GRAMATYKA Present tenses Czasy teraźniejsze 180 CZAS ZDANIE TWIERDZĄCE ZDANIE PRZECZĄCE ZDANIE PYTAJĄCE PRESENT SIMPLE I play I don’t play Do I play? Podmiot + czasownik główny

GRAMATYKA

170

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

AffirmativeTwierdzące

NegativePrzeczące

InterrogativePytające

Short answersKrótkie odpowiedzi

I have been working I have not been working Have I been working? Yes, I have No, I haven’t

You have been working You have not been working Have you been working? Yes, you have No, you haven’t

He/She/It has been working He/She/It has not been working Has he/she/it been working? Yes, he/she/it has No, he/she/it hasn’t

We have been working We have not been working Have we been working? Yes, we have No, we haven’t

You have been working You have not been working Have you been working? Yes, you have No, you haven’t

They have been working They have not been working Have they been working? Yes, they have No, they haven’t

Porównanie czasów Present Perfect i Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous

I’ve cleaned all the windows today.Dana czynność została wykonana i jej rezultat jest widoczny w teraźniejszości (skończyłem/-am myć okna i są teraz czyste i lśniące).

I’ve been cleaning the windows all day.Dana czynność trwała cały dzień i jeszcze się nie zakończyła (nadal myję okna) lub chcemy zwrócić uwagę na długość czynności.

Use the correct tense: Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous. Użyj prawidłowego czasu.

podmiot + have/has + been + czasownik + ing

3

How long have you been waiting for me?What has she been doing all day?

᪢᪢?Wh-questions Pytania szczegółowe

Czasu używamy w sytuacjach:

.gdy mówimy o czynnościach, które rozpoczęły się w prze-szłości i nadal trwają do chwili mówienia (szczególnie kła-dzie się nacisk na czas trwania danej czynności)

I have been painting the room for two hours now. Już od 2 godzin maluję pokój i nadal nie jest pomalowany.

↪ Zastosowanie

Have they been seeing each other lately? Yes, they have/No, they haven’t. Have you been watching TV series all day? Yes, I have /No, I haven’t.

᪢᪢?Yes/No questions Pytania ogólne

all day, all morning/afternoon, recently, lately, for, since

We have been practicing our parts for the play all morning. The baby has been sleeping for over an hour. It has been raining since four o’clock.

[ Time expressions Określenia czasu

1. Have you ……………………………………............. (do) the laundry yet?

2. Monica ………………………………………………............ (cry) all morning.

3. Robert ………………………………………….. (drive) for five hours now.

So far he …………………………………..…. (only/stop) once for a short

break to drink some coffee.

4. Your sister …………………………………..… (never/look) so beautiful.

………….……………………...................... (she/be) to a personal stylist?

5. ……………………………………………………… (you/ever/visit) Cornwall?

6. I am so tired. I ………………………………………... (write) this essay

for three hours.

7. I ………………………………………………….....…… (never/go) skiing

before.

8. Alan …………………………………………...… (fly) to London on

business trips for over a year.

9. Mary ……………………………………………………......... (already/buy)

two new pairs of shoes this week.

10. How long ......................................................... (you/know) Jane?

Present tenses Czasy teraźniejsze

171

GRAMATYKA

4 Fill in the correct form of the present tense. Wstaw odpowiednią formę czasu teraźniejszego.

Tomorrow morning Tom and Lisa 1) …………………….……. (travel) to Brussels on a business trip. Their train 2) ……………………………. (leave)

at 08:00 am. They still 3) …………………….………. (not/pack) their luggage. The weather in Belgium 4) ……………………………. (not/seem) to be

favourable. It often 5) ……………………………...…….. (rain) there, so they need to take their raincoats and wellies just in case. Tom and Lisa

6) ………………………………… (make) arrangements for this trip for a couple of days. They 7) ………………………………….. (look) forward to going

to Brussels together. Apart from attending business meetings, they 8) ……………….…...........……. (plan) to go sightseeing in the evenings.

Choose the correct tense: Present Simple or Present Continuous. Wybierz poprawny czas.

1. Patrick visits/is visiting his grandparents every day.

2. Michael sees/is seeing a doctor tomorrow.

3. I think/am thinking of going to Germany this summer.

4. The ferry leaves/is leaving the port at 9 a.m. tomorrow morning.

5. Paul’s mum does/is doing the laundry on Sundays.

6. Lisa and Peter go/are going to a pop concert tonight.

7. They study/are studying for a Polish test right now.

8. He listens/is listening to music occasionally.

9. She brushes/is brushing her teeth twice a day.

10. Claire lives/is living in Barcelona with her husband and children.

11. The plane lands/is landing in Barcelona at 8 a.m.

12. Is it true that you get/are getting married next year?

13. We have/are having a party next Friday. Would you like to come?

14. The Earth goes/is going around the Sun.

Choose the correct time expression. Wybierz poprawne określenie czasu.

1. Paul is listening to music at the moment/in the afternoon.

2. Hannah is having a party on Fridays/tomorrow.

3. She catches the bus to school every morning/tonight.

4. Peter is meeting his girlfriend this evening/every week.

5. She is studying for an English test at weekends/right now.

6. They are going to the cinema every Friday/tonight.

7. Carl is painting the kitchen walls at this moment/each year.

8. Matt writes in his journal every evening/at the moment.

Fill in the correct tense Present Simple or Present Continuous. Wstaw poprawny czas.

1. A: ………………..…..................................…….. (you/like) Italian food?

B: Yes, it’s my favourite cuisine.

2. A: This jacket ………………………................…… (suit) you perfectly.

B: Thanks, I ………………………….....................… (think) of buying it.

3. A: ……………………………………... (you/come) to James’ graduation

ceremony on Tuesday?

B: No, I’m not. I …………………………….. (go) on holiday to Greece.

4. A: Where …………………………….........….. (you and Joe/hang out)

during weekends?

B: We usually …………………………….....................……… (go) bowling.

5. A: …………………………………………........... (Oliver/do) his homework?

B: No, he is actually ……….......………………… (surf) the Internet.

5

6

7

Present tenses Czasy teraźniejsze

GRAMATYKA

180

CZAS ZDANIE TWIERDZĄCE ZDANIE PRZECZĄCE ZDANIE PYTAJĄCE

PRESENT SIMPLE I play I don’t play Do I play?

Podmiot + czasownik główny He plays He doesn’t play Does he play

PRESENT CONTINUOUS I am playing I am not playing Am I playing?

Podmiot + to be + czasownik + ing He is playing He isn’t playing Is he playing?

PRESENT PERFECT I have played I haven’t played Have I played?

Podmiot + have/has + III forma He has played He hasn’t played Has he played?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS I have been playing I haven’t been playing Have I been playing?

Podmiot + have/has + been + czasownik + ing He has been playing He hasn’t been playing Has he been playing?

PAST SIMPLE I played I didn’t play Did I play?

czasownik regularny + –ed/–d/–ied He played He didn’t play Did he play?

PAST CONTINUOUS I was playing I wasn’t playing Was I playing?

Podmiot + was/were + czasownik + ing You were playing You weren’t playing Were you playing?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS I had been playing I hadn’t been playing Had I been playing?

Podmiot + had + been + czasownik + ing He had been playing He hadn’t been playing Had he been playing?

FUTURE SIMPLE I will play I won’t play Will I play?

Podmiot + will + bezokolicznik He will play He won’t play Will he play?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS I will be playing I won’t be playing Will I be playing?

Podmiot + will + be + czasownik + ing He will be playing He won’t be playing Will he be playing?

FUTURE PERFECT I will have played I won’t have played Will I have played?

Podmiot + will + have + past participle (III forma czasownika) He will have played He won’t have played Will he have played?

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS I will have been playing I won’t have been playing Will I have been playing?

Podmiot + will + have been + czasownik + ing He will have been playing He won’t have been playing Will he have been playing?

PODSUMOWANIE WSZYSTKICH CZASÓW

* - poziom rozszerzony

187

GRAMATYKA

Tense Czas

Passive Voice Strona bierna

Active Voice Examples Przykłady strony czynnej

Passive Voice Examples Przykłady strony biernej

Present Simple am/are/is + past participle Italians make the best pizza. The best pizza is made by Italians.

POZIOM ROZSZERZONY Present Continuous

am/are/is + being + past participle

The French produce most of their wines in Southern France.

Most wines are being produced in Southern France.

Present Perfect have/has been + past participle They have already cleaned the kitchen. The kitchen has already been cleaned.

Past Simple was/were + past participle Keats wrote the poem. The poem was written by Keats.

POZIOM ROZSZERZONY Past Continuous

was/were + being + past participle The girl was writing a diary. The diary was being written by the

girl.

Past Perfect had been + past participle They had washed the dishes before we arrived.

The dishes had been washed before we arrived.

Future Simple will be + past participle A famous chef will prepare the meal. The meal will be prepared by a famous chef.

Be going to am/are/is + going to be + past participle

The wedding planner is going to organize the wedding ceremony.

The wedding ceremony is going to be organized by a wedding planner.

POZIOM ROZSZERZONY Future Perfect will have been + past participle Medical students will have written

their tests by two o’clock.The tests will have been written by medical students by two o’clock.

Modal verbs Czasowniki modalne

modal verb + be + past participle We must bake the cake today. The cake must be baked today.

Infinitive Bezokolicznik to be + past participle I would like a professional interior

decorator to design the apartment.

I would like the apartment to be designed by a professional interior

decorator.

be + past participle (III forma czasownika)

PASSIVE VOICE

ᩲ!Nie używamy strony biernej w następujących czasach:᪢᪢Present Perfect Continuous᪢᪢Past Perfect Continuous᪢᪢Future Continuous᪢᪢Future Perfect Continuous

Dopełnienie, które zastosowane było w stronie czynnej staje się podmiotem i zdanie zachowuje to samo znaczenie:

I wrote the letter.The letter was written by me.

Tylko czasowniki przechodnie (transitive verbs), czyli takie, które wymagają dopełnienia, mogą tworzyć stronę bierną:

ᩲTransitive (give, gave, given): (Przechodnie)᪢᪢ John gave flowers to Susan. (flowers – dopełnienie)᪢᪢Flowers were given to Susan.

ᩲIntransitive (rise, rose, risen): (Nieprzechodnie)᪢᪢The sun rises in the East and sets in the West. (tu nie mamy żadnego dopełnienia, więc nie można utworzyć strony biernej)

᪢᪢᪢  o Reguły tworzeniaStosujemy w sytuacjach, gdy:

.wykonawca nie jest nam znany, lub gdy nie jest istotnyThe church was built in the nineteenth century.

.dana czynność jest ważniejsza, niż sam wykonawca (w reklamach, wiadomościach, instrukcjach itp.)

Four people were injured in the car accident.

.nie chcemy wspominać kto jest wykonawcą danej czynnościMy money has been stolen.

.chcemy wspomnieć wykonawcę‘The Four Seasons’ was composed by Vivaldi.

↪ Zastosowanie

Passive voice Strona bierna

GRAMATYKA

188

1. The house ................................. (build) in the twentieth century.

2. The car ……………………………………………………………..... (already/fix)

by the mechanic.

3. When Tom arrived at the car park, he realized his Mercedes

…………………………………………………. (steal).

4. Next year more than a hundred of new employee

................................ (hire).

5. Organic food must ………………………………………………….. (label).

6. The wedding cake is going to …………....…. (bake) by my mother.

7. This time next year the apartment …………………….. (renovate).

8. Most chocolate ……………………………………………………….... (produce)

in the United States, Germany, Switzerland, and Belgium.

9. The movie had high ratings. It ……………………………………….... (film)

on a tropical island.

POZIOM ROZSZERZONY

10. At this very moment the eyewitness …………………………………......

(interview) by the TV reporter.

19

18 Write the correct passive form of the verb in brackets. Napisz poprawną formę bierną, używając czasownika w nawiasie.

Rewrite the sentences forming passive constructions. Przekształć zdania, tak aby stworzyć stronę bierną.

1. They raised their children in a Catholic tradition.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. She will never forget her first love.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. I feed my cat three times a day.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. William Shakespeare wrote “Romeo and Juliet”.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. If our manager doesn’t arrive on time, we will cancel the meeting.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. The company director is going to inform the employees about possible layoffs.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. My sister sent out her birthday invitations a few weeks ago.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Will they sell their house?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

POZIOM ROZSZERZONY

9. By noon I will have prepared dinner.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. They are making preparations for the visit of the Royal Family.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

11. The doctor is carefully examining the patient.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Passive voice Strona bierna

Change the sentences in bold forming the passive voice. Przekształć pogrubione zdania tworząc stronę bierną.

1. A: When will you have your new wardrobe? B: They will deliver it on Monday. …………………………………………………………………………………

2. A: Where did you buy this beautiful dress? B: My grandmother sewed it for me. …………………………………………………………………………………

POZIOM ROZSZERZONY

3. A: Thanks for the lovely card you sent me B: I’m glad you like it. I was making it throughout the whole night. …………………………………………………………………………………

4. A: Sorry boss, I haven’t done my work yet. B: OK. You will have done it by the end of the day. ………………………………………………………………………………...

20

᪢᪢᪢  o Reguły tworzenia

GRAMATYKA

192

Wishes (if only) Zdania wyrażające preferencje, żale i życzenia

W zdaniach z wish/if only możemy używać were we wszystkich osobach.

I wish you were here.I wish she were here.

WISHES (IF ONLY) Zdania wyrażające preferencje, żale i życzenia

Zdania z wish lub if only stosujemy, gdy mówimy o sytuacjach, które chcielibyśmy zmienić w przeszłości lub teraźniejszości, bądź w celu wyrażenia naszych preferecji i żalów.

Write sentences using wish/if only forms taking into account the given context. Zastosuj formy wish/if only w podanym kontekście.

1. I can’t play the guitar. I wish I could play the guitar/If only I could play the guitar.

2. I am not a good dancer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. I can’t swim.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. I am not systematic in doing my house chores.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

POZIOM ROZSZERZONY

5. It is raining all the time.

……………………………………………………………………………….……………………

6. She didn’t write to me.

…………………………………………………….………………………………………………

7. He keeps on stealing.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………....

8. I didn’t pay attention to what the teacher was saying.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

27

WISHES

Formy zdań Zastosowanie

I wish/If only + past tense (Past Simple, Past Continuous)

I wish/If only we were young. Szkoda, że nie jesteśmy młodzi.

I wish/If only I was in Ibiza now. Chciałbym teraz być na Ibizie, ale nie jestem.

Gdy wyrażamy żal na temat obecnej sytuacji, bądź kiedy chcemy wyrazić jakieś życzenie.

I wish/If only + could

I wish/If only I could play the saxophone. Chciałbym/Chciałbym grać na saksofonie, ale nie potrafię. Gdy wyrażamy żal, że czegoś nie potrafimy.

POZIOM ROZSZERZONY I wish/If only + Past Perfect

I wish/If only I had told him the truth. Żałuję, że nie powiedziałem/-am mu prawdy.

Gdy wyrażamy żal dotyczący wydarzeń z przeszłości.

POZIOM ROZSZERZONY I wish/If only + would

I wish/If only you would be more sensible. Żałuję, że nie jesteś bardziej rozsądny. Gdy zdania wyrażają rozczarowanie, brak nadziei na poprawę.

I wish/If only it would stop raining. Chciałbym/Chciałabym, żeby przestało padać.

To zastosowanie występuje tylko wtedy, gdy nie mamy wpływu na daną sytuację.

Wishes (if only)

193

GRAMATYKA

Inversion Inwersja

Forma czasownika zmienia się w zależności czy występuje kontekst zdania rzeczywistego, czy nierzeczywistego.

You look as though/as if you’re tired. (zdanie rzeczywiste)Wyglądasz, jakbyś był zmęczony. You behave as though/as if you were the king. (zdanie nierzeczywiste)Zachowujesz się jakbyś był królem.

As if/As though

Kiedy tworzymy pewne przypuszczenia co do nierzeczywistych sytuacji.

Imagine we won a million dollars. Wyobraź sobie, że wygraliśmy milion dolarów.Suppose you were offered a job in NASA. Przypuśćmy, że zaoferowano ci pracę w NASA.

Suppose/Imagine

UNREAL PRESENT/PAST Tryb łączący

Konstrukcji używamy, gdy chcemy wyrazić nasze życzenia odnoszące się do teraźniejszości lub przyszłości:It’s high time/It’s time + dopełnienie + Past Simple/Past Continuous

It’s high time/It’s time we bought a new car. Najwyższy czas, abyśmy kupili nowy samochód.It’s high time/It’s time we were leaving. Najwyższy czas, abyśmy wyruszyli.

᪢᪢᪢  o Konstrukcja High time

Konstrukcji używamy, aby wyrazić nasze życzenia odnośnie teraźniejszości lub przyszłości:

.w stosunku do innych osób:I’d rather/I’d sooner + dopełnienie + Past Simple

I’d rather you didn’t make so much noise. Chciałbym, abyś nie robiła tyle hałasu. I’d sooner you stopped watching TV all day. Chciałbym, abyś przestał oglądać telewizję całymi dniami.

.mówiąc o życzeniach odnośnie siebie samego: I’d rather/I’d sooner + bezokolicznik bez to Używamy w kontekście teraźniejszej sytuacji

I’d rather/I’d sooner live in London than in Paris. Wolałbym mieszkać w Londynie niż w Paryżu.

I’d rather/I’d sooner + have + past participle (III forma czasownika) Używamy w kontekście przeszłej sytuacji

I’d rather/I’d sooner have studied German than Dutch. Wolałbym ukończyć studia z języka niemieckiego, niż holenderskiego.

I’d prefer jest używane w podobny sposób jak I’d rather, jednak w zdaniach z I’d prefer jest nacisk na dopełnienie:

I’d prefer it if you didn’t smoke. Jednak gdy nie mamy do czynienia z nierzeczywistą sytuacją, stosujemy konstrukcję zwykłą:

.podmiot + would prefer + bezokolicznik z toI’d prefer to study medicine. (bardziej niż stomatologię)

.podmiot + would prefer + dopełnienie + bezokolicznik z toHe would prefer us to stay.

᪢᪢᪢  o Konstrukcja I would rather/sooner

Inwersja polega na:

.stosowaniu szyku zdania pytającego w zdaniu twierdzącymNever have I read such a remarkable novel.

.zmianie miejsca czasownika w zdaniuSo touching was the movie scene that I began to cry.

Szyk zdania będzie przestawny, gdy na jego początku występują pewne zwroty, określenia czasu czy przysłówki takie jak: never, rarely, seldom, scarcely, no sooner, only, little, so, such, as, under no circumstances, on no condition, on no account, not until

Never have I seen such a breathtaking view!Rarely does he come on time to work.Seldom do I go to the theatre.Hardly had I entered my office, when I realized that I had forgotten my laptop.No sooner had I started preparing dinner than I realized I hadn’t bought all the ingredients.Only after sending the email did I realize that I had addressed it to the wrong person.We were exhausted after the marathon, as were the other participants.Little does he know about English literature.So scary was the horror movie that I had to turn it off.Such was the demand for homemade cakes that Amelia decided to open her own pastry shop.Under no circumstances should you talk to strangers.Not until I reached the convenience store did I realize that I had forgotten my wallet.

POZIOM ROZSZERZONY

Unreal Present/Past Tryb łączący

GRAMATYKA

194

29POZIOM ROZSZERZONY Complete the sentences by providing a similar meaning to the sentences below. Uzupełnij zdania nie zmieniając znaczenia zdań podanych.

1. It was only when I came into the office that I realized I had

forgotten to buy coffee.

Not until ………………………………………………………………………………………

2. He doesn’t know much about politics.

Little ……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Lisa lost her wallet, but also someone stole her mobile phone.

Not only ………………………………………………………………………………………

4. As soon as I finished work, I realized that I had forgotten to

send out an important email.

No sooner …………………………………………………………………………………

5. You shouldn’t leave any electronic devices unattended when

they are being charged.

Under no circumstances ……………………………..................................

......................................................................................…………………………

Use the correct form of the verb provided in brackets. Użyj poprawnej formy czasownika podanego w nawiasie.28

1. Suppose you ………………………………………… (meet) a celebrity in

a public place.

2. I’d rather you …………………………….. (not/buy) that motorcycle.

3. It’s high time we …………………………………….....….. (start) packing.

4. Eric is thick-skinned. He acts as if nothing ..................................

(can/offend) him.

5. Lisa is so arrogant. She behaves as though she ...…......………….

(have) the right to humiliate others.

6. I’d prefer you …………………………………………………….. (not/smoke).

Unreal Present/Past Tryb łączący

Choose either would rather, prefer(s) or would prefer. Wybierz odpowiednią konstrukcję.

1. Katy ………………………………. bananas to oranges.

2. I ……………………………… you had discussed it with me before

buying the tickets.

3. He ………………………. to go to New Zealand rather than Poland.

4. He ……………………………. spend holidays in Europe.

5. I …………………………………. you didn’t smoke here.

6. I …………………………………… to learn Spanish rather than

German.

7. I …………………………..…….. watching films to reading books.

8. I ……………………….…….. you did it today.

30

Fill in the correct form. Wstaw poprawną formę.

1. If only I .............................................. (know) about the concert.

I ………………………. (buy) the tickets before they were all sold

out.

2. Mary wishes she …………...... (learn) how to play an instrument

when she was a child. She ………………………….. (might/become)

a famous musician.

3. Tom wishes he ……………………………………. (sell) his grandfather’s

antique car a few years ago. Now, it ………………………………… (be)

worth twice the price he sold it for.

4. It’s high time we …………………………………… (leave). Otherwise,

we …………………………………….. (miss) our flight.

5. My aunt’s neighbour who is a millionaire wishes he

…………………………… (squander) so much money on lavishness.

6. If I ……………………………. (be) more talented, I …………………….. (sign up)

for dance classes.

7. He behaves as though he ………………………………………. (be) the

manager of this whole department.

8. Kevin wishes he ………………………………………….. (move) house.

Now he has to deal with noisy neighbours.

31

ĆWICZENIA ĆWICZENIA

214

St. Peter’s High SchoolIf you want to develop your interests and learn skills that will

come in handy in real life, join St. Peter’s High School. We offer more practice than any other school, after school clubs and remedial classes. We will teach you the basics of first aid and help you develop your interpersonal skills. We can guarantee that every graduate will be fit for the demands of the most prestigious universities in the world.

1. St. Peter’s school: A teaches how to become a successful businessman. B doesn’t offer classes for students with poor results. C teaches how to save somebody’s life.

My first day at schoolIt was my first day at school. I felt self-conscious and confused.

The building was gigantic for a six--year-old girl, as you could easily get lost in the maze of the corridors. My form teacher looked friendly. She promised to give us a hand in everything. The classroom was spacious and colourful. There were lots of posters on the walls and pictures taken on school trips. I sat side by side with a girl in a white dress with long plaits. Her name was Abigale. We hit it off straight away. I still keep in touch with her.

2. From the text we learn that: A the author had a good relationship with the girl from the desk. B the teacher wasn’t willing to help. C the author didn’t feel uncertain on the first day at school.

My new schoolI was ten years old when we moved into a new house in

Portugal. My father was delegated there to work on construction sites. My entire life turned upside down within a few days. I had to deal with a new school, environment, and a language that appeared to be impossible to master. I was sent to an international school in Lisbon. There were many students from all over the world. Under one roof you could hear at least eight languages. Unfortunately, my English was rusty. I could only introduce myself which prevented me from hanging out with peers.

3. The author of the text claims that: A his father worked as a lawyer. B the language barrier made it impossible to make friends. C he spoke English fluently.

Przeczytaj trzy teksty związane ze szkołą. Z podanych odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą, zgodną z treścią tekstu.

Przeczytaj trzy teksty związane ze zwierzętami. Z podanych odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą, zgodną z treścią tekstu.

ARE YOU A CAT OR A DOG PERSON?I’ve learnt from my observation that people choose pets with similar qualities of character

to their own. Those who prefer cats tend to be emotional and creative. They love spending time in solitude and planning every aspect of their lives. In contrast, dog lovers are outgoing. They spend time going to parties and mixing with people. They are definitely more spontaneous, practical and down-to-earth. I personally belong to the group of cat lovers. I am sensitive and have an artistic soul. I procrastinate a lot and don’t make on the spot decisions.

1. The author of the text: A prefers to hang out with people who like cats. B analyzes the results of somebody’s research. C expresses her own view.

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CONTROVERSIAL WORK

At first the work of a taxidermist gave me the creeps. Stuffing animals seemed like a part of a horror movie, spooky and disgusting at the same time. I couldn’t understand why people do such things. When I started my studies at the University of Minnesota, I had to face the reality and find a well-paid job to be able to pay the fees and support myself. I found a very lucrative offer in the local paper. The job involved stuffing animals of famous celebrities. I decided to try. I overcame my fear and disgust. Now it seems like any other job.

2. The author of the text: A finds her job meaningful. B decided to accept the offer because it was well-paid. C still can’t cope with the feeling of fear and disgust.

Czytanie ze zrozumieniem

WYPOWIEDŹ PISEMNA

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WYPOWIEDŹ PISEMNA

FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY Rozprawka za i przeciw

. WSTĘP

ZAKOŃCZENIE

ROZWINIĘCIE

AKAPIT 1Przedstawienie tematu, bez prezentacji własnej opinii. Teza zgodna z treścią polecenia i całej wypowiedzi.

AKAPIT 2Argumenty za wraz z uzasadnieniem i podaniem przykładów.

AKAPIT 3Argumenty przeciw wraz z uzasadnieniem i podaniem przykładów.

AKAPIT 4Podsumowanie tematu adekwatne do treści oraz podanie własnej opinii zgodnej z podanymi argumentami.

Zadanie 1.W dzisiejszych czasach dużo ludzi decyduje się na zakupy w sieci. Przedstaw wady i zalety kupowania produktów online.

Nowadays, shopping online is a modern alternative to the traditional way of purchasing products. Obviously, there are many advantages and disadvantages of buying things online.

One of the advantages is that online shops offer a wide range of products at reasonable prices. The choice of products will satisfy the most demanding customers because on the Internet there are no borders. Moreover, it is convenient as it saves a lot of time and you do the shopping in the comfort of your home. Bad weather conditions will not prevent you from purchasing things that you need. In addition, you can easily compare the prices of products online quickly and efficiently. You do not have to waste your time going from one shop to another.

On the other hand, the products may turn out different to the ones presented online. They may be of poor quality or defective. You may come across dishonest sellers if you do not read opinions about the shops. Furthermore, if you buy clothes online, you cannot try them on. There is always a chance that the clothes ordered will not fit you or meet the requirements. Sending the product back to the shop is time consuming and will certainly cost you a lot of nerves. Finally, the delivery of the parcel may take longer than you had expected. The parcel may also disappear on the way to its destination. If you pay in advance, you may not get your money back.

To sum up, shopping online is a comfortable way of purchasing goods. In my opinion, it brings more benefits than harm provided that we do the shopping cautiously and reasonably.

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PRZYKŁAD ROZPRAWKI ZA I PRZECIW

Ćwiczenia

1. Wielu młodych ludzi decyduje się na podróż autostopem po całym świecie. Napisz rozprawkę, w której przedstawisz wady i zalety podróżowania w ten sposób.

2. Wielu rodziców posyła swoje dzieci do szkół z internatem. Przedstaw wady i zalety posyłania dzieci do szkół tego typu.

3. Coraz więcej osób decyduje się na płatność kartą kredytową. Przedstaw wady i zalety używania kart kredytowych w życiu codziennym.

Ćwiczenia

1. Znalazłeś/znalazłaś w gazecie ciekawy artykuł dotyczący prowadzenia zdrowego trybu życia. Napisz list do redakcji, w którym wyrazisz swoje zdanie na temat poszczególnych rad udzielonych przez autora artykułu oraz opowiesz, co osobiście robisz dla zdrowia i poprawy kondycji fizycznej.

2. Mieszkańcy miasta chcą spędzać aktywnie czas. Jednakże w mieście brakuje centrum sportowego. W liście do prezydenta miasta przedstaw propozycję mieszkańców dotyczącą utworzenia centrum i zaproponuj zalety utworzenia takiego centrum.

3. W twoim mieście właśnie otworzono nowy supermarket. Napisz list motywacyjny, w którym przedstawisz swoją kandydaturę na stanowisko sprzedawcy i opiszesz swoje zalety jako pracownika na to stanowisko.

4. W supermarkecie zakupiłeś/zakupiłaś telefon, który okazał się wadliwy. Napisz list do kierownika sklepu, w którym wyrazisz niezadowolenie z zakupu produktu z wyjaśnieniem jaką wadę posiada telefon oraz poprosisz o zwrot kosztów lub wymianę na nowy model.

5. W sklepie internetowym zakupiłeś/zakupiłaś bluzę, która nie spełnia twoich oczekiwań z powodu złej jakości. Napisz list z zażaleniem do kierownika sklepu, w którym wyrazisz swoje niezadowolenie z zakupu towaru podając przyczynę oraz poprosisz adresata o podjęcie konkretnego działania.

6. W twoim mieście mieszkańcy narzekają na zbyt dużą ilość bezpańskich psów i kotów. Napisz list do burmistrza, w którym przedstawisz istniejący problem oraz zaproponujesz rozwiązania.

WYPOWIEDŹ PISEMNA Poziom rozszerzony

232

1. What is your favourite season of the year?2. What do you usually do in your free time?3. Do you like spending time with small children?4. Do you have animals at home?

Jesteś na wizycie u lekarza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, ponieważ zachorowałeś/zachorowałaś na grypę. Poniżej podane są cztery kwestie, które musisz poruszyć w rozmowie z egzaminującym. Rozmowę rozpoczyna zdający.

Opisz ilustrację i odpowiedz na pytania egzaminatora.

N WARM UP QUESTIONS: Ta część egzaminu nie jest punktowana. Egzaminujący wybiera pytania na rozgrzewkę z różnych dziedzin życia. Pytania znajdują się wyłącznie w zestawie dla egzaminatora.

Pytania znajdują się wyłącznie w zestawie dla egzaminatora.

     ᯖ Do you think the band is popular?     ᯖ Who is your favourite singer and why?      ᯖ Describe a concert that you have been to.

Rozmawiasz z kolegą o znaczeniu wynalazków we współczesnym świecie. Masz do wyboru trzy wynalazki. Wybierz ten, który najczęściej używasz i jest dla Ciebie najważniejszy. Uzasadnij swój wybór. Wyjaśnij, dlaczego odrzucasz pozostałe propozycje.

Pytania znajdują się wyłącznie w zestawie dla egzaminatora. Egzaminator wybiera dwa z poniższych pytań.

     ᯖ What do you usually use the Internet for     ᯖ What are the dangers of using the Internet?     ᯖ What TV programmes are popular nowadays among young people?     ᯖ Do you think that using mobile phones and the Internet prevents us from strengthening bonds among people?

zdjęcie 1 zdjęcie 2 zdjęcie 3

EGZAMIN USTNY ARKUSZ III

     ᯖ Jak doszło do choroby i jakie są jej objawy?     ᯖ Leki i ich poprawne stosowanie.     ᯖ Czas trwania leczenia i zwolnienie z pracy.     ᯖ Domowe sposoby doraźne na leczenie grypy.

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GRAMATYKA

to be about to to be on the verge of

być na skraju/zrobić coś za chwilę/mieć zamiar coś

zrobić

I was about to lock the door when someone rang the doorbell.

to be down with być chorym I’ve been down with fever since yesterday.

to be through with to break off skończyć z czymś I am through with you.

to be up to to be doing something, to plan something zamierzać What are you up to today?

to break down suddenly stop to function przestać działać The car broke down on our way to London.

to break up to end a relationship rozstawać się We broke up several months ago.

to break in to enter illegally włamać się Someone broke in and stole my purse.

to break into to enter with force włamać się do They broke into the car and drove away.

to break off to end a relationship, discussion or agreement przerwać, zakończyć He broke off their engagement.

to break out to start, begin unexpectedly zaczynać się, wybuchać A major epidemic broke out among the poor.

to bring about to cause changes powodować The invention of electricity brought about more

technological advancements.

to bring up to raise children, to mention something

wychowywać dzieci, wspominać o czymś

The children were brought up by foster parents. Don’t bring this controversial topic up in front of everyone.

to brush off to remove

usunąć coś, odrzucić, strzepywać She brushed the dirt off her sweater.

to brush up to improve your skills poprawić się He signed up for a language course to brush up his English.

to burst into (tears, flames) to start crying, to start burning

wybuchnąć płaczem, wybuchać Suddenly, she burst into tears.

to burst out (laughing) wybuchnąć (śmiechem) The joke was so hilarious that all the guests burst out laughing.

to call for to demand wymagać My promotion calls for a celebration.

to call off to cancel odwoływać The meeting had to be called off.

to get carried away to lose control over your emotions, feelings, get excited

dać się ponieść emocjom We all got carried away by the mesmerizing music.

to carry on to continue kontynuować They carried on dancing although the music had stopped.

to carry out to conduct wykonywać, realizować They carried out the project just on time.

to catch on to become fashionable stawać się modnym This new device will not catch on with teenagers.

to catch up (with) to reach the same level osiągnąć podobny poziom She had to take private lessons to catch up with the rest of

the class.

PHRASAL VERBS

To czasowniki składające się z pełnych fraz i przyimków. Stanowią pewną całość i razem tworzą konkretne znaczenie.

Phrasal verbs