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K13-CE-19 NAME: LATIF HYDER WADHO BATCH: 13 ROLL NO: K13-CE-19 Assignment: Geological Terms 1 – Folds and Its types 2- Faults 3-Zones of Earthquakes 4-Ground Water 5- Aquifer 6- Tunnel 7- Earthquake Zones in Pakistan Assigned By: Sir Heemu Karira Date: 26/3/2014 CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIR’S MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIR’S
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Page 1: Geology Terms

P a g e | 1K13-CE-19

NAME LATIF HYDER WADHO

BATCH 13

ROLL NO K13-CE-19

Assignment Geological Terms

1 ndash Folds and Its types

2- Faults

3-Zones of Earthquakes

4-Ground Water

5- Aquifer

6- Tunnel

7- Earthquake Zones in Pakistan

Assigned By Sir Heemu Karira

Date 2632014

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB CAMPUS

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

P a g e | 2K13-CE-19

1-FoldsA fold is when the earthrsquos crust is pushed up from its sides

There are six types of folds that may occur

1 Anticline2 Syncline3 Tight Fold4 Over fold 5 Recumbent Fold6 Nappe Fold

1 AnticlineAn anticline occurs when a tectonic plate is compressed by movement of other plates This causes the center of the compressed plate to bend in an upwards motion

Fold Mountains are formed when the crust is pushed up as tectonic plates collide When formed these mountains are usually enormous like the newly formed Rocky Mountains in Western Canada and the United States

To the top right is a picture of an anticline Beneath is a picture of the Rocky Mountains

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 3K13-CE-19

2 SynclineA syncline is similar to an anticline in that it is formed by the compression of a tectonic plate However a syncline occurs when the plate bends in a downward motionThe lowest part of the syncline is known as the troughTo the top right is a diagram of a syncline fold (The bottom of the fold center is the trough) Beneath is an example of a syncline in California Can you distinguish the trough in this picture

3 Tight FoldA tight fold is a sharp peaked anticline or syncline

It is just a regular anticline or syncline but was compressed with a greater force causing the angle to be much smaller

Folds such as these occur to form steep mountain slopes like those in Whistler British Columbia

To the left is a photo of a tight fold formed by extreme pressure on these rocks

4 Over foldAn over fold takes place when folding rock becomes bent or warped

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 4K13-CE-19

Sometimes the folds can become so disfigured that they may even overlap each other

An example of over folding is shown in the diagram below

5 Recumbent FoldThis type of fold is compressed so much that it is no longer vertical

There is a large extent of overlapping and it can take the form of an ldquosrdquo

To the right is a diagram that shows the process of recumbent folding

6 Nappe FoldThis fold is similar to a recumbent fold because of the extent of folding and overlapping However nappe folding becomes so overturned that rock layers become fractured To the right is a picture of someone standing under a fractured fold

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 5K13-CE-19

2-FAULTSA fault is when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart This process can occur very rapidly in the form of earthquakes The damage caused by this event can be very destructive and cause severe changes to the earths surface

There are five types of faults that can occur

1 Normal Fault

2 Reverse Fault

3 Tear Fault

4 Rift Valley

5 Horst Fault

1 Normal FaultThis occurs when rocks move away from each other due to the land moving apart

When the rocks move apart the side with the less stable tectonic plate drops below the side with the more stable plate

On the top right is the movement of a normal fault A picture is also shown below Notice the displacement of the different types of rock on

each side of the fault

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 6K13-CE-19

2 Reverse FaultReverse faults are the opposite of normal faults Rocks are compressed such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it

When plates compress and crack usually the more dense one is forced under the less dense one This is similar to the action of the continental crust colliding with the oceanic crust Here the more dense crust being the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust

To the right is an animation of a reverse fault Below that is a real picture of what a reverse fault looks like

3 Tear FaultA tear fault also known as a transform fault occurs when two tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other

This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind against each other These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time

Tear faults can occur frequently especially along the coast of California

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 7K13-CE-19

4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults

There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California

The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like

5 Horst Fault

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 8K13-CE-19

A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together

This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year

There are examples of horst faults on the left

3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion

The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates

The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates

The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 9K13-CE-19

THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo

Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo

The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo

The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo

EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow

The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move

The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 10K13-CE-19

EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core

Mainly made up of iron and nickel

Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C

The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism

Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 11K13-CE-19

4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle

Percolation

Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation

all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water

Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of

water

Groundwater mining

The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced

Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources

5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 12K13-CE-19

Confined Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer

between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude

Perched Aquifer

An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table

6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

Page 2: Geology Terms

P a g e | 2K13-CE-19

1-FoldsA fold is when the earthrsquos crust is pushed up from its sides

There are six types of folds that may occur

1 Anticline2 Syncline3 Tight Fold4 Over fold 5 Recumbent Fold6 Nappe Fold

1 AnticlineAn anticline occurs when a tectonic plate is compressed by movement of other plates This causes the center of the compressed plate to bend in an upwards motion

Fold Mountains are formed when the crust is pushed up as tectonic plates collide When formed these mountains are usually enormous like the newly formed Rocky Mountains in Western Canada and the United States

To the top right is a picture of an anticline Beneath is a picture of the Rocky Mountains

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 3K13-CE-19

2 SynclineA syncline is similar to an anticline in that it is formed by the compression of a tectonic plate However a syncline occurs when the plate bends in a downward motionThe lowest part of the syncline is known as the troughTo the top right is a diagram of a syncline fold (The bottom of the fold center is the trough) Beneath is an example of a syncline in California Can you distinguish the trough in this picture

3 Tight FoldA tight fold is a sharp peaked anticline or syncline

It is just a regular anticline or syncline but was compressed with a greater force causing the angle to be much smaller

Folds such as these occur to form steep mountain slopes like those in Whistler British Columbia

To the left is a photo of a tight fold formed by extreme pressure on these rocks

4 Over foldAn over fold takes place when folding rock becomes bent or warped

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 4K13-CE-19

Sometimes the folds can become so disfigured that they may even overlap each other

An example of over folding is shown in the diagram below

5 Recumbent FoldThis type of fold is compressed so much that it is no longer vertical

There is a large extent of overlapping and it can take the form of an ldquosrdquo

To the right is a diagram that shows the process of recumbent folding

6 Nappe FoldThis fold is similar to a recumbent fold because of the extent of folding and overlapping However nappe folding becomes so overturned that rock layers become fractured To the right is a picture of someone standing under a fractured fold

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 5K13-CE-19

2-FAULTSA fault is when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart This process can occur very rapidly in the form of earthquakes The damage caused by this event can be very destructive and cause severe changes to the earths surface

There are five types of faults that can occur

1 Normal Fault

2 Reverse Fault

3 Tear Fault

4 Rift Valley

5 Horst Fault

1 Normal FaultThis occurs when rocks move away from each other due to the land moving apart

When the rocks move apart the side with the less stable tectonic plate drops below the side with the more stable plate

On the top right is the movement of a normal fault A picture is also shown below Notice the displacement of the different types of rock on

each side of the fault

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 6K13-CE-19

2 Reverse FaultReverse faults are the opposite of normal faults Rocks are compressed such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it

When plates compress and crack usually the more dense one is forced under the less dense one This is similar to the action of the continental crust colliding with the oceanic crust Here the more dense crust being the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust

To the right is an animation of a reverse fault Below that is a real picture of what a reverse fault looks like

3 Tear FaultA tear fault also known as a transform fault occurs when two tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other

This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind against each other These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time

Tear faults can occur frequently especially along the coast of California

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 7K13-CE-19

4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults

There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California

The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like

5 Horst Fault

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 8K13-CE-19

A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together

This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year

There are examples of horst faults on the left

3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion

The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates

The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates

The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 9K13-CE-19

THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo

Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo

The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo

The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo

EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow

The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move

The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 10K13-CE-19

EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core

Mainly made up of iron and nickel

Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C

The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism

Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 11K13-CE-19

4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle

Percolation

Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation

all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water

Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of

water

Groundwater mining

The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced

Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources

5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 12K13-CE-19

Confined Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer

between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude

Perched Aquifer

An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table

6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

Page 3: Geology Terms

P a g e | 3K13-CE-19

2 SynclineA syncline is similar to an anticline in that it is formed by the compression of a tectonic plate However a syncline occurs when the plate bends in a downward motionThe lowest part of the syncline is known as the troughTo the top right is a diagram of a syncline fold (The bottom of the fold center is the trough) Beneath is an example of a syncline in California Can you distinguish the trough in this picture

3 Tight FoldA tight fold is a sharp peaked anticline or syncline

It is just a regular anticline or syncline but was compressed with a greater force causing the angle to be much smaller

Folds such as these occur to form steep mountain slopes like those in Whistler British Columbia

To the left is a photo of a tight fold formed by extreme pressure on these rocks

4 Over foldAn over fold takes place when folding rock becomes bent or warped

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 4K13-CE-19

Sometimes the folds can become so disfigured that they may even overlap each other

An example of over folding is shown in the diagram below

5 Recumbent FoldThis type of fold is compressed so much that it is no longer vertical

There is a large extent of overlapping and it can take the form of an ldquosrdquo

To the right is a diagram that shows the process of recumbent folding

6 Nappe FoldThis fold is similar to a recumbent fold because of the extent of folding and overlapping However nappe folding becomes so overturned that rock layers become fractured To the right is a picture of someone standing under a fractured fold

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 5K13-CE-19

2-FAULTSA fault is when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart This process can occur very rapidly in the form of earthquakes The damage caused by this event can be very destructive and cause severe changes to the earths surface

There are five types of faults that can occur

1 Normal Fault

2 Reverse Fault

3 Tear Fault

4 Rift Valley

5 Horst Fault

1 Normal FaultThis occurs when rocks move away from each other due to the land moving apart

When the rocks move apart the side with the less stable tectonic plate drops below the side with the more stable plate

On the top right is the movement of a normal fault A picture is also shown below Notice the displacement of the different types of rock on

each side of the fault

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 6K13-CE-19

2 Reverse FaultReverse faults are the opposite of normal faults Rocks are compressed such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it

When plates compress and crack usually the more dense one is forced under the less dense one This is similar to the action of the continental crust colliding with the oceanic crust Here the more dense crust being the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust

To the right is an animation of a reverse fault Below that is a real picture of what a reverse fault looks like

3 Tear FaultA tear fault also known as a transform fault occurs when two tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other

This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind against each other These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time

Tear faults can occur frequently especially along the coast of California

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 7K13-CE-19

4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults

There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California

The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like

5 Horst Fault

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 8K13-CE-19

A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together

This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year

There are examples of horst faults on the left

3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion

The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates

The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates

The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 9K13-CE-19

THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo

Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo

The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo

The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo

EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow

The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move

The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 10K13-CE-19

EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core

Mainly made up of iron and nickel

Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C

The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism

Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 11K13-CE-19

4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle

Percolation

Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation

all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water

Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of

water

Groundwater mining

The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced

Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources

5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 12K13-CE-19

Confined Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer

between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude

Perched Aquifer

An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table

6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

Page 4: Geology Terms

P a g e | 4K13-CE-19

Sometimes the folds can become so disfigured that they may even overlap each other

An example of over folding is shown in the diagram below

5 Recumbent FoldThis type of fold is compressed so much that it is no longer vertical

There is a large extent of overlapping and it can take the form of an ldquosrdquo

To the right is a diagram that shows the process of recumbent folding

6 Nappe FoldThis fold is similar to a recumbent fold because of the extent of folding and overlapping However nappe folding becomes so overturned that rock layers become fractured To the right is a picture of someone standing under a fractured fold

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 5K13-CE-19

2-FAULTSA fault is when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart This process can occur very rapidly in the form of earthquakes The damage caused by this event can be very destructive and cause severe changes to the earths surface

There are five types of faults that can occur

1 Normal Fault

2 Reverse Fault

3 Tear Fault

4 Rift Valley

5 Horst Fault

1 Normal FaultThis occurs when rocks move away from each other due to the land moving apart

When the rocks move apart the side with the less stable tectonic plate drops below the side with the more stable plate

On the top right is the movement of a normal fault A picture is also shown below Notice the displacement of the different types of rock on

each side of the fault

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 6K13-CE-19

2 Reverse FaultReverse faults are the opposite of normal faults Rocks are compressed such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it

When plates compress and crack usually the more dense one is forced under the less dense one This is similar to the action of the continental crust colliding with the oceanic crust Here the more dense crust being the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust

To the right is an animation of a reverse fault Below that is a real picture of what a reverse fault looks like

3 Tear FaultA tear fault also known as a transform fault occurs when two tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other

This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind against each other These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time

Tear faults can occur frequently especially along the coast of California

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 7K13-CE-19

4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults

There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California

The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like

5 Horst Fault

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 8K13-CE-19

A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together

This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year

There are examples of horst faults on the left

3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion

The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates

The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates

The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 9K13-CE-19

THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo

Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo

The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo

The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo

EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow

The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move

The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 10K13-CE-19

EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core

Mainly made up of iron and nickel

Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C

The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism

Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 11K13-CE-19

4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle

Percolation

Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation

all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water

Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of

water

Groundwater mining

The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced

Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources

5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 12K13-CE-19

Confined Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer

between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude

Perched Aquifer

An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table

6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

Page 5: Geology Terms

P a g e | 5K13-CE-19

2-FAULTSA fault is when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart This process can occur very rapidly in the form of earthquakes The damage caused by this event can be very destructive and cause severe changes to the earths surface

There are five types of faults that can occur

1 Normal Fault

2 Reverse Fault

3 Tear Fault

4 Rift Valley

5 Horst Fault

1 Normal FaultThis occurs when rocks move away from each other due to the land moving apart

When the rocks move apart the side with the less stable tectonic plate drops below the side with the more stable plate

On the top right is the movement of a normal fault A picture is also shown below Notice the displacement of the different types of rock on

each side of the fault

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 6K13-CE-19

2 Reverse FaultReverse faults are the opposite of normal faults Rocks are compressed such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it

When plates compress and crack usually the more dense one is forced under the less dense one This is similar to the action of the continental crust colliding with the oceanic crust Here the more dense crust being the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust

To the right is an animation of a reverse fault Below that is a real picture of what a reverse fault looks like

3 Tear FaultA tear fault also known as a transform fault occurs when two tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other

This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind against each other These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time

Tear faults can occur frequently especially along the coast of California

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 7K13-CE-19

4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults

There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California

The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like

5 Horst Fault

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 8K13-CE-19

A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together

This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year

There are examples of horst faults on the left

3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion

The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates

The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates

The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 9K13-CE-19

THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo

Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo

The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo

The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo

EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow

The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move

The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 10K13-CE-19

EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core

Mainly made up of iron and nickel

Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C

The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism

Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 11K13-CE-19

4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle

Percolation

Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation

all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water

Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of

water

Groundwater mining

The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced

Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources

5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 12K13-CE-19

Confined Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer

between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude

Perched Aquifer

An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table

6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

Page 6: Geology Terms

P a g e | 6K13-CE-19

2 Reverse FaultReverse faults are the opposite of normal faults Rocks are compressed such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it

When plates compress and crack usually the more dense one is forced under the less dense one This is similar to the action of the continental crust colliding with the oceanic crust Here the more dense crust being the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust

To the right is an animation of a reverse fault Below that is a real picture of what a reverse fault looks like

3 Tear FaultA tear fault also known as a transform fault occurs when two tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other

This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind against each other These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time

Tear faults can occur frequently especially along the coast of California

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 7K13-CE-19

4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults

There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California

The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like

5 Horst Fault

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 8K13-CE-19

A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together

This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year

There are examples of horst faults on the left

3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion

The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates

The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates

The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 9K13-CE-19

THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo

Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo

The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo

The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo

EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow

The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move

The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 10K13-CE-19

EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core

Mainly made up of iron and nickel

Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C

The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism

Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 11K13-CE-19

4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle

Percolation

Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation

all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water

Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of

water

Groundwater mining

The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced

Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources

5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 12K13-CE-19

Confined Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer

between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude

Perched Aquifer

An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table

6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

Page 7: Geology Terms

P a g e | 7K13-CE-19

4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults

There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California

The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like

5 Horst Fault

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 8K13-CE-19

A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together

This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year

There are examples of horst faults on the left

3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion

The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates

The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates

The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 9K13-CE-19

THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo

Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo

The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo

The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo

EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow

The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move

The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 10K13-CE-19

EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core

Mainly made up of iron and nickel

Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C

The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism

Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 11K13-CE-19

4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle

Percolation

Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation

all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water

Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of

water

Groundwater mining

The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced

Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources

5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 12K13-CE-19

Confined Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer

between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude

Perched Aquifer

An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table

6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

Page 8: Geology Terms

P a g e | 8K13-CE-19

A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together

This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year

There are examples of horst faults on the left

3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion

The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates

The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates

The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 9K13-CE-19

THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo

Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo

The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo

The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo

EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow

The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move

The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 10K13-CE-19

EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core

Mainly made up of iron and nickel

Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C

The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism

Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 11K13-CE-19

4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle

Percolation

Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation

all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water

Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of

water

Groundwater mining

The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced

Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources

5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 12K13-CE-19

Confined Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer

between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude

Perched Aquifer

An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table

6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

Page 9: Geology Terms

P a g e | 9K13-CE-19

THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo

Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo

The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo

The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo

EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow

The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move

The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 10K13-CE-19

EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core

Mainly made up of iron and nickel

Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C

The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism

Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 11K13-CE-19

4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle

Percolation

Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation

all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water

Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of

water

Groundwater mining

The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced

Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources

5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 12K13-CE-19

Confined Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer

between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude

Perched Aquifer

An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table

6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

Page 10: Geology Terms

P a g e | 10K13-CE-19

EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core

Mainly made up of iron and nickel

Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C

The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism

Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 11K13-CE-19

4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle

Percolation

Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation

all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water

Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of

water

Groundwater mining

The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced

Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources

5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 12K13-CE-19

Confined Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer

between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude

Perched Aquifer

An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table

6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

Page 11: Geology Terms

P a g e | 11K13-CE-19

4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle

Percolation

Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation

all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water

Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of

water

Groundwater mining

The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced

Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources

5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 12K13-CE-19

Confined Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer

between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude

Perched Aquifer

An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table

6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

Page 12: Geology Terms

P a g e | 12K13-CE-19

Confined Aquifer

A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer

between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer

An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude

Perched Aquifer

An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table

6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS

Page 13: Geology Terms

P a g e | 13K13-CE-19

7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan

1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE

OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005

Magnitude 76

10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH

79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN

3 MILLION HOMELESS

2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8

3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8

4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7

5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78

6-Hunza Magnitude 62

7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64

8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78

The 2013 Earthquake

The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed

-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB

KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS