Grammar Test 3

GRAMMAR TEST—3(Based on Cat Pattern: 1999—2004)

[IDIOMATIC USAGE]

PART—I

Directions for questions 1 to 25: Identify the incorrect sentence or sentences.

1. A. Surprisingly, my boss agreed to all my proposals.B. They can’t agree terms.C. Let us try and agree on an approach to break the deadlock.D. I love beer, but it does not agree with me.

1. B and D 2. A, B and D 3. C 4. B and C

2. A. She thought him kind and compassionate.B. He wants to think of the proposals overnight.C. I think it highly unlikely that I will get the job.D. Don’t take any notice of me, I am just thinking loudly.

1. A and B 2. A and C 3. C and D 4. B and D

3. A. He poured over his textbooks for a last-minute revision.B. She poured her troubles onto me over a cup of coffee.C. He poured scorn on their suggestions.D. It never rains; it always pours.

1. A and B 2. B and C 3. B and D 4. None of the above

4. A. We are not part of their smart set, so it is surprising that they deigned to invite us.B. I deemed it prudent not to say anything while he was still angry.C. The boss doesn’t even deign to return our greetings.D. The authorities will take any action deemed to be necessary.

1. A and C 2. D 3. B and D 4. None of the above

5. A. It is obvious that she was just fishing to get compliments.B. A lot of fish were caught by the fishermen on that day.C. All he could fish up to say was: “How dare you!”D. She eventually fished out the car keys from her rather bountiful handbag.

1. B and D 2. B, C and D 3. A and B 4. A and C

6. A. The number of homeless people is a telling comment on the state of our society.B. She told that she would be arriving late.C. Has she said who are coming for the party?D. It was obvious that he was speaking complete nonsense.

1. A and B 2. B and C 3. B and D 4. C and D

7. A. I will arrange the party, but who will foot the bill?B. It is difficult to choose one as several of the applicants fit the bill.C. The movie is billed as a family entertainer.D. It was a great variety show, with Shah Rukh Khan topping the bill.

1. B and C 2. D 3. B and D 4. None of the above

8. A. I was wondering if you could help me change the tyre.B. Are you understanding what I am saying?C. I am seeing the movie for the first time.D. Are you having a spare pen which I could borrow?

1. B, C and D 2. A, C and D 3. A, B and D 4. C and D

9. A. Vivek is regarded to be the best student in the class.B. Women were considered as the property of men.C. This work must be treated as something very sacred.D. We regard his work as very highly.

1. A and D 2. B and D 3. A, B and D 4. B, C and D

10. A. The troops withdrew to the international border from their advanced position in enemy territory.B. Natural cotton has been substituted by synthetic fibres in most of our fabrics.C. Surgeons can now replace several damaged joints by metal or plastic ones.D. In this recipe you may substitute yoghurt for cream.

1. A and B 2. B and C 3. A and D 4. C and D

11. A. Everybody is responsible to choose his own course of action in this matter.B. Give me a spoon for stirring it with.C. I had no need for opening the letter.D. She allowed her daughter to attend late-night parties.

1. A and B 2. B and C 3. C and D 4. A, B and C

12. A. I took exception to that remark of his.B. Except for his help, I could not have passed the exam.C. There are exceptions of every rule; so exceptions prove the rule.D. Your proposal is unexceptionable in theory, but quite impractical.

1. A and B 2. B and C 3. C and D 4. A and D

13. A. She wishes asking a favour of you.B. Coffee helped keeping him awake.C. She did not regret accepting his offer.D. I regret to inform you that the PM cannot see you today.

1. A and B 2. B and C 3. C and D 4. A and D

14. A. I have my doubts of the doctor’s competence.B. I am doubtful she will be able to leave next week.C. I suspect whether it will rain tomorrow.D. Some of the evidence they produced was highly suspicious.

1. A and C 2. B and C 3. C and D 4. All of the above

15. A. The measurements admit of a certain margin of error.B. The outgoing Prime Minister conceded defeat in the election.C. I admit of being wrong in this case.D. He reluctantly conceded me the point.

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

16. A. He was named as “The Joker of the Pack.”B. I have my doubts as to these figures.C. This year’s profits are equal if not higher than last year’s.D. The ideas in this book are similar though not the same as yours.

1. A and B 2. B and C 3. C and D 4. B, C and D

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17. A. The war started because of aggression on behalf of Pakistan.B. This tantamounts to an act of war.C. He blamed his divorce on his parents.D. We are in the same boat, you and me both.

1. A and B 2. A and D 3. C and D 4. A

18. A. Wordsworth and Coleridge were contemporaries of each other.B. What are the criterias for selection to a top B-school.C. While she enjoys opera, her husband detests it.D. Whether or not she wins or loses, she plans to retire after this match.

1. A and B 2. A, B and D 3. B, C and D 4. All of the above

19. A. This class was a complete wastage of time.B. I can play the piano, after a fashion.C. It transpired that the weather was too bad to undertake our journey.D. That is really too nice of you.

1. A and B 2. B and C 3. A and D 4. B and D

20. A. He is spoiling for a fight.B. Yudhishtra was honest to a fault.C. She won the prizes for playing the violin and the piano respectively.D. I then referred him back to my recent book.

1. A and B 2. B and C 3. C and D 4. All of the above

21. A. I protested my innocence.B. I must get to the real facts of the case.C. They prevented my leaving.D. He travels by bus, same as you do.

1. A and B 2. B and D 3. C and D 4. A and C22. A. We must give him benefit of doubt since there is no proof against him.

B. I forebore to comment.C. Cracking CAT is no mean task.D. She has no money, or at least no more than I do.

1. A and B 2. A and D 3. B and C 4. All of the above

23. A. His wife is equally as accomplished.B. They recommended us to read a good book.C. It is easier to walk rather than to drive.D. He opened his eyes, and presently rose from his bed.

1. A and B 2. B and C 3. C and D 4. A, B and C

24. A. He never minces his words; he always calls a spade a spade.B. Each of his parents is about to change their jobs.C. Choose whichever you find the most preferable.D. My point of view is that we must hurry before we get caught up in the rain.

1. A and B 2. B, C and D 3. C and D 4. A and C

25. A. He makes a point of shaking hands personally with the staff.B. The two boxers were mutually contemptuous.C. Be rest assured! I will take care of the necessary arrangements.

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D. Her two suitors are mutually jealous of each other.

1. A, C and D 2. A, B and C 3. A and D 4. B, C and D

[SENTENCE CORRECTION]

PART—II

Directions for questions 26 to 50: Each statement has a part missing. Choose the best option from the four options given below the statement to make up the missing part.

26. In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic, distinguishes ___________________ genuine manic-depressive psychosis.

1. mood swings, which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from

2. mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, and

3. between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease, and

4. between mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, from

27. Bufo marinus toads, fierce predators that will eat frogs, lizards, and even small birds, ___________________ pests in the state’s vast sugarcane fields.

1. are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930s in an attempt to control

2. are natives of South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930s in an attempt at controlling

3. had been native to South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930s as an attempt at controlling

4. had been natives of South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930s as attempts at controlling

28.. The current administration, _____________________________ to increase as a result of deep cuts in the value of the dollar, has formed a group to study ways to sharpen our competitiveness.

1. worrying over some foreign trade barriers being removed, also over the failure of our exports

2. in that they were worried about the removal of some foreign trade barriers and also about the failure of our exports

3. worried about the removal of some foreign trade barriers and the failure of our exports

4. because of its worry concerning the removal of some foreign trade barriers, also concerning the failure of our exports

29. The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling Uranus, _____________________ the distant planet.

1. which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting

2. doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit

3. which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known in orbit around

4. doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting

30. Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization _________________ in the Nile delta and the rivers valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.

1. that flourished at the same time as the civilizations

2. that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations

3. that flourished at the same time as those had

4. flourishing at the same time as those did

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31. Beyond the immediate cash flow crisis that the museum faces, its survival depends on ______________ its cramped quarters for a site where it can store and exhibit its more than 12,000 artifacts.

1. if it can broaden its membership and leave

2. whether it can broaden its membership and leave

3. whether or not it has the capability to broaden its membership and can leave

4. its ability for broadening its membership and leaving

32. The financial crash of October 1987 demonstrated that the world’s capital markets are _________________ events in one part of the global village may be transmitted to the rest of the village—almost instantaneously.

1. more than ever before closely integrated as

2. closely integrated more than ever before so

3. more closely integrated than ever before and that

4. more closely integrated as ever before while

33. Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private employers ___________usually held by men.

1. that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for a job requiring comparable skills

2. that pay for jobs historically held by women should be the same as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are

3. that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are

4. to pay the same in jobs historically held by women as in jobs of comparable skill that are

34. In theory, international civil servants at the United Nations are ______________________________ to the United Nations.

1. prohibited to continue to draw salaries from their governments; in practice, however, some governments merely replace living allowances for their employee’s paychecks assigned by them

2. prohibited from continuing to draw salaries from their governments; in practice, however, some governments merely substitute living allowances for the paychecks of their employees who have been assigned

3. forbidden to continue to draw salaries from their governments; however, in practice, some governments merely substitute living allowances for their employee’s paychecks assigned by them

4. forbidden from continuing to draw salaries from their governments; in practice, however, some governments merely replace living allowances for the paychecks of the employees who have been assigned

35. While some propose to combat widespread illegal copying of computer programs by attempting to change people’s attitudes toward pirating, others _______________________ of those who copy software illegally.

1. by suggesting reducing software prices to decrease the incentive for pirating, and still others by calling for the prosecution

2. suggest the reduction of software prices for decreasing the incentive for pirating, and still others call for the persecution

3. suggest the reduction of software prices to decrease the incentive for pirating, and still others by calling for the persecution

4. suggest reducing software prices to decrease the incentive for pirating, and still others are calling for the prosecution

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36. One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead to ______________ a rally in stocks and bonds, and a weakening of the dollar.

1. lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation,

2. a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation,

3. a lowering of interest rates, along with fears about inflation,

4. interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered, with

37. The underlying physical principles that control the midair gyrations of divers and gymnasts are the same ______________________________ astronauts in a weightless environment.

1. as the body orientation which controls

2. as those controlling the body orientation of

3. ones used in controlling the body orientation of

4. as the body orientation controlling

38. Lacking information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of energy used by

______________________________ used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.

1. visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and underestimate that

2. equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate that

3. equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate it when

4. equipment, such as lights, that is visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate it when

39. Paleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and _____________ ______________ a crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human beings.

1. estimated as being 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of

2. is estimated as 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of

3. estimated to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of

4. estimated at 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of

40 Although many art patrons can readily differentiate a type of art form another, they are _________________________fakes.

1. much less expert in distinguishing good paintings and poor ones, authentic art and

2. far less expert in distinguishing good paintings from poor ones, authentic art from

3. much less expert when it comes to distinguishing good paintings and poor ones, authentic art from

4. far less expert in distinguishing good paintings and poor ones, authentic art and

41 Since chromosome damage may be caused by viral infections, medical x-rays, and exposure to sunlight, it is important that the chromosomes of a population __________________________________ those of a control population.

1. being tested for chemically induced damage should be compared to

2. to be tested for chemically induced damage be compared with

3. being tested for chemically induced damage are to be compared to

4. that is to be tested for chemically induced damage are to be comparable with

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42 The suspect in the burglary was advised _______________________________________ interrogated in a detention room.

1. of his right to remain silent, told he could not leave, and

2. of his right to remain silent and that he could not leave and

3. that he had a right to remain silent, that he could not leave, and was

4. of his right to remain silent, told he could not leave, and was

43 Among the reasons for the decline of agriculture in Rajasthan were the high cost of land, the pressure of housing and commercial development, and _______________________________________ .

1. basing a distribution system on procuring produce from Punjab and Haryana

2. basing a distribution system on the procured produce of Punjab and Haryana

3. a distribution system based on procuring produce from Punjab and Haryana

4. a distribution system procuring produce from Punjab and Haryana as its base

44 As more and more subjects take this test, the body of information tying styles of response _________________________ .

1. with specific problems or tendencies grow, and the predictive powers increase in the test

2. to specific problems or tendencies grow, and the predictive power of the test increases

3. with specific problems or tendencies grow, and the predictive power of the test increases

4. to specific problems or tendencies grows, and the predictive power of the test increases

45 Urban officials want the census to be as accurate and complete as possible _____________________ the distribution of government funds.

1. in that the amount of low-income people in given areas affect

2. because the number of low-income people in a given area affects

3. because the numbers of low-income people in given areas affects

4. for the reason that the amount of low-income people in a given area affect

46 Unlike the ______________________________________ a chance to talk out their experiences and begin to absorb them, Vietnam returnees often came home by jet, singly or in small groups.

1. soldier coming home after the Second World War on long voyages aboard troopships who had

2. Second World War, when long voyages home aboard troopships gave soldiers

3. troopships on long voyages home after the Second World War which gave the soldier

4. soldiers of the Second World War, whose long voyages home aboard troopships gave them

47 The herbicide was still being produced, even after the wives of workers producing the chemical in Surat, were found

_____________________________________________ normal.

1. to have had children born with heart defects or miscarriages, and none of the pregnancies was

2. to have borne children with heart defects or miscarriages, and none of their pregnancies was

3. either to have had miscarriages or to have borne children with heart defects; none of the pregnancies was

4. either to have had miscarriages or children born with heart defects, without any of their pregnancies being

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48. The period when the great painted caves at Lascaux and Altamira were occupied by Upper Paleolithic people _________________________ the reason for their decoration, the use to which primitive people put the caves, and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals.

1. has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are

2. has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is

3. have been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is

4. have been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are

49. Many policy experts say that shifting a portion of health-benefit costs back to the workers _______________________ to limit medical spending by making patients more careful consumers.

1. helps the control of the employer’s costs, and also

2. not only helps to control the employer’s costs, but also helps

3. helps to control not only the employer’s costs, but

4. not only helps to control the employer’s costs, and also helps

50. Judicial rules in many states require ______________________________ the testimony, but the Constitution explicitly requires only that the defendant have the opportunity to confront an accuser in court.

1. that the identities of all prosecution witnesses are made known to defendants so they can attempt to rebut

2. that the identities of all prosecution witnesses be made known to defendants so that they can attempt to rebut

3. that the defendants should know the identities of all prosecution witnesses so they can attempt a rebuttal of

4. the identities of all prosecution witnesses should be made known to defendants so they can attempt rebutting

PART—III

Directions for questions 51 to 75: In each of the questions, four different ways of presenting an idea is given. Choose the one that conforms most closely to Standard English usage.

51. 1. A firm that specialises in the analysis of handwriting claims from a one-page writing sample that it can assess

more than three hundred personality traits, including enthusiasm, imagination and ambition.

2. A firm that specialises in the analysis of handwriting claims from a one-page writing sample it has the ability of assessing more than three hundred personality traits, including enthusiasm, imagination and ambition.

3. A firm that specialises in the analysis of handwriting claims the ability, from a one-page writing sample, of assessing more than three hundred personality traits, including enthusiasm, imagination and ambition.

4. A firm that specialises in the analysis of handwriting claims to be able, from a one-page writing sample, to assess more than three hundred personality traits, including enthusiasm, imagination and ambition.

52. 1. The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to process them quickly into juice concentrate before they rot when warmer weather returns.

2. The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to have it quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns and rots the fruit.

3. The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is if they are quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns to rot them.

4. The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is for them to be processed quickly into juice concentrate before the fruit rots when warmer weather returns.

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53. 1. In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces the production of enzymes that are the organism’s trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it.

2. In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces the production of enzymes that are the organism’s trying that it metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant.

3. In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces the production of enzymes that are the organism’s attempt to try and metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritating it.

4. In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces the production of enzymes that are the organism’s attempt to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant.

54. 1. Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.

2. Because new small businesses are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to them in the same way as to established big businesses.

3. New small businesses are not subject to the applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity in the same way as established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.

4. Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses.

55. 1. The rise in the Commerce Department’s index of leading economic indicators suggests that the economy will continue to expand in the coming months, but the mixed performance of the index’s individual components indicates that economic growth will proceed at a more moderate pace than in the first quarter of this year.

2. The rise in the Commerce Department’s index of leading economic indicators suggest that the economy will continue its expanding in the coming months, but that the mixed performance of the index’s individual components indicate that economic growth will proceed at a more temperate pace than in the first quarter of this year.

3. The rise in the Commerce Department’s index of leading economic indicators suggests that the economy should continue its expansion into the coming months, but that the mixed performance of the index’s individual components indicates that economic growth will proceed at a more moderate pace than in the first quarter of this year.

4. The rise in the Commerce Department’s index of leading economic indicators suggest that the economy is to continue expansion in the coming months, but the mixed performance of the index’s individual components indicates that economic growth will proceed at a more conservative pace than in the first quarter of this year.

56. 1. What was as remarkable as the development of the compact disc has been the use of the new technology to revitalize, in better sound than was ever before possible, some of the classic recorded performances of the pre-LP era.

2. The thing that was as remarkable as developing the compact disc has been this use of the new technology to revitalize, in better sound than ever before possible, some of the classic recorded performances of the pre-LP era.

3. Development of the compact disc has been no less remarkable as was the use of this new technology to revitalize, in better sound than ever before possible, some of the classic recorded performances of the pre-LP era.

4. No less remarkable than the development of the compact disc has been the use of the new technology to revitalize, in better sound than was ever before possible, some of the classic recorded performances of the pre-LP era.

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57. 1. While some academicians believe that business ethics should be integrated into every business course, others say students will take ethics seriously only if it would be taught as a separately required course.

2. While some academicians believe that business ethics should be integrated into every business course, others say that students will take ethics seriously only if it is taught as a separate, required course.

3. While some academicians believe that business ethics should be integrated into every business course, others say that students will take ethics seriously if it is taught only as a course required separately.

4. While some academicians believe business ethics should be integrated into every business course, others say students will take ethics seriously if it was taught only as a separate and required course.

58. 1. Under a provision of the Constitution that was never applied, Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states.

2. Under a provision of the Constitution that was never applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when asked to do it formally by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states.

3. Under a provision of the Constitution that has never been applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so by two-thirds of the states’ legislatures.

4. Under a provision of the Constitution that has never been applied, Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states.

59. 1. In contrast to large steel plants that take iron ore through all the steps needed to produce several different kinds of steels, processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology and remain economically viable.

2. In contrast with large steel plants that take iron ore through all the steps needed to produce several different kinds of steel, processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology, remaining economically viable.

3. In contrast to large steel plants that take iron ore through all the steps needed to produce several different kinds of steel, the processing of steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology, remaining economically viable.

4. In contrast to large steel plants that take iron ore through all the steps needed to produce several different kinds of steel, small mills, by processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products, have been able to put capital into new technology and remain economically viable.

60. 1. In Holland, a larger percentage of the gross national product is spent on defense of their coasts from rising seas than is spent on military defense in the United States.

2. Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense.

3. In Holland, they spend a larger percentage of their gross national product on defending their coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense.

4. Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product defending its coasts from rising seas than the military defense spending of the United States.

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61. 1. The extraordinary diary of William Lyon Mackenzie King, prime minister of Canada for over twenty years, revealed that this most bland and circumspect of men was a mystic guided in both public and private life by omens, messages received at séances, and signs from heaven.

2. The extraordinary diary of William Lyon Mackenzie King, prime minister of Canada for over twenty years, revealed this most bland and circumspect of men was a mystic and also guided both in public as well as private life by omens, messages received at séances, and signs from heaven.

3. The extraordinary diary of William Lyon Mackenzie King, prime minister of Canada for over twenty years, revealed this most bland and circumspect of men was a mystic and that he was guided in both public and private life by omens, messages received at séances, and signs from heaven.

4. The extraordinary diary of William Lyon Mackenzie King, prime minister of Canada for over twenty years, revealed this most bland and circumspect of men to have been a mystic and that he guided himself both in public as well as private life by omens, messages received at séances, and signs from heaven.

62. 1. A number of linguists contend that all of the thousands of languages spoken by the world’s six billion people can be traced back to a common root language.

2. A number of linguists contend that the world’s six billion people speak thousands of languages of which all can be traced back to a common root language.

3. A number of linguists contend the world’s six billion people speak thousands of languages which are all traceable back to a common root language.

4. A number of linguists contend all of the thousands of languages spoken by the world’s six billion people to be traceable back to a common root language.

63. 1. Seismologists studying the earthquake that struck northern California in October 1989 are still investigating some of its mysteries: the unexpected power of the seismic waves, the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and strange electromagnetic signals were detected hours before the temblor.

2. Seismologists studying the earthquake that struck northern California in October 1989 are still investigating some of its mysteries: the unexpected power of the seismic waves, the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and the strange electromagnetic signals detected hours before the temblor.

3. Seismologists studying the earthquake that struck northern California in October 1989 are still investigating some of its mysteries: the unexpected power of the seismic waves, the upward thrust threw one man straight into the air, and hours before the temblor strange electromagnetic signals were detected.

4. Seismologists studying the earthquake that struck northern California in October 1989 are still investigating some of its mysteries: the unexpected power of the seismic waves, one man was thrown straight in the air by the upward thrust, and hours before the temblor strange electromagnetic signals were detected.

64. 1. That many young recruits in the United States work force are so poorly educated and trained is why many business executives fear this country will lose its economic preeminence.

2. So poorly educated and trained are many young recruits to the United States work force that many business executives fear this country will lose its economic preeminence.

3. Because of many young recruits with the United States work force who are so poorly educated and trained, many business executives fear this country will lose their economic preeminence.

4. As poorly educated and trained as many young recruits to the United States work force are, many business executives fear this country will lose its economic preeminence.

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65. 1. Judge Bonham denied a motion to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of to confine them to a hotel.

2. Judge Bonham denied a motion under which members of the jury are allowed to go home at the end of each day instead of confining them in a hotel.

3. Judge Bonham denied a motion that would allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather than confinement in a hotel.

4. Judge Bonham denied a motion to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather than be confined to a hotel.

66. 1. Unlike the United States, where farmers can usually depend on rain or snow all year long, the rains in most part of Sri Lanka are concentrated in the monsoon months, June to September, and the skies are generally clear for the rest of the year.

2. Unlike the United States farmers who can usually depend on rain or snow all year long, the rains in most parts of Sri Lanka are concentrated in the monsoon months, June to September, and the skies are generally clear for the rest of the year.

3. Unlike those of the United States, where farmers can usually depend on rain or snow all year long, most parts of Sri Lanka’s rains are concentrated in the monsoon months, June to September, and the skies are generally clear for the rest of the year.

4. In the United States, farmers can usually depend on rain or snow all year long, but in most parts of Sri Lanka the rains are concentrated in the monsoon months, June to September, and the skies are generally clear for the rest of the year.

67. 1. Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be published.

2. Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered that seawater at popular beaches should be measured for their level of bacteria, with the results being published.

3. Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered the measure of levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches and the results to be published.

4. Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results published.

68. 1. Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.

2. Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland in this summer, and brings to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.

3. Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, and it brings to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway had began in 1975.

4. Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests at western Scotland this summer, and brought to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.

69. 1. Being a United States citizen since 1988 and born in Calcutta in 1940, author Bharati Mukherjee has lived in England and Canada, and first came to the United States in 1961 to study at the Iowa Writer’s Workshop.

2. Born in Calcutta in 1940, author Bharati Mukherjee became a United States citizen in 1988; she has lived in England and Canada, and first came to the United States in 1961 to study at the Iowa Writer’s Workshop.

3. Having been a United States citizen since 1988, she was born in Calcutta in 1940; author Bharati Mukherjee lived in England and Canada, and first came to the United States in 1961 to study at the Iowa Writer’s Workshop.

4. Having been born in Calcutta in 1940 and being a United States citizen since 1988, author Bharati Mukherjee lived in England and Canada, and first came to the United States in 1961 to study at the Iowa Writer’s Workshop.

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70. 1. Initiated five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World on Columbus Day 1992, Project SETI pledged a $ 100 million investment in the search of extraterrestrial intelligence.

2. Initiated on Columbus Day 1992, five centuries after Europeans arrived at the New World, a $ 100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence was pledged by Project SETI.

3. Initiated on Columbus Day 1992, five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World, Project SETI pledged a $ 100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

4. Pledging a $ 100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World, on Columbus Day 1992, the initiation of Project SETI took place.

71. 1. A recent study revealed that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among unskilled workers, significantly compounding the effects of alcohol abuse, which already cost business more than Rs. 1500 crores a year.

2. A recent study revealed that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among unskilled workers, significantly compounding the effects of alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of more than Rs. 1500 crores a year.

3. A recent study revealed that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among unskilled workers, significant in compounding the effects of alcohol abuse, and already costing business more than Rs. 1500 crores a year.

4. A recent study revealed that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among unskilled workers, significant in compounding the effects of alcohol abuse, and already costs business more than Rs. 1500 crores a year.

72. 1. It is well known in the supermarket industry that how items are placed on shelves and the frequency of inventory turnovers can be crucial to profits.

2. It is well known in the supermarket industry that how items are placed on shelves and the frequency of inventory turnovers is often crucial to profits.

3. It is well known in the supermarket industry that how items are placed on shelves and the frequency with which the inventory turns over is often crucial to profits.

4. It is well known in the supermarket industry that how items are placed on shelves and how frequently the inventory turns over can be crucial to profits.

73. 1. Never before had tenants seen so many changes at once as they had in the amended Rent Control Act.

2. Never before had tenants seen at once as many changes as in the amended Rent Control Act.

3. Never before had tenants seen at once as many changes that there were with the amended Rent Control Act.

4. Never before had tenants seen as many changes at once as they saw in the amended Rent Control Act.

74. 1. As it becomes more frequent to have spouses who both work outside the home, companies are beginning to help in finding new employment for the spouses of transferred employees.

2. As it becomes more frequent to have couples both working outside the home, companies are beginning to help in finding new employment for the spouses of transferred employees.

3. As it becomes more common for both husband and wife to work outside the home, companies are beginning to help in finding new employment for the spouses of transferred employees.

4. As couples in which both of the spouses working outside the home become more common, companies are beginning to help in finding new employment for the spouses of transferred employees.

75. 1. The author won the Pulitzer Prize on account his book was timely and artistic.

2. The author won the Pulitzer Prize because his book was timely and artistic.

3. The author won the Pulitzer Prize being that his book was timely and artistic.

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4. The author won the Pulitzer Prize for the reason that his book was timely and artistic.

PART—IV

Directions for questions 76 to 100: In each of the following sentences, a part of the sentence is underlined. Beneath each sentence, four different ways of phrasing the underlined part are indicated. Choose the best alternative from among the four.

76. Even their most ardent champions concede that no less than a technical or scientific breakthrough is necessary before solar cells can meet the goal of providing one percent of the nation’s energy needs.

1.that a technical or scientific breakthrough is necessary

2.the necessity for a technical or scientific breakthrough occurring

3.that no less than a technical or scientific breakthrough is necessary

4.that nothing other than a technical or scientific breakthrough is needed

77. Spanning more than fifty years, Friedrich Muller began his career in an uncompromising apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honour that European governments and learned societies could

bestow.

1. Muller began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship as

2. Muller’s career began in an unpromising apprenticeship as

3. Muller’s career began with the unpromising apprenticeship of being

4. Muller had begun his career in an unpromising apprenticeship of being

78. Eating saltwater fish may significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and also aid for sufferers of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, according to three research studies published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

1. significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and aid

2. significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and also aid for

3. be significant in reducing the risk of heart attacks and aid for

4. significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks as well as aiding

79. Many policy experts say that shifting a portion of health-benefit costs back to the workers helps to control the employer’s costs, but also helps to limit medical spending by making patients more careful consumers.

1. helps to control the employer’s costs, but also helps

2. helps the control of the employer’s costs, and also

3. not only helps to control the employer’s costs, but also helps

4. helps to control not only the employer’s costs, but

80. Like Auden, the language of James Merrill is chatty, arch, and conversational—given to complex syntactic flights as well as to prosaic free-verse strolls.

1. Like Auden, the language of James Merrill

2. Like Auden, James Merrill’s language

3. Like Auden’s, James Merrill’s language

4. As is Auden’s the language of James Merrill

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81. Two new studies indicate that many people become obese more due to the fact that their bodies burn calories too slowly than overeating.

1. due to the fact that their bodies burn calories too slowly than overeating

2. because their bodies burning calories too slowly than that they are overeaters

3. due to their bodies burning calories too slowly than to eating too much

4. because their bodies burn calories too slowly than because they eat too much

82. The commission proposed that funding for the park’s development, which could be open to the public early next year, is obtained through a local bond issue.

1. that funding for development of the park, which could be open to the public early next year, be

2. that funding for the park’s development, which could be open to the public early next year, is

3. funding for the development of the park, which could be open to the public early next year, to be

4. that funding for the park’s development, perhaps open to the public early next year, be

83. In the mid-1960’s a newly installed radar warning system mistook the rising of the moon as a massive missile attack by the Soviets.

1. rising of the moon as a massive missile attack by the Soviets

2. rising of the moon for a massive Soviet missile attack

3. rise of the moon as a massive Soviet missile attack

4. moon rising to a massive missile attack by the Soviets

84. Last year, land values in most parts of the pinelands rose almost so fast, and in some parts even faster than what they did outside the pinelands.

1. so fast, and in some parts even faster than what they did

2. so fast, and in some parts even faster than, those

3. as fast, and in some parts even faster than what they did

4. as fast as, and in some parts even faster than, those

85. In one of the most stunning reversals in the history of marketing, the Coca-Cola company in July 1985 yielded to thousands of irate consumers demanding that it should bring back the original Coke formula.

1. demanding that it should

2. demanding it to

3. and their demand to

4. who demanded that it

86. Unlike transplants between identical twins, whose genetic endowment is the same, all patients receiving hearts or other organs must take antirejection drugs for the rest of their lives.

1. Besides transplants involving identical twins with the same genetic endowment 2. Unlike transplants between identical twins, whose genetic endowment is the same

3. Unless the transplant involves identical twins who have the same genetic endowment

4. Aside from a transplant between identical twins with the same genetic endowment

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87. Reporting that one of its many problems had been the recent extended sales slump in women’s apparel, the seven-store retailer said it would start a three-month liquidation sale in all of its stores.

1. their many problems had been the recent

2. its many problems is the recently

3. its many problems had been the recent

4. its many problems has been the recently

88. The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealized sculpture portrait, the features of which are so unrealistic as to constitute what one scholar calls an “artificial face.”

1. so unrealistic that they have constituted

2. so unrealistic as to constitute

3. unrealistic enough so as to constitute

4. so unrealistic they constituted

5. In 1973 mortgage payments represented twenty-one percent of an average thirty-year-old male’s income; and forty-

four percent in 1984.

1. income; and forty-four percent in 1984

2. income; in 1984 the figure was forty-four percent

3. income, and in 1984 forty-four percent

4. income that rose to forty-four percent in 1984

6. George Sand was one of the first European writers to consider the rural poor to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect in her novels.

1. to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these

2. as being legitimate subjects for literature and portraying them

3. legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them

4. should be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these

7. Congress is debating a bill requiring certain employers provide workers with unpaid leave so as to care for sick or newborn children.

1. provide workers with unpaid leave so as to

2. to provide workers with unpaid leave so as to

3. provide workers with unpaid leave in order that they

4. to provide workers with unpaid leave so that they can

92. According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own is still a goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations.

1. like that of earlier generations

2. as that for earlier generations

3. as it was of earlier generations

4. just as earlier generations did

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93. The golden crab of the Gulf of Mexico has not been fished commercially in great numbers, primarily on account of living at great depths—2,500 to 3,000 feet down.

1. on account of living

2. on account of their living

3. because of living

4. because it lives

94. Of all the possible disasters that threaten American agriculture, the possibility of an adverse change in climate is maybe the more difficult for analysis.

1. is probably the most difficult to analyze

2. is maybe the more difficult for analysis

3. is maybe the most difficult for analysis

4. is probably the more difficult to analyze

95. In addition to having more protein than wheat does, the protein in rice is higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.

1. the protein in rice is higher quality than that in

2. rice has protein of higher quality than that in

3. the protein in rice is higher quality than it is in

4. rice has a protein higher in quality than96. Unlike a typical automobile loan, which requires a fifteen- to twenty-percent down payment, the lease-loan buyer is

not required to make an initial deposit on the new vehicle.

1. a lease-loan does not require the buyer to make

2. lease-loan buyers are not required to make

3. the lease-loan buyer is not required to make

4. with lease-loan buying there is no requirement of

97. However much United States voters may agree that there is waste in government and that the government as a whole spends beyond its means, it is difficult to find broad support for a movement toward a minimal state.

1. However much United States voters may agree that

2. Although United States voters agree

3. Even though United States voters may agree

4. There is agreement among United States voters that

98. Astronomers at the Palomar Observatory have discovered a distant supernova explosion, one that they believe is a type previously unknown to science.

1. they believe to be of

2. they believe that is

3. that they believe it to be

4. that they believe is

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99. Carbon-14 dating reveals that the megalithic monuments in Brittany are nearly 2,000 years as old as any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors.

1. as old as any of their supposed

2. older than any of their supposed

3. as old as their supposed

4. as old as their supposedly

100. To read of Imtiaz’s lengthy separation from his family, his difficult travels, and his constant battles with illness is to feel intensely how harsh life was for the Partition refugees.

1. Reading about2. To read of3. Having read about4. To have read of

ANSWER KEY

IDIOMATIC USAGE

PART—I

1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. (4)6. (3) 7. (4) 8. (4) 9. (3) 10. (1)

11. (4) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (4) 15. (3)16. (4) 17. (1) 18. (2) 19. (3) 20. (3)21. (2) 22. (2) 23. (4) 24. (2) 25. (1)

SENTENCE CORRECTION

PART—II

26. (3) 27. (1) 28. (3) 29. (2) 30. (1)31. (2) 32. (3) 33. (3) 34. (2) 35. (4)36. (2) 37. (2) 38. (1) 39. (3) 40. (2)41. (2) 42. (1) 43. (3) 44. (4) 45. (2)46. (4) 47. (3) 48. (2) 49. (2) 50. (2)

PART—III

51. (4) 52. (2) 53. (4) 54. (2) 55. (1)56. (4) 57. (2) 58. (4) 59. (4) 60. (2)61. (1) 62. (1) 63. (2) 64. (2) 65. (4)66. (4) 67. (4) 68. (1) 69. (2) 70. (3)71. (1) 72. (4) 73. (4) 74. (3) 75. (2)

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PART—IV

76. (1) 77. (2) 78. (1) 79. (3) 80. (3)81. (4) 82. (1) 83. (2) 84. (4) 85. (4)86. (3) 87. (3) 88. (2) 89. (2) 90. (3)91. (4) 92. (3) 93. (4) 94. (1) 95. (2)96. (1) 97. (1) 98. (1) 99. (2) 100. (2)

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GRAMMAR TEST—3: Explanatory Answers(Grammar Test -3 should be done after review of VA-5 (Common

Errors) and Analysis of CAT Grammar and English Usage Questions discussed earlier.)

PART—I: IDIOMATIC USAGE

(No explanatory answers are given for Questions 1 to 25. Students are required to check the correct answers from the ANSWER KEY and verify the correct idiomatic usage by referring to a good dictionary, such as Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary or a good book on English Usage.)

[SENTENCE CORRECTION]

PART—II (Questions 26 to 50)

26. Choice (3) is best because it uses the idiomatically correct expression distinguishes between x and y and because it provides a structure in which the relative clause which may be violent...clearly modifies mood swings.Choice (1): also uses the idiomatically correct expression distinguishes x from y. But their to refer to mood swings is unnecessary and intrusive.Choices (2) and (4): use unidiomatic expressions distinguish x and y and distinguish between x from y respectively. In addition, perhaps violent the modifier of mood swings is awkward and less clear than the more developed relative clause in Choice (3).

27. Choice (1) is best because it uses the correct phrase in an attempt (suggesting the involvement of an external agency in the introduction of toads into the environment) and completes it idiomatically by the infinitive to control. In addition, the phrasing are native to correctly suggests that the toad species is indigenous to, and still exists in, South America.Choice (2): The phrase natives of illogically suggests that each toad now in Florida hails from South America [also in (4)]. In addition, at controlling is unidiomatic after in an attempt.Choices (3) and (4): The past perfect had been inaccurately implies that the toads are no longer native or indigenous to South America. And introduced to Florida in (3) wrongly implies that Florida is a person rather than a place, as in introduced into Florida. Both as an attempt in (3) and as attempts in (4) wrongly equate toads with attempt(s) and nonsensically suggest that the attempt consists of the toads themselves.

28. Choice (3) is best because it uses concise and parallel noun phrases such as the removal... and the failure... in the participial clause beginning with worried about, which correctly modifies the main clause.Choices (1), (2) and (4): use phrases that are wordy, awkward, or nonparallel. The plural pronoun they in (2) does not agree with the singular noun administration. Use of also (an adverb) as a conjunction in all these choices is wrong. However, prepositions about and over are both idiomatic with the verb worry.

29. Choice (2) is best because it uses the correct present participial form, doubling, to modify the preceding main clause. The present participle form introduces action that is simultaneous with the action of the main clause: doubling indicates that the number of satellites became twelve when the spacecraft detected six moons. In addition, known is idiomatically followed by the infinitive to orbit, rather than by as orbiting.Choices (1) and (3): The relative pronoun which should be used to refer to a previously mentioned noun, not to the idea expressed in an entire clause. In these choices, which seems to refer to a vague concept involving the detection of moons, but there is no specific noun, such as detection, to which it can refer.

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Choice (4): correctly uses the present participial form doubling, but uses the unidiomatic phrase known as orbiting.

30. Choice (1) is best because it uses the simple past tense flourished to describe civilizations existing simultaneously in the past.Choice (2): wrongly uses the past perfect had flourished. Past perfect tense is used to indicate action that was completed prior to some other event described in the simple past tense: for example, “Mayan civilization had ceased to exist by the time Europeans first reached the Americas.”Choice (3) and (4): wrongly use the plural pronoun those because there is no plural noun to which it can refer, and it cannot refer to the singular noun civilization. In (3), had signals the incorrect past perfect and in (4), did is awkward and unnecessary. The present participial form flourishing in (4) is incorrect instead of the simple past tense flourished.

31. Choice (2) is best because it uses the idiomatically correct whether instead of if [as in (1)] after the preposition on (Though if and whether are interchangeable in some contexts, whether is essential when a preposition precedes.). It also uses concise and parallel verb forms: can broaden... and leave....Choice (1): is faulty because it uses the unidiomatic construction depends on if.Choice (3): uses the awkward and wordy construction has the capability to, and unnecessarily repeats the idea of capability with can. In addition, or not after whether is unnecessary (Whether or not is used only in cases where both alternatives are considered equally important).Choice (4): uses the unidiomatic construction its ability for broadening... and leaving... where the phrase its ability to broaden... and leave... is required.

32. Choice (3) is best because it produces a clear sentence in which parallel structure (two clauses introduced by that) underscores the meaning: the crash demonstrated [1] that markets are more integrated... and [2] that events may be transmitted.... It also uses the idiomatic comparative structure: more x than ever before. Other choices lack this parallel structure and contain additional faults.

Choices (1), (2) and (4): lack parallel structure because they end in as, so, and while, respectively. The phrase more...as in (4) is unidiomatic. In (1) and (2), the adverb more has been misplaced: more should come just before closely.

33. Choice (3) is best because it correctly uses the subjunctive mood with requires...that. The correct structure that emerges is: requires of X that Y be the same for A as for B.

Choice (1): The wording illogically describes the comparable skills rather than the jobs as being usually held by men. Other choices avoid this error by using the singular comparable skill so that the relative clause that are usually held by men unambiguously modifies jobs. In (1) the singular a job also does not agree in number with jobs.

Choice (2): The meaning of should is implicit in the verb requires and is therefore redundant here. Choice (4): produces the ungrammatical construction: require of... employers to pay, in which of makes the

phrase incorrect. Further, the use of in rather than for before jobs is unidiomatic.

34. Choice (2) is best because it uses the correct idiomatic structures: [1] X are prohibited from doing Y and [2] substitute x for y. It also properly uses the relative clause who have been assigned to the United Nations to modify employees.

Choices (1), (3) and (4): In (1) prohibited to... and in (4) forbidden from... are unidiomatic. In (1) and (4), replace x for y is unidiomatic (replace x by y is the idiomatic phrase). In (1) and (3), the phrase assigned by them modifies the adjacent noun paychecks, implying that paychecks, rather than employees, work at the United Nations. In (1) and (3), the pronoun them has no unambiguous noun referent.

35. Choice (4) is best because it uses constructions that are parallel to some propose: others suggest... and still others are calling... . It uses the idiomatic phrase to decrease rather than for decreasing, and uses the appropriate word prosecution rather than persecution.

Choices (1): loses the parallel construction, and also produces sentence fragments, by shifting to by suggesting... and by calling... .

Choices (2) and (3): use the inappropriate word persecution. Both also use the phrase suggest the reduction..., which is idiomatic. But in (2) for decreasing is unidiomatic and in (3) parallel construction is lost because of by calling.

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36. Choice (2) is best because it clearly and correctly uses parallel noun phrases to list three effects of a drop in oil prices: a lowering of..., a rally in..., and a weakening of.... It also uses the parallel construction a lowering of x and of y.

Choice (1) and (3): In (1), lowering instead of a lowering violates parallelism. The use of along with in (3) confuses meaning by making fears about inflation an independent effect, not an object of lowering.

Choice (4): violates parallelism by substituting an awkward gerund clause (interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered) for the first noun phrase.

37. Choice (2) is best because it uses the pronoun those to parallel principles and thereby correctly compares principles that control the gyrations of divers with the principles controlling the body orientation of astronauts.

Choices (1) and (4): present a wrong comparison: principles with body orientation; and wrongly state that the body orientation controls the astronauts, not that physical principles control the body orientation of astronauts.

Choice (3): is unnecessarily wordy. In addition, principles are the same ones used in controlling seems to imply that some external agency is using physical principles to control the body orientation of astronauts.

38. Choice (1) is best because it correctly parallels the amount...used by with that used by, in which that is the pronoun substitute for amount.Choices (2), (3) and (4): In (2) and (3), the plural verb are does not agree with the singular uncountable noun equipment. In (3) and (4), when used by does not parallel amount...used by, and nonsensically suggests that the people are used by the equipment.

39. Choice (3) is best because it uses the idiomatic expression: X estimated to be Y years old. It also uses the plural verb provide to agree with the plural subject fragments. The verb estimated also parallels the verb unearthed in parallel clauses.

Choices (1), (2) and (4): All use unidiomatic phrases: X estimated as being Y years old, X estimated as Y years old, and X estimated at Y years old, respectively. In (1) and (4), the singular verb provides does not agree with the plural subject fragments. In (2), is estimated does not parallel with unearthed.

40. Choice (2) is best because it uses the idiomatic phrase distinguishing X from Y. Moreover, far is a better modifier

of less expert than much is in (1) and (3). Choices (1), (3) and (4): all use unidiomatic phrases with distinguishing by substituting and for from. In (3), when

it comes to distinguishing is unnecessarily wordy.

41. Choice (2) is best because the infinitive to be tested and the subjunctive be compared are correct for describing a hypothetical course of action introduced by it is important. Also, compared with rather than compared to is idiomatic when a comparison is intended to reveal differences between similar things. On the other hand, compared to is idiomatic when a comparison is intended to reveal similarities between dissimilar things. Choices (1) and (3): are faulty because they don’t use the infinitive and the subjunctive mood: should be and are to be are incorrect instead of the subjunctive be. In (1) and (3), compared to is unidiomatic. Choice (4): is wordy and are to be comparable with changes the meaning.

42. Choice (1) is best because it correctly forms a parallel structure: was advised..., told..., and interrogated.... Choice (2): is wordy and ungrammatical. It incorrectly reads as: was advised of his right... and (was advised) that he could not leave... and (was advised) interrogated...Choice (3): forms a list of nonparallel elements: was advised that..., that..., and was interrogated....Choice (4): Because all three verbs are governed by was before advised, the was before interrogated disrupts the parallelism.

43. Choice (3) is best because it presents a noun phrase (a distribution system) that completes the list of parallel noun phrases: the high cost of land and the pressure of housing....Choices (1) and (2): are incorrect because it presents a verb phrase basing... instead of a noun phrase. Also, the procured produce in (2) suggests that the system is based on the produce itself rather than on the practice of procuring produce.Choice (4): also presents the parallel noun phrase but states illogically that the system procures produce as its base.

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44. Choice (4) is best because it presents the idiomatic expression tying x to y, and the singular verb grows to agree with the singular subject body.Choices (1), (2) and (3): are all faulty because the plural verb grow does not agree with the singular subject body. In (1) and (3), tying x with y is unidiomatic. The wording of (1) illogically suggests that predictive powers are growing within the test, not that the predictive power of the test increases.

45. Choice (2) is best because it correctly establishes a causal relationship by the use of the conjunction because. The singular verb affects agrees with the singular subject the number.Choices (1), (3) and (4): The initial phrase (in that) in (1) does not precisely establish causal relationship and (for the reason) in (4) is unidiomatic. Also, amount in (1) and (4) is incorrect; amount is for undifferentiated masses such as sand or water, whereas number refers to a group of countable members. The plural verb affect in (1) and (4) is incorrect. In (3), numbers and areas should be singular to refer precisely to the sum total of low-income people in each region where the census is conducted.

46. Choice (4) is best because it correctly compares soldiers with returnees: Unlike the soldiers..., Vietnam returnees... (Unlike X, Y...). Choices (1), (2) and (3): all present wrong comparisons: the singular soldier with the plural Vietnam returnees in (1), the Second World War with Vietnam returnees in (2), and troopships with Vietnam returnees in (3). Also in (1), the relative pronoun who is so far from its noun referent soldier that it seems to modify troopships.

47. Choice (3) is best because it correctly presents wives of workers as the subject of had have miscarriages, and parallelism between correlative conjunctions: either to have had miscarriages or to have borne children....Choices (1), (2) and (4): (1) and (2) are incorrect because with governs both heart defects and miscarriages and thereby suggest the children suffered the miscarriages and not the wives. Also, their in (2) and (4) is ambiguous because it is far from its noun referent wives. In addition (4) lacks parallelism with either... or....

48. Choice (2) is best because it correctly observes the two instances of subject-verb agreement: The period... has been established and what is much more difficult to determine... is.... Both clauses have singular subjects and must have singular verbs. The present perfect tense (has been established) is correctly used because the date of the period in question was established in the past, but the fact of its having been established is relevant now.Choices (1), (3) and (4): In (3) and (4), the plural verb have does not agree with the singular subject period. In (1) and (4), the plural verb are is not in agreement with its subject.

49. Choice (2) is best because it correctly conveys the idea that shifting a portion of health-benefit costs to workers has two complementary effects by presenting them in a parallel construction with correlative conjunctions: not only X but also Y. Another correct parallel construction could be: X and also Y.

Choice (1): is not parallel. The addition of helps after and also would make it parallel: X and also Y. But the phrase helps the control is vague and unidiomatic.

Choices (3) and (4): distort the pair of correlative conjunctions (not only... but also...) and also do not present parallel elements.

50. Choice (2) is best because it correctly uses the subjunctive mood to express a requirement that a certain course of action be taken: require that X be Y, and not require that X is Y or require that X should be Y. Also, it uses the idiomatic correct expression so that they can attempt to rebut.

Choice (1): incorrectly uses the indicative are. It also wrongly omits that after so. Choice (3): contains the unnecessary should, and wrongly omits that after so. The plural noun witnesses is

awkwardly placed between the plural pronoun they and its referent defendants. Moreover, attempt to rebut is more idiomatic than attempt a rebuttal of.

Choice (4): contains the unnecessary should, and wrongly omits that after require and after so. Also, attempt to rebut is more idiomatic than attempt rebutting.

PARTS—III and IV

No explanatory answers are given for Questions 51 to 100, as you are required to identify the errors in these questions on your own. We have seen from the explanatory answers for Questions 26 to 50 in Part II above that these questions test different aspects related to correct and effective expression. Now that you have acquired some experience in identifying the different errors with the help of the explanatory answers above, try to identify the errors in Questions 76 to 100 on your own. The correct answers are given in the ANSWER KEY.

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CORRECT EXPRESSION

1. Errors in Idiomatic Usage

2. Errors in Sentence Structure

3. Errors in Logic

4. Errors in Grammar

EFFECTIVE EXPRESSION

1. Lack of Clarity (Ambiguity)

2. Lack of Conciseness (Verbosity, Redundancy, etc.)

3. Lack of Directness (Passive Voice, Imprecision, etc.)

4. Lack of Appropriateness (Inappropriate Usage)

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