Greece and Rome GPS Unit 1 2000 B. C. –A.D. 700 SSWH3.

Greece and RomeGreece and Rome

GPS Unit 1GPS Unit 1

2000 B. C. –A.D. 7002000 B. C. –A.D. 700

SSWH3SSWH3

I. Government in GreeceI. Government in Greece

A.A. Political Units:Political Units:1.1. Polis: city-state of ancient Greece; fundamental Polis: city-state of ancient Greece; fundamental

political unitpolitical unit2.2. Acropolis: fortified hilltop where citizens gather Acropolis: fortified hilltop where citizens gather

and discuss city governmentand discuss city government

B.B. Political StructuresPolitical Structures1.1. Monarchy: rule by a single personMonarchy: rule by a single person2.2. Aristocracy: gov’t ruled by a small group of Aristocracy: gov’t ruled by a small group of

familiesfamilies3.3. Oligarchy: gov’t ruled by a few powerful peopleOligarchy: gov’t ruled by a few powerful people4.4. Tyrants: leaders for the interest of ordinary peopleTyrants: leaders for the interest of ordinary people

II. Athens and SpartaII. Athens and Sparta

A.A. Athens:Athens:1.1. Attica PeninsulaAttica Peninsula

2.2. Democracy: rule by the peopleDemocracy: rule by the people

3.3. Wealthy boys only ones educatedWealthy boys only ones educated

Athens and Sparta (cont’d)Athens and Sparta (cont’d)

B.B. Sparta:Sparta:1.1. Southern Greece/Gulf of CorinthSouthern Greece/Gulf of Corinth

2.2. HelotsHelots

3.3. Military stateMilitary state

4.4. Boys and Girls trainedBoys and Girls trained

Athens and SpartaAthens and Sparta

• Athens was largerAthens was larger• Education for wealthy Education for wealthy

boys only- liberal artsboys only- liberal arts• Society was based on Society was based on

trade and open to trade and open to outsidersoutsiders

• Many of the Greek Many of the Greek artistic and intellectual artistic and intellectual achievements came achievements came out of Athensout of Athens

• Women were Women were subordinate and kept subordinate and kept out of publicout of public

• Sparta was small with Sparta was small with a huge slave a huge slave population called population called helotshelots

• All boys and girls All boys and girls educated- women educated- women considered equalsconsidered equals

• Military educationMilitary education• Farming economyFarming economy• Closed society- very Closed society- very

paranoid- did not like paranoid- did not like outsidersoutsiders

• No wall around cityNo wall around city

Athens and Sparta (cont’d)Athens and Sparta (cont’d)

C.C. Persian WarsPersian Wars1.1. Greece vs. Persia at Ionia; coast of AnatoliaGreece vs. Persia at Ionia; coast of Anatolia

2.2. 10,000 Greeks (Athenians) vs. 25,000 10,000 Greeks (Athenians) vs. 25,000 PersiansPersians

3.3. Athenians arranged in Athenians arranged in PhalanxPhalanx: ea. Soldier : ea. Soldier stood side by side with spear and shieldstood side by side with spear and shield

4.4. Athenians winAthenians win

5.5. Pheidippides runs from Marathon to AthensPheidippides runs from Marathon to Athens

Second War: Land and Sea Second War: Land and Sea Invasions by XerxesInvasions by Xerxes

• To revenge his father’s shame, Xerxes in To revenge his father’s shame, Xerxes in 480 BCE launched a massive land and sea 480 BCE launched a massive land and sea invasion of Greece.(250,000 soldiers)invasion of Greece.(250,000 soldiers)

• Fought three major engagements- Fought three major engagements- Thermopylae (Stand of the 300 Spartans), Thermopylae (Stand of the 300 Spartans), Salamis (naval battle near Athens), and Salamis (naval battle near Athens), and Platae (Sparta’s revenge). Platae (Sparta’s revenge).

• Invasion failed and Xerxes lost most of his Invasion failed and Xerxes lost most of his army.army.

Legacy of Persian WarsLegacy of Persian Wars

• Greece now considered a Mediterranean Greece now considered a Mediterranean power. Athens and Sparta become the power. Athens and Sparta become the dominant city states.dominant city states.

• Athens enters a “Golden Age” of intellectual Athens enters a “Golden Age” of intellectual and artistic achievements.and artistic achievements.

• Jealously over Athenian dominance of Delian Jealously over Athenian dominance of Delian League led to 25 years of civil warfare in League led to 25 years of civil warfare in Greece. Athens vs. Sparta (Peloponnesian Greece. Athens vs. Sparta (Peloponnesian Wars)Wars)

• Leaves Greece open to foreign invasion- Leaves Greece open to foreign invasion- Macedonia under King Philip invades and Macedonia under King Philip invades and unites Greek city-states under one king. unites Greek city-states under one king.

III. Greek ArtIII. Greek Art

A.A. Golden Age: growth of intellectual Golden Age: growth of intellectual and artistic learning and artistic learning

B.B. Direct Democracy: citizens rule Direct Democracy: citizens rule directly (not through directly (not through representatives)representatives)

– ParthenonParthenon

C.C. Classical Art: portrays ideal beauty; Classical Art: portrays ideal beauty; serenity, gracefulnessserenity, gracefulness

Greek Art (cont’d)Greek Art (cont’d)

D.D. Drama:Drama:1.1. Tragedy: serious drama with a tragic flawTragedy: serious drama with a tragic flaw

2.2. Comedy: humorousComedy: humorous

E.E. Homer: greatest storyteller of GreeceHomer: greatest storyteller of Greece• The IliadThe Iliad• The OdysseyThe Odyssey

F.F. Myths: traditional stories about Myths: traditional stories about Greek godsGreek gods

IV. PhilosophersIV. Philosophers

• Philosophers: “lovers of wisdom” ; Philosophers: “lovers of wisdom” ; determined to seek truth wherever determined to seek truth wherever they were ledthey were led

Philosophers (cont’d)Philosophers (cont’d)

A.A. SocratesSocrates• believed absolute believed absolute

standards did exist for standards did exist for truth and justicetruth and justice

• ““The unexamined life The unexamined life is not worth living”is not worth living”

• Brought to trial for Brought to trial for “corrupting the youth “corrupting the youth of Athens”of Athens”

• Socratic MethodSocratic Method• Ideas were innateIdeas were innate• Mind continued to Mind continued to

exist after deathexist after death

Philosophers (cont’d)Philosophers (cont’d)

B.B.PlatoPlato• Student of SocratesStudent of Socrates

• The RepublicThe Republic

• Ideas innateIdeas innate

Philosophers (cont’d)Philosophers (cont’d)C.C.AristotleAristotle• Applied method of problem solving to Applied method of problem solving to

psychology, physics, and biologypsychology, physics, and biology (scientific method)(scientific method)

• Mind and body separateMind and body separate• Ideas result of experienceIdeas result of experience

V. Alexander the GreatV. Alexander the Great

A.A. Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War weakened Greek weakened Greek city-statescity-states

1.1. Philip II becomes Philip II becomes kingking

2.2. Killed at weddingKilled at wedding

B.B. Alexander becomes Alexander becomes king (20 yrs old)king (20 yrs old)

1.1. Student of AristotleStudent of Aristotle2.2. Expands the empire: Expands the empire:

Persia, Egypt Persia, Egypt (Alexandria), (Alexandria), Mesopotamia, Indus Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, ArabiaValley, Arabia

C.C. Dies of Malaria (32 Dies of Malaria (32 yrs old)yrs old)

Alexander (cont’d)Alexander (cont’d)

D.D. Alexander the Great’s LegacyAlexander the Great’s Legacy1.1. 3 different Greeks gain control of the 3 different Greeks gain control of the

EmpireEmpire• Antigonous of MacedoniaAntigonous of Macedonia

• Ptolemy seizes EgyptPtolemy seizes Egypt

• Seleucus took Old Persian EmpireSeleucus took Old Persian Empire

2.2. Adopts Persian customsAdopts Persian customs

3.3. Hellenistic culture emergesHellenistic culture emerges

VI. The Olympic Games and VI. The Olympic Games and Hellenistic CultureHellenistic Culture

A.A. Ancient OlympicsAncient Olympics• Honored ZeusHonored Zeus• In OlympiaIn Olympia• Chariot races, boxing, javelin, Chariot races, boxing, javelin,

discus , etc.discus , etc.• Statues of cheatersStatues of cheaters

Olympics cont’dOlympics cont’d

B.B. Modern OlympicsModern Olympics• In AthensIn Athens• 18961896• Many more Many more

sportssports

Hellenistic Culture (cont’d)Hellenistic Culture (cont’d)

C.C. Hellenistic CultureHellenistic Culture• Greek (Hellenic) blended with Egyptian, Greek (Hellenic) blended with Egyptian,

Persian, and Indian influencesPersian, and Indian influences1.1. ScholarsScholars

• Provided most scientific knowledgeProvided most scientific knowledge• Euclid: mathematician (geometry)Euclid: mathematician (geometry)• Archimedes: pi, lever, screw, and pulleyArchimedes: pi, lever, screw, and pulley

2.2. ArtArt– Colossus of RhodesColossus of Rhodes– sculpturesculpture

I. Origins of RomeI. Origins of Rome

A.A. Founded in 753 by Romulus and Remus Founded in 753 by Romulus and Remus (legend)(legend)

• Tiber River near Italian Peninsula; midpoint of Tiber River near Italian Peninsula; midpoint of the Med. Seathe Med. Sea

• Rolling hillsRolling hills• Fertile soilFertile soil

B.B. 3 Groups inhabited the region (1000-500 3 Groups inhabited the region (1000-500 BC)BC)

• LatinsLatins• GreeksGreeks (these 3 were 1(these 3 were 1stst settlers) settlers)• EtruscansEtruscans

Rome (cont)Rome (cont)

• b/w 750 and 600 BC the Greeks est. b/w 750 and 600 BC the Greeks est. colonies; brought all of Italy into colonies; brought all of Italy into closer contact with the Greek civ. closer contact with the Greek civ.

• Etruscans strongly influenced Roman Etruscans strongly influenced Roman civ.civ.– Writing and architecture (esp. arch)Writing and architecture (esp. arch)

II. Roman GovernmentII. Roman Government

A.A. Republic: citizens vote for leadersRepublic: citizens vote for leaders1.1. Patricians: wealthy landownersPatricians: wealthy landowners2.2. Plebeians: common farmers, artisans, and Plebeians: common farmers, artisans, and

merchants (majority)merchants (majority)• Barred by law from holding imp. Govt. positionsBarred by law from holding imp. Govt. positions• Eventually formEventually form tribunes tribunes: protected the rights : protected the rights

of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officialsofficials

• Created Created Twelve Tables: Twelve Tables: written law code written law code (protected from patrician officials (protected from patrician officials interpretations)interpretations)

Roman Gov’t (cont’d)Roman Gov’t (cont’d)

B.B. Parts of Roman Republic:Parts of Roman Republic:• Consuls: commanded army; directed Consuls: commanded army; directed

government (similar to President of government (similar to President of U.S.)U.S.)

• Senate: legislative assemblySenate: legislative assembly• Dictator: ruled in time of crisis (6 Dictator: ruled in time of crisis (6

months)months)• Legions: large military unitsLegions: large military units

III. Rome Spreads its PowerIII. Rome Spreads its Power

A.A. Punic WarsPunic Wars1.1. Rome vs. Carthage (North Africa)Rome vs. Carthage (North Africa)

• 3 separate wars3 separate wars• 11stst: (264- 241 BCE) : (264- 241 BCE)

– Carthage captured part of Sicily; Rome came to Carthage captured part of Sicily; Rome came to help out.help out.

– Also for glory and plunderAlso for glory and plunder– Fought mostly at seaFought mostly at sea– for some years Carthage was the most for some years Carthage was the most

successful, notedly under the leadership of successful, notedly under the leadership of HamilcarHamilcar, but with the battle at the Aegates , but with the battle at the Aegates Islands in 241, the Carthagians were beaten so Islands in 241, the Carthagians were beaten so painfully that they requested peace. This painfully that they requested peace. This agreement involved leaving Sicily and paying a agreement involved leaving Sicily and paying a huge indemnity. Rome now controlled Sicily. huge indemnity. Rome now controlled Sicily.

• 22ndnd: : (218- 201 BCE)(218- 201 BCE)

• It was the Carthagians bitterness over both the It was the Carthagians bitterness over both the agreement from the first war, and the Roman expansion agreement from the first war, and the Roman expansion following the next years (Corsica and Sardinia was taken following the next years (Corsica and Sardinia was taken from Carthage in 237), that brought it on.from Carthage in 237), that brought it on.

• Hannibal: Carthage general; mastermind of war Hannibal: Carthage general; mastermind of war – Won several early battles but no decisive onesWon several early battles but no decisive ones– The Romans used a tactic of delaying, and they had The Romans used a tactic of delaying, and they had

strong hold on the communications over both land and strong hold on the communications over both land and sea. This would eventually result in declining morals in sea. This would eventually result in declining morals in Hannibals troopsHannibals troops

– In 204 the Roman sunder the leadership of In 204 the Roman sunder the leadership of Scipio invaded Ifriqiya (today's Tunisia), and Scipio invaded Ifriqiya (today's Tunisia), and despite strong resistance, a peace was almost despite strong resistance, a peace was almost arranged in 203, when Hannibal returned. arranged in 203, when Hannibal returned. Hannibal was beaten in Zama (near today's Hannibal was beaten in Zama (near today's Maktar, Maktar, TunisiaTunisia) in 202. Peace was signed in ) in 202. Peace was signed in 201. All claims on Spain were given up, and 201. All claims on Spain were given up, and the Punic fleet was reduced to ten ships. the Punic fleet was reduced to ten ships.

• 33rdrd: : (149- 146 BCE)(149- 146 BCE)

• The third war was entirely provoked by the Romans. After The third war was entirely provoked by the Romans. After the second defeat, Carthage managed once again to return the second defeat, Carthage managed once again to return to much of its former glory, the economy prospered, and to much of its former glory, the economy prospered, and the fleet increased. But the memory of the former Punic the fleet increased. But the memory of the former Punic wars was strong in Rome; many hated the Carthaginians wars was strong in Rome; many hated the Carthaginians especially because there seemed to be nothing that could especially because there seemed to be nothing that could force them on their knees. Many Romans wanted to gain force them on their knees. Many Romans wanted to gain glory, and no enemy was more attractive than Carthage, glory, and no enemy was more attractive than Carthage, even if the city state now longer aspired to become an even if the city state now longer aspired to become an empire.empire.

• Masinissa deliberately provoked Carthage, and in 149 Masinissa deliberately provoked Carthage, and in 149 Carthage attacked him. Rome came to aid for their ally, Carthage attacked him. Rome came to aid for their ally, through declaring war on Carthage. At first a peace was through declaring war on Carthage. At first a peace was agreed upon, but then Rome increased their demands, agreed upon, but then Rome increased their demands, decreeing a total abandonment of the city. Facing these decreeing a total abandonment of the city. Facing these claims, the Carthaginians returned to fighting, and soon claims, the Carthaginians returned to fighting, and soon Carthage fell under what would become a 3 year long Carthage fell under what would become a 3 year long siege. When the Romans finally breached the walls, siege. When the Romans finally breached the walls, Scipio Scipio AemilianusAemilianus took the city by storm. One week of fighting took the city by storm. One week of fighting inside the city followed, then the city was burned, and the inside the city followed, then the city was burned, and the locals were either executed or sold into slavery. locals were either executed or sold into slavery.

IV. The Roman EmpireIV. The Roman Empire

A.A. Empire emerges after Punic Wars; Empire emerges after Punic Wars; republic becomes unstablerepublic becomes unstable

B.B. Economic TurmoilEconomic Turmoil1.1. Rich live on big estates (with lots of slaves)Rich live on big estates (with lots of slaves)

2.2. Small farmers had difficulty competingSmall farmers had difficulty competing

3.3. Civil War: Tribunes tried for reforms but made Civil War: Tribunes tried for reforms but made enemies with senatorsenemies with senators• Generals start to gain power (recruiting soldiers Generals start to gain power (recruiting soldiers

turned farmers—promising them land) and take turned farmers—promising them land) and take over by forceover by force

Roman Empire (cont’d)Roman Empire (cont’d)

C.C. Julius Caesar gains controlJulius Caesar gains control• 60 BCE Caesar joined with Crassus and60 BCE Caesar joined with Crassus and Pompey; ruled as a triumvirate (group of three) Pompey; ruled as a triumvirate (group of three) for 10 yrs.for 10 yrs.• Elected consul (ruled for 1 yr)Elected consul (ruled for 1 yr)• Excellent military leader Excellent military leader • Appointed himself governor of Gaul (France)—becomes Appointed himself governor of Gaul (France)—becomes

very popularvery popular• 50 BCE he defies senate; they ordered him to disband his 50 BCE he defies senate; they ordered him to disband his

legions and return home.legions and return home.• 49 BCE Crossed Rubicon River conquers Greece, Asia, 49 BCE Crossed Rubicon River conquers Greece, Asia,

Spain, EgyptSpain, Egypt• 46 BCE returned to Rome, had support of army and 46 BCE returned to Rome, had support of army and

masses and was appointed Dictatormasses and was appointed Dictator• 44 BCE appointed dictator for life44 BCE appointed dictator for life

The Roman Empire (cont’d)The Roman Empire (cont’d)

• Governed as an absolute rulerGoverned as an absolute ruler• Reforms: Roman citizenship to people in Reforms: Roman citizenship to people in

the provinces; expanded the senate; built the provinces; expanded the senate; built new public buildings that created new jobs new public buildings that created new jobs for the poorfor the poor

• Some senators feared losing their Some senators feared losing their influence; some considered him a tyrantinfluence; some considered him a tyrant

• Caesar is killed by senatorsCaesar is killed by senatorsMarch 15, 44 BCEMarch 15, 44 BCE

The Roman Empire (cont’d)The Roman Empire (cont’d)

B.B. Beginning of the EmpireBeginning of the Empire1.1. More civil war; Roman Republic destroyedMore civil war; Roman Republic destroyed2.2. Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus

• Ruled for 10 yrsRuled for 10 yrs• Jealousy and violenceJealousy and violence• Lepidus retires, Octavian and Mark Antony Lepidus retires, Octavian and Mark Antony

rivalsrivals

3. Octavian rules; becomes Augustus Caesar3. Octavian rules; becomes Augustus Caesar4.4. Pax Romana (207 years)Pax Romana (207 years)

– After Augustus’ death, empire remained stable After Augustus’ death, empire remained stable

V. Society and CultureV. Society and Culture

A.A. AgricultureAgriculture• Most important industryMost important industry• 90% involved in farming90% involved in farming• Complex roads linked the empireComplex roads linked the empire

B.B. Slaves and CaptivitySlaves and Captivity• Used slaves more than any other civilizationUsed slaves more than any other civilization• Conquered peoples brought back to RomeConquered peoples brought back to Rome• Worked both city and farmWorked both city and farm• Some forced to be gladiatorsSome forced to be gladiators• Occasional rebellions (none successful)Occasional rebellions (none successful)

Society and Culture (cont’d)Society and Culture (cont’d)

C.C. Gods and GoddessesGods and Goddesses• Early Romans worshiped powerful, divine Early Romans worshiped powerful, divine

spiritsspirits• Government and religion linked; private and Government and religion linked; private and

public rituals expected; worship of emperor public rituals expected; worship of emperor was important as wellwas important as well

D.D. Majority of people were poorMajority of people were poor• Government supported peopleGovernment supported people• Gladiator gamesGladiator games• Colosseum one of greatest structure ever Colosseum one of greatest structure ever

built; held 50,000 peoplebuilt; held 50,000 people

Society and Culture (cont’d)Society and Culture (cont’d)

E.E. Roman ArtRoman Art1.1. Greco-Roman: classical civilizationGreco-Roman: classical civilization

• Rome had conquered Greece and was influenced by Rome had conquered Greece and was influenced by their culturetheir culture

• One of greatest legacies to the worldOne of greatest legacies to the world

2.2. RealismRealism• Augustus had great artistic achievementAugustus had great artistic achievement• Bas-relief; told storiesBas-relief; told stories• Mosaics; found in wealthy homesMosaics; found in wealthy homes• Pompeii was best example; site of Vesuvius Pompeii was best example; site of Vesuvius

eruption which preserved many buildings and eruption which preserved many buildings and artworksartworks

Society and Culture (cont’d)Society and Culture (cont’d)

F.F. LegacyLegacy• Latin language; official language of Roman Latin language; official language of Roman

Catholic Church into 20Catholic Church into 20thth century century• Aqueducts; brought water to citiesAqueducts; brought water to cities• Architecture; inspired public buildingsArchitecture; inspired public buildings• Roman Roads; made of stone, concrete, and Roman Roads; made of stone, concrete, and

sand. Lasted until Middle agessand. Lasted until Middle ages• Laws; most lasting and widespreadLaws; most lasting and widespread

• Fair and equal to all peopleFair and equal to all people• Influenced by philosophersInfluenced by philosophers• Equal treatment under lawEqual treatment under law• Innocent until proven guiltyInnocent until proven guilty

VII. Fall of the Roman VII. Fall of the Roman EmpireEmpire

A.A. Rome’s economy weakensRome’s economy weakens1.1. InflationInflation2.2. Overworked soilOverworked soil3.3. Military in disarrayMilitary in disarray

B.B. Rome splits (empire no more)Rome splits (empire no more)1.1. West: remains Rome; Latin speakingWest: remains Rome; Latin speaking

• Huns responsible for German invasions in West (Attila)Huns responsible for German invasions in West (Attila)

2.2. East: East: Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire; Greek speaking; Greek speaking• Constantine secures, moves capitol Constantine secures, moves capitol

(Constantinople)(Constantinople)• Flourishes; preserves Greek and Roman Flourishes; preserves Greek and Roman

cultureculture

VI. Christianity SpreadsVI. Christianity Spreads

A.A. JesusJesus• The MessiahThe Messiah• Contained many ideas from JudaismContained many ideas from Judaism• Stressed importance of people’s love for God Stressed importance of people’s love for God

and each otherand each other• Promised salvation for those who repented Promised salvation for those who repented

their sinstheir sins• Crucified for defying the Roman governmentCrucified for defying the Roman government

B.B. Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity• Roads make is easyRoads make is easy• Paul Paul

Christianity SpreadsChristianity Spreads

C.C. ConstantineConstantine• Ends persecution (occurred b/c people didn’t Ends persecution (occurred b/c people didn’t

worship Roman gods—thousands were killed, worship Roman gods—thousands were killed, exiled, or imprisoned)exiled, or imprisoned)

• Nicene Creed: basic beliefs of churchNicene Creed: basic beliefs of church

D.D. Christian ChurchChristian Church• Peter “rock” on which the church will be builtPeter “rock” on which the church will be built

• First Pope—head of the Christian ChurchFirst Pope—head of the Christian Church• Bishops nextBishops next• PriestsPriests

• Augustine: influential writer/bishop helped Augustine: influential writer/bishop helped define Church teachingsdefine Church teachings