t see independence intervention. and didn’t see independence until 1913. until 1913.

The Thessaloniki and Macedonia didn’t see The Thessaloniki and Macedonia didn’t see independence until 1912. independence until 1912.

The leader and coordinator of the revolution The leader and coordinator of the revolution in Macedonia was Emmanouel Pappas from in Macedonia was Emmanouel Pappas from the village of Dobista, Serres, who was a the village of Dobista, Serres, who was a member of Filiki Eteria.member of Filiki Eteria.

ConclusionConclusionIn the long-term historical perspective, the In the long-term historical perspective, the March 25March 25thth Greek revolution marked the Greek revolution marked the beginning of the new modern Greek nation beginning of the new modern Greek nation and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

For the first time, a Christian people had For the first time, a Christian people had achieved independence from the Ottoman achieved independence from the Ottoman rule and established a fully independent rule and established a fully independent state.state.

Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians and Arabs Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians and Arabs would all successfully fight for and achieve would all successfully fight for and achieve independence much later. independence much later.

The newly established Greek state over The newly established Greek state over the course of a century, would include the course of a century, would include Macedonia, Crete, Eprius, the Aegean and Macedonia, Crete, Eprius, the Aegean and other Greek-speaking territories in today’;s other Greek-speaking territories in today’;s modern Greek state. modern Greek state.

Long Live the Greek Revolution of 1821!Long Live the Greek Revolution of 1821!