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GIS and Community GIS and Community Health Health
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GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Jan 02, 2016

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Silas Wade
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Page 1: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

GIS and Community GIS and Community HealthHealth

Page 2: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing the power of state agencies, facilitating surveillance, and promoting an, at best, naive, technocratic view of social problems (Goss, 1995; Sheppard, 1995; Campbell, 1996; Clark, 1998)

GIS and Community HealthGIS and Community Health

Page 3: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

GIS and Community HealthGIS and Community Health

At the same time, the development of GIS and the hardware, software, databases, and networking systems they rely on have also made it possible for the general public to have greater access to health and environmental information and to visualize and analyze that information in new and innovative ways.

Page 4: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Institutional Context and InterestsInstitutional Context and Interests

A range of institutions and organizations have adopted GIS as an information technology.

These organizations have different program responsibilities and information needs, and as a consequence different reasons for using GIS

The institutional context affects the kind and quality of geographic data available for GIS implementation.

Page 5: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Institutional Context and InterestsInstitutional Context and Interests

Federal and state agencies develop foundation databases for their own use and public distribution

Data vary from place to place, depending upon geographical conditions, state agency responsibilities, and state regulatory requirements

Local agencies and community groups have access to detailed information about local conditions

Databases developed by private concerns may be very detailed but are less likely to be available for public distribution

Page 6: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Institutional Context and Interests Institutional Context and Interests in GIS Developmentin GIS Development

DataInstitution

CollectionIManagementIAnalysisIDistributionIRegulationIScientific Research

Federal agencies x x x x x xState agencies x x x x x xLocal agencies x x x xHealth care x x xProviders andInsurersUniversities x x x xResearch institutesLibraries and x xClearinghousesGIS vendors xCommunity Groups x x x x

Page 7: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Institutional Context and Interests Institutional Context and Interests in GIS Development cont…in GIS Development cont…

Institution

Education and trainingIAdvocacyIHealth service deliveryISoftware development

Federal agenciesState agencies xLocal agencies xHealth care xProviders andInsurersUniversities x xResearch institutesLibraries and xClearinghousesGIS vendors x xCommunity Groups x x

Page 8: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Public Participation GIS Public Participation GIS

The expanding role of GIS in community-based health initiatives is connected to the broader movement to develop public participation GIS (PPGIS), linking the various institutions and organizations involved in GIS development

Page 9: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

PPGISPPGIS

Systems that facilitate and enhance participation of individuals and groups in society around issues of local concern (Sheppard, 1999)

The systems enable participants to explore local environmental and social issues, asses their significance, and communicate openly and effectively in attempting to address those issues.

Page 10: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Cornerstones of PPGISCornerstones of PPGIS

To accommodate an equitable representation of diverse views

This implies enhancements to GIS design and functionality, as well as understanding of the sociopolitical contexts of community participation

A key element of PPGIS is community involvement in the creation, evaluation, and analysis of spatial data.

Page 11: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Cornerstones of PPGISCornerstones of PPGIS

Local knowledge in the form of narratives, photos, sketch maps, or video images that may be linked to and integrated with foundation spatial data.

Some GISystems are now able to handle such diverse types of spatial information.

Page 12: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Web based GIS hold great promise for development of PPGIS. In PPGIS, participant involvement also extends into analysis and interpretation of spatial data.

PPGIS can be designed in different ways, depending on the needs and goals of participants, along with technical and social constraints.

Cornerstones of PPGISCornerstones of PPGIS

Page 13: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

A more flexible approach allows participants to design their own queries, create new classifications, and even contribute data to the GIS; however, using these systems requires higher levels of skill and expertise on the part of community participants

Cornerstones of PPGISCornerstones of PPGIS

Page 14: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

PPGIS differ in the involvement of key interest groups or stakeholders. Because maintaining and operating GIS requires technical expertise, most PPGIS involve partnerships between community groups and academic researchers, students or trained public health professionals.

Cornerstones of PPGISCornerstones of PPGIS

Page 15: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Local PlanningLocal Planning

Grassroots GIS efforts involve citizens more directly in mamaging their communities

Broader community awareness of GIS and access to technology

Page 16: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Community-based public health GISCommunity-based public health GIS

Difficult to reviewUsually deal with specific, localized

communities, seek to document a wide range of neighborhood conditions, reflecting a broad view of health.

GIS adapted by local groups as a tool to raise community awareness of neighborhood conditions and available services, to organize local residents, and ultimately to effect change.

Page 17: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Constraints on PHGISConstraints on PHGIS

Differences in community resources and capacity to adopt GIS technology.

GIS represents a significant investment of money, time and staff, an investment that competes with other important needs for scarce community resources.

Communities that lack resources and political clout are less likely to benefit from participatory health GIS.

Page 18: GIS and Community Health. Some critiques of GIS emphasize the potentially harmful social consequences of the diffusion of GIS technology, including reinforcing.

Constraints on PPGISConstraints on PPGIS

Little is known about the performance and outcomes of PPGIS in diverse communities and the varying capacities of diverse groups to ensure that their health interests and needs are addressed.

PPGIS facilitate community participation in analyzing local health problems, but do not guarantee that those problems will be addressed.