Going Beyond National Averages: The Egypt governorates’ equity profiles and the study on child poverty in slums

Going Beyond National Averages:

The Egypt governorates’ equity profiles and the study on child poverty

in slums

Leonardo Menchini, UNICEF Egypt

Conference on Measurement and Policy Approaches to Enhance Equity

for the New Generation in MENA

Rabat, 22 May 2012

Egypt: 2000-2010: a decade of mixed results for children

Marked improvements in many key child indicators

• Child mortality: MDG4 target met around 2005)

• Young child health (more than 90% of children of children fully immunized)

• Education: MDG 2 likely to be met by 2015, with gender parity in enrollment in basic education

Source: EDHS, various editions

Infant and under-5 mortality

ANC, SBA, immunization

Egypt: 2000-2010: a decade of mixed results for children

… but also stagnation or deterioration in some others …• Growingly high levels of chronic

malnutrition• Growing number of adolescents at

risk of obesity• Continuous increase in monetary

poverty (despite the sustained economic growth, and high spending in social protection)

• High levels of youth unemployment• Challenging education quality

Persisting high levels of:• Child labour, children living on the

street, FGM/C (despite the decrease in prevalence among young women)

Source: EDHS various editions

Undernutrion (children<5)

Monetary poverty

Persistent high levels of disparities (geographical and by socio-economic status)

Regional and socio-economic disparities are still large, even if there were some signs of convergence in the last decade:

• Upper Egypt and rural zones are the areas were disadvantage is more concentrated (including poorer economic and social infrastructure)

• In part the convergence of well-being was due to the stagnation or deterioration of indicators in urban areas (rapid growth in the population living in slums and informal settlement)

Child income poverty

Upper Eg

ypt, r

ural

Upper Eg

ypt, u

rban

Frontier

gove

rnorat

e

Urban

gove

rnorat

es

Lower

Egyp

t, rural

Lower

Egyp

t, urb

an0

1020304050 45.7

34.4 33.5 32.227.6

18

Under-5 mortality rate, by region, 2008Un

der-

5 m

orta

lity

rate

, per

thou

sand

liv

e bi

rths

Available statistical data sources and their limitations

• Census, 2006• Administrative data (demographic, education …)

• Household Income, Expenditure, and Consumption Survey, 1999-2000, 2004-05, 2008-09, 2010-11

• Labour Force Survey • Demographic and Health Survey (2000, 2003, 2005, 2008 …

the next planned for late 2012- early 2013)• Survey on Young People in Egypt, 2010• IDSC Family Conditions Survey 2008-2010

Egypt is relative data rich, but for some key child indicators the most recent statistics are from 2008. Most sources report national averages, and data for macro-regions, but not for governorates, districts etc.

Main data initiatives of UNICEF Egypt

Toofula Info (database on child rights indicators developed in collaboration with the Child Rights Observatory)

EgyInfo (with CAPMAS)

Monitoring Results for Equity System (for the Perinatal Care Programme in Upper Egypt, in collaboration with MoHP)

Governorate Equity Profiles (secondary analysis of existing survey, including DHS and FCS)

Survey on child multidimensional poverty in slums and unplanned urban areas

The Governorate Equity Profiles

Based on the secondary analysis of existing household surveys (with data representative at governorate level), Census and Administrative data.

To respond to the lack of subnational data, making more extensive and efficient use of the existing data sources

The current (still internal) version includes demographic and economic/poverty data from CAPMAS, and the elaboration of the last EDHS. The disaggregated results from Family Conditions Survey is being included now

Contents of the Governorate Profiles

• Demography

• Nutrition

• Maternal and New Born Health Care

• Immunization

• HIV/AIDS

• FGM/c

• Education

• Water and Sanitation

• Employment and Poverty

Example of section of the governorate profileMaternal and newborn health, Cairo

MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH CAIRO

98

49

32

38

92

91

49

88

51

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

Children 1 year-old immunized against measles

Early initiation of breastfeeding (within one hourof birth)

Proportion of last births who had any postnatalcare

Caesarean deliveries

Births attended by skilled health personnel

Antenatal care coverage for at least one visit(ANC)

Antenatal care coverage for at least four visits

Proportion of mothers who consumed iron-richfoods

Proportion of mothers who consumed vitamin A-rich foods

Coverage along the continuum of care (%)

Pre-pregnancy

Pregnancy

Birth

Neonatal period

Infancy

(EDHS, 2008)

Example of section of the governorate profileMaternal and newborn health, Assiut

MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH ASSIUT

97

56

30

14

56

72

56

80

54

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

Children 1 year-old immunized against measles

Early initiation of breastfeeding (within one hourof birth)

Proportion of last births who had any postnatalcare

Caesarean deliveries

Births attended by skilled health personnel

Antenatal care coverage for at least one visit(ANC)

Antenatal care coverage for at least four visits

Proportion of mothers who consumed iron-richfoods

Proportion of mothers who consumed vitamin A-rich foods

Coverage along the continuum of care (%)

Pre-pregnancy

Pregnancy

Birth

Neonatal period

Infancy

(EDHS, 2008)

Visualising disparities among governorates

Sohag 56% Upper Egypt 66%

52% 98%Fayum Port Said

Egypt Average 79%

Births attended by skilled health

personnel

Lowest level 48Monufia

DamiettaHighest level 95

61.0

73.6

Ante-natal care

MeniaEgypt

Lowest level 48Monufia

DamiettaHighest level 95

91.0

73.6

Ante-natal care

CairoEgypt

Equity profiles: visualizing disparities using maps (DevInfo)

Beni-Suef

67

Alexandria

91

Port-Said

98

Suez

95

96Dakahlia

95Sharkia

73Kalyoubia

87

Kafr El-Shkh

92

84Menoufia

82

Behra

85

Cairo

92

Giza

83South Sinai

Fayoum

52

Menia

58

Assyout

56

Suhag

56

Quena

74

Aswan

89

Luxor 93

Red SeaNew Valley

Matrouh

North SinaiIsmailia

93

Source: EDHS 2008

Proportion of births assisted by skilled health personnel (%)

Survey on child multidimensional poverty in slums and unplanned urban areas

Study started in late 2011, aiming to better understand inequalities in urban areas, and in particular poverty and vulnerabilities of children living in slums and unplanned areas.

Ongoing research, based on a household survey designed specifically to collect data on child multimensional poverty and wellbeing

6000 households (14000 children) in 4 major Egypt’s cities (Cairo, Alexandria, Port Said and Sohag)

Preliminary results: early June

Thank you

UNICEF Egypt

www.unicef.org/Egypt

May 2012